• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.372-380
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• 2005

Condylar process of mandible, has the specialized anatomic structure compared with any other body structure, acts directly in connection with mastication and speech and so on. In general, mandibular condyle fractures have been managed by two methods as open and closed reduction. But, there are no reasonable consensus about the proper management of this injury. This study was designed for analysis of the prognosis of two methods of treatment, open and closed reduction, with positional change of fractured condyle and complications within 6 months post-intermaxillary fixation period. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 154 patients whose unilateral mandibular condyle fractures were treated by open or closed reduction in our department. The horizontal, sagittal, and coronal change of the condyle was examined using modified Towne's and panoramic radiographs before intermaxillary fixation(IMF), immediately after IMF, and at 6 months after IMF. Patients, whose mandibular condyle fractures were treated by closed reduction, had significantly shorter ramus height on the side of injury(P<0.05). But, fractured condylar fragments were displaced insignificantly with aspect to sagittal and coronal plane(P>0.05). The level of the fracture influenced the ramus length and the degree of coronal change in the closed reduction group(P<0.05). There was no significant correlation among the level of the fracture, treatment methods and complications(P>0.05). From the results obtained in this study, fractured mandibular condyles, were treated by closed reduction, had a tendency that continuous condylar displacement was occurred with aspect to horozontal and coronal plane in treatment period including intermaxillary fixation. And then there was a correlation between the level of the fracture and the position change in close reduction group statistically. These result suggested that care must be taken in basing treatment decisions on the degree of displacement of the condyle and in treating the mandibular condyle fractures for a long time.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.16-27
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the clinical symptoms of temporomandibular disorder and findings in the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods: Clinical data and MRI images were collected from a total of 240 German patients. Clinical symptoms were briefed as joint clicking, crepitus and pain. MRI findings were further defined according to the condyle position, condyle degeneration, disc positon, disc degeneration and the presence of osteophyte/sclerosis/synovitis. Hypermobility was separately recorded. Correlation analysis between parameters was performed. Result: Joint clicking had a positive correlation with unilateral disc degeneration, osteophyte, sclerosis and synovitis. Crepitus had a significant correlation with bilateral osteophyte. Pain was not correlated with any MRI findings except hypermobility. Conclusion: Selective correlations between the MRI findings and clinical symptoms were elucidated. The results of this study imply that condyle-disc deformities could be advanced without pain, and that joint clicking and crepitus could be clinical symptoms of condyle-disc degeneration.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.23-27
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• 2008

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the change in the position of the mandibular condyle within articular fossa by a CBCT after wearing complete denture (CD). Materials and Methods: CBCT of 34 temporomandibular joints were taken from 9 male and 8 female patients with CB $Mercuray^{TM}$ (Hitachi, Japan) before and after wearing a CD for rehabilitation. Position of mandibular condyle within articular fossa at centric occlusion was evaluated with $Vimplant2.0^{TM}$ (CyberMed, Korea) on the central parasagittal view and curved panoramic coronal view of the condylar head. A statistical evaluation was done with SPSS. Results: The range of anteroposterior positional rate (AP) of condylar head within articular fossa was -16-5 and -10-12 respectively on the right and left sides. Before wearing CD, the AP rate showed discrepancy between right and left sides (p<0.05). After wearing CD, both condyles showed a tendency to decrease in posterior condylar position (right side; p<0.05). The average discrepancy between right and left side in mediolateral positional rate (MD) was 15.5 and 4.5 respectively before and after wearing CD. The improvement was observed in mediolateral relationship of both condylar heads after wearing CD (p< 0.01). Before wearing CD, the average horizontal angle of long axis of condylar head was $79.6{\pm}2.7^{\circ}\;and\;80.1{\pm}5.7^{\circ}$ respectively on the right and left sides. After wearing CD, both condyles were rotated in the same direction in average on axial plane. Conclusion: We observed with CBCT the significant clinical evidence in case of positional change of mandibular condyle after wearing complete denture.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 1983

The purpose of this study was to investigate the range of condylar movement of children with young permanent dentition. Materials included 33 roentgenograms of 4 serial projections of TMJ by modified transcranial projection with Accurad 100. Four serial projections were taken in the centric occlusion, rest position, 1 inch open, and maximum open position. The results obtained from this study were as follows. 1. The condyle was located anteriorly in articular fossa at centric occlusion. 2. The condyle was moved forwardly and downwardly during mandibular movement from centric occlusion to maximum open position. 3. The pattern of condylar movement was similar in both sexes, but there were no sex differences in distance of condylar movement.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.137-143
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• 2016

Posterior disk displacement (PDD) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a rare condition and most descriptions of TMJ PDD are about the adhesion of superior TMJ in which the position of disk is relatively posterior to anteriorly translated condyle in open mouth position. However, there have been reports about truly posteriorly positioned disk to the condyle in closed mouth position. This type of PDD has been classified into three subtypes-thin flat disk type, grossly posterior displaced disk type, and perforated disk type. Here, we report two rare cases of TMJ PDD, one with thin flat disk and one with perforated disk. Its possible etiology, pathogenetic mechanisms, related signs and symptoms, differential diagnoses, and treatments were reviewed and discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2017

PURPOSE: This study investigated the relationship among hip adduction angle, tibial rotation, and ITB length during an Ober test to determine the most appropriate position for performing the test. METHODS: The study included thirty-nine asymptomatic participants (23 males, 16 females). Their hip adduction angles were measured using the Ober test during three tibial rotation conditions (internal tibial rotation, external rotation, and neutral position). ITB length was calculated by measuring the position of the patella to lateral femoral condyle using ultrasonography (patella-condyle distance; PCD). RESULTS: The relationship among hip adduction angle, tibial rotation, and ITB length was analyzed under the three conditions using the Pearson correlation. The hip adduction angle of the internal tibial rotation, the external rotation, and the neutral position were significantly related to ITB length. Moreover, the hip adduction angle measured during the internal tibial rotation had the highest correlation with ITB length among the three conditions (r=.58, p<.001). CONCLUSION: Internal tibial rotation caused by the Ober test led to increased iliotibial band (ITB) tension and a decreased adduction angle. These findings support that tibial rotation influences the flexibility of ITB. Therefore, therapists should consider the position of the internal tibial rotation when taking measurements using an Ober test.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.229-239
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the change in condylar position, width, and angle before and after orthognathic surgery using 3-dimensional computed tomograph. Pre and posterative 3-D CT was taken on 38 patients and through axial, frontal, sagittal measurements and by 3-dimensional reconstruction, the changes in condylar postion, mandibular width and angle were analyzed and others such as the difference in gender, operation and fixation method, setback length and in relation with temporomandibular disorders were done together too. The results were as follows: The inward rotation of condyle in axial condylar angle, the forward movement of right condyle in sagittal anterior-posterior distance, the superior movement of both condyles in sagittal superior-inferior distance, the decrease in gonial angle, the increase in mandibular width, the decrease in distance between the axial coronoid process distance and the increase in the frontal intercondylar distance were statistically significant. There were no statistically significant changes in gender difference, however in the difference in operation method, change in the gonial angle was observed and there was more change in bilateral sagittal split osteotomy group compared to two-jaw surgery group. In the difference in fixation method, the decrease in axial coronoid process distance and the change in sagittal anterior-posterior distance were statistically significant. In the difference in setback, the increase in setback didn't relate directly with the increased change in condyle position. In the relation with temporomandibular disorder, changes in left axial condylar angle and axial coronoid process distance were statistically significant. Changes in condylar position could be observed after the orthognathic surgery but it doesn't seem to have much of a clinical importance. The orthognathic surgery is effective in decreasing the mandibular angle, and it is not related with the temporomandibular disorder.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.37
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• pp.36.1-36.7
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• 2015

Background: This study was performed to evaluate three-dimensional positional change of the condyle using three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) following unilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (USSRO) in patients with mandibular prognathism. Methods: This study examined two patients exhibiting skeletal class III malocclusion with facial asymmetry who underwent USSRO for a mandibular setback. 3D-CT was performed before surgery, immediately after surgery, and 6 months postoperatively. After creating 3D-CT images by using the In-vivo $5^{TM}$ program, the axial plane, coronal plane, and sagittal plane were configured. Three-dimensional positional changes from each plane to the condyle, axial condylar head axis angle (AHA), axial condylar head position (AHP), frontal condylar head axis angle (FHA), frontal condylar head position (FHP), sagittal condylar head axis angle (SHA), and sagittal condylar head position (SHP) of the two patients were measured before surgery, immediately after surgery, and 6 months postoperatively. Results: In the first patient, medial rotation of the operated condyle in AHA and anterior rotation in SHA were observed. There were no significant changes after surgery in AHP, FHP, and SHP after surgery. In the second patient, medial rotation of the operated condyle in AHA and lateral rotation of the operated condyle in FHA were observed. There were no significant changes in AHP, FHP, and SHP postoperatively. This indicates that in USSRO, postoperative movement of the condylar head is insignificant; however, medial rotation of the condylar head is possible. Although three-dimensional changes were observed, these were not clinically significant. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that although three-dimensional changes in condylar head position are observed in patients post SSRO, there are no significant changes that would clinically affect the patient.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.203-212
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• 1988

This study was designed to observe mandibular condyle shape and position in an asymptomatic popular ion. Using Accurad-200 head holder(Denar Corp.) for transcranial radiography of the temporo-mandibular joint region, transcranial radiographs were taken at the centric occlusion and 1 inch mouth opening in 73 males and females who were asymptomatic for TMJ disturbances, had no severe carious or missing teeth, and no history of prosthodontic or orthodontic treatments. Mandibular condyles were classified morphologically at the centric occlusion and evaluated in positional relationship with mandibular fossa and articular eminence at the centric occlusion and 1 inch mouth opening. The results were as follows: 1. In the morphologic classification of mandibular condyle, the convex shape was more prevalent in an asymptomatic population(90.4%), the locally concave shape and wedge shape were 5.5%, 4.1%. 2. At the centric occlusion, the means of joint space were 3.43nm superiorly, 2.17㎜ anteriorly, and 2.61㎜ posteriorly. 3. At the centric occlusion, the mandibular condyles were placed slightly anterior to the center of their fossa. 4. At the 1 inch mouth opening, the mandibular condyles were placed anterior to the articular eminence more than posterior to or below the top of the articular eminence.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.15-18
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• 2007

Purpose : Disc and condylar position were observed on MRIs of temporomandibular joint disorder patients and condylar position agreement between MRI and tranascranal radiography was evaluated. Materials and Methods MRI and transcranial radiographs of both TM joints from 67 patients with temporemandibular disorder were used. On MRI, the position and shape of disc and condylar position as anterior, middle, posterior was evaluated at medial, center, and lateral views. On transcranial radiographs, condylar position was evaluated using the shortest distance from condyle to fossa in anterior, superior, and posterior directions. Results. 1. On MRI, 96 joints (71.6%) of 134 had anterior disc dispalcement with reduction and 38 joints (28.4%) without reduction. 2. Fourteen (14.6%) of 96 reducible joints showed anterior condylar position, 19 (19.8%) showed central position, 63 joints (65.6%) showed posterior position. Two joints (5.3%) of 38 non-reducible joints showed anterior condylar position, while 9 (23.7%) showed central position, and 27 (71.1%)-posterior position. 3. In 85 joints (63.4%) of 134, the transcranial condylar position agreed with that of the central MRI view, 10 joints (7.5%) with that of medial, 16 joints (11.9%) with that of lateral, and 23 joints (17.2%) disagreed with that of MRI. Conclusion : On MRT, most oi the reducible and non-reducible joints showed posterior condylar position. Transcranial radiographs taken with machine designed for TMJ had better agreement of condylar position with that of MRI. Extremely narrow joint spaces or very posterior condylar positions observed on transcranial radiographs had a little more than fifty percent agreement with those of MRIs.