• ETRI Journal
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.599-612
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• 2022

This study focuses on improving a word embedding model to enhance the performance of downstream tasks, such as those of dialog systems. To improve traditional word embedding models, such as skip-gram, it is critical to refine the word features and expand the context model. In this paper, we approach the word model from the perspective of subword embedding and attempt to extend the context model by integrating various sentence models. Our proposed sentence model is a subword-based skip-thought model that integrates self-attention and relative position encoding techniques. We also propose a clustering-based dialog model for downstream task verification and evaluate its relationship with the sentence-model-based subword embedding technique. The proposed subword embedding method produces better results than previous methods in evaluating word and sentence similarity. In addition, the downstream task verification, a clustering-based dialog system, demonstrates an improvement of up to 4.86% over the results of FastText in previous research.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.129-134
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• 2023

Objectives The purpose of this study was to review the studies of catgut embedding related to obesity treatment. Methods We searched the papers with key words of obesity and catgut embedding via searching Research Information Sharing Service, DBpia, Koreanstudies Information Service System, Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System, Scopus, PubMed. Additional data including study design, study topics, characteristics of participants and treatment, outcomes was extracted from full text of each study. Results There were nine studies about the catgut embedding related to obesity treatment. Five articles were conducted in China, two articles were conducted in Mexico, and two articles was published in Korea. Analysis of seven experimental studies and two observational studies were conducted to describe each research subject, method, and research results. Conclusions More interest and further research will be needed on catgut embedding related to obesity treatment in the Korean medicine to achieve clinical application and to develop treatment protocols for the obesity disease.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.71-86
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• 2020

Purpose - This study investigates research trends by searching for English keywords and abstracts in 1,511 Korean journal articles in the Korea Citation Index from the 2002-2019 period using the term "Port." The study aims to lay the foundation for a more balanced development of port research. Design/methodology - Using abstract and keyword data, we perform frequency analysis and word embedding (Word2vec). A t-SNE plot shows the main keywords extracted using the TextRank algorithm. To analyze which words were used in what context in our two nine-year subperiods (2002-2010 and 2010-2019), we use Scattertext and scaled F-scores. Findings - First, during the 18-year study period, port research has developed through the convergence of diverse academic fields, covering 102 subject areas and 219 journals. Second, our frequency analysis of 4,431 keywords in 1,511 papers shows that the words "Port" (60 times), "Port Competitiveness" (33 times), and "Port Authority" (29 times), among others, are attractive to most researchers. Third, a word embedding analysis identifies the words highly correlated with the top eight keywords and visually shows four different subject clusters in a t-SNE plot. Fourth, we use Scattertext to compare words used in the two research sub-periods. Originality/value - This study is the first to apply abstract and keyword analysis and various text mining techniques to Korean journal articles in port research and thus has important implications. Further in-depth studies should collect a greater variety of textual data and analyze and compare port studies from different countries.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.830-841
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• 2023

Tokenization is the process of segmenting the input text into smaller units of text, and it is a preprocessing task that is mainly performed to improve the efficiency of the machine learning process. Various tokenization methods have been proposed for application in the field of natural language processing, but studies have primarily focused on efficiently segmenting text. Few studies have been conducted on the Korean language to explore what tokenization methods are suitable for document classification task. In this paper, an exploratory study was performed to find the most suitable tokenization method to improve the performance of a representative spatio-temporal document classifier in Korean. For the experiment, a convolutional neural network model was used, and for the final performance comparison, tasks were selected for document classification where performance largely depends on the tokenization method. As a tokenization method for comparative experiments, commonly used Jamo, Character, and Word units were adopted. As a result of the experiment, it was confirmed that the tokenization of word units showed excellent performance in the case of representative spatio-temporal document classification task where the semantic embedding ability of the token itself is important.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.181-188
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 다양한 워드 임베딩 기법이 감성분석의 성과에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위한 비교연구를 제안한다. 감성분석은 자연어 처리를 사용하여 텍스트 문서에서 주관적인 정보를 식별하고 추출하는 오피니언 마이닝 기법 중 하나이며, 상품평이나 댓글의 감성을 분류하는데 사용될 수 있다. 감성은 긍정적이거나 부정적인 것으로 분류될 수 있기 때문에 일반적인 분류문제 중 하나로 생각할 수 있으며, 이의 분류를 위해서는 텍스트를 컴퓨터가 인식할 수 있는 언어로 변환하여야 한다. 따라서 단어나 문서와 같은 텍스트를 자연어 처리에서 벡터로 변형하여 진행하는데 이를 워드 임베딩이라고 한다. 워드 임베딩 기법은 Bag of Words, TF-IDF, Word2Vec 등 다양한 기법이 사용되고 있는데 지금까지 감성분석에 적합한 워드 임베딩 기법에 대한 연구는 많이 진행되지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 영화 리뷰의 감성분석을 위해 다양한 워드 임베딩 기법 중 Bag of Words, TF-IDF, Word2Vec을 사용하여 그 성과를 비교 분석한다. 분석에 사용할 연구용 데이터 셋은 텍스트 마이닝에서 많이 활용되고 있는 IMDB 데이터 셋을 사용하였다. 분석 결과, TF-IDF와 Bag of Words의 성과가 Word2Vec보다 우수한 것으로 나타났으며 TF-IDF는 Bag of Words보다 성과가 우수하였으나 그 차이가 매우 크지는 않았다.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.344-358
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• 2022

Text summarization is the task of producing a shorter version of a long document while accurately preserving the main contents of the original text. Abstractive summarization generates novel words and phrases using a language generation method through text transformation and prior-embedded word information. However, newly coined words or out-of-vocabulary words decrease the performance of automatic summarization because they are not pre-trained in the machine learning process. In this study, we demonstrated an improvement in summarization quality through the contextualized embedding of BERT with out-of-vocabulary masking. In addition, explicitly providing precise pointing and an optional copy instruction along with BERT embedding, we achieved an increased accuracy than the baseline model. The recall-based word-generation metric ROUGE-1 score was 55.11 and the word-order-based ROUGE-L score was 39.65.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2024

Nowadays, Islamic content is widely used in research, including Hadith and the Al-Quran. Both are mostly used in the field of natural language processing, especially in text classification research. One of the difficulties in learning the Al-Quran is ambiguity, while the Al-Quran is used as the main source of Islamic law and the life guidance of a Muslim in the world. This research was proposed to relieve people in learning the Al-Quran. We proposed a word embedding feature-based on Tensor Space Model as feature extraction, which is used to reduce the ambiguity. Based on the experiment results and the analysis, we prove that the proposed method yields the best performance with the Hamming loss 0.10317.

• 한국산업정보학회논문지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2023

본 논문에서는 사용자의 감정 분석에 따른 향을 추천하는 스마트 미러 시스템을 제안한다. 본 논문은 자연어 처리 중 임베딩 기법(CounterVectorizer와 TF-IDF 기법), 머신러닝 분류 기법 중 최적의 모델(DecisionTree, SVM, RandomForest, SGD Classifier)을 융합하여 시스템을 구축하고 그 결과를 비교한다. 실험 결과, 가장 높은 성능을 보이는 SVM과 워드 임베딩을 파이프라인 기법으로 감정 분류기 모델에 적용한다. 제안된 시스템은 Flask 웹 프레임워크를 이용하여 웹 서비스를 제공하는 개인감정 분석 기반 향 추천 미러를 구현한다. 본 논문은 Google Speech Cloud API를 이용하여 사용자의 음성을 인식하고 STT(Speech To Text)로 음성 변환된 텍스트 데이터를 사용한다. 제안된 시스템은 날씨, 습도, 위치, 명언, 시간, 일정 관리에 대한 정보를 사용자에게 제공한다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.269-281
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• 2014

Compared to hiding information into digital image, hiding information into digital text file requires less storage space and smaller bandwidth for data transmission, and it has obvious universality and extensiveness. However, text files have low redundancy, so it is more difficult to hide information in text files. To overcome this difficulty, Wang et al. proposed a reversible information hiding scheme using left-right and up-down representations of Chinese characters, but, when the scheme is implemented, it does not provide good visual steganographic effectiveness, and the embedding and extracting processes are too complicated to be done with reasonable effort and cost. We observed that a lot of traditional and simplified Chinese characters look somewhat the same (also called lookalike), so we utilize this feature to propose a novel information hiding scheme for hiding secret data in lookalike Chinese characters. Comparing to Wang et al.'s scheme, the proposed scheme simplifies the embedding and extracting procedures significantly and improves the effectiveness of visual steganographic images. The experimental results demonstrated the advantages of our proposed scheme.

• 정보과학회 컴퓨팅의 실제 논문지
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• 제23권12호
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• pp.698-702
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• 2017

자연 언어 처리(Natural Language Processing) 분야에 심층 신경망(Deep Neural Network)이 소개된 이후, 단어, 문장 등의 의미를 나타내기 위한 분산 표상인 임베딩(Embedding)을 학습하기 위한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 임베딩 학습을 위한 방법으로는 크게 문맥 기반의 텍스트 모델링 방법과, 기학습된 임베딩을 결합하여 더 긴 텍스트의 분산 표상을 계산하고자 하는 결합 기반의 텍스트 모델링 방법이 있다. 하지만, 기존 결합 기반의 텍스트 모델링 방법은 최적 결합 단위에 대한 고찰 없이 단어를 이용하여 연구되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 비교 실험을 통해 문서 임베딩 생성에 적합한 결합 기법과 최적 결합 단위에 대해 알아본다. 또한, 새로운 결합 방법인 담화 분석 기반의 결합 방식을 제안하고 실험을 통해 기존의 순차적 결합 기반 신경망 모델 대비 우수성을 보인다.