• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.587-602
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• 1995

치근면처리후 신부착에 관여하는 치주인대 세포의 부착을 비교하기위해 치근활택술만 시행한 군, 치근활택술후 구연산처리한 군, 치근활택술후 테트라사이클린처리한 군으로 분류하여 치주인대세포에 대한 부착양상을 관찰하였다. 세포증식실험에서는 각군의 시편을 조직배양지에 넣고 $1{\times}10^5$ cells/ml 농도의 치주인대세포를 1 ml씩 넣어 6시간 배양후 새 배양기에 옮겨 24시간, 28시간 및 72시간동안 배양하여 세포수를 측정하였고 세포부착후 주사전자현미경 관찰에서는 각각의 조직배양기에 1${\times}$104 cells/ml의 치주인대세포를 가진 배양액 1 ml씩을 넣어 배양하여 세포배양개시 푸 30분, 6시간, 24시간에 고정한후 탈수하고 임계점으로 건조시켜 주사전자현미경을 사용하여 세포부착양상을 관찰하였다. 세포증식실험에서 부착된 세포수가 24, 48, 72시간 모두에서 치근활택군, 구연산처리군, 테트라사이클린처리군순으로 높았고 치근활택군과 테트라사이클린처리군사이에 통계학적 유의성이 있었으며 24, 48시간에서는 구연산처리군과 테트라사이클린처리군사이에 통계학적 유의성이 있어 탈회군이 비탈회군보다 증가된 세포증식을 보였고 테트라사이클린처리군이 구연산처리군보다 증식된 세포수가 많았다. 주사전자현미경관찰에서 모든 군이 24시간 경과 후 전개가 거의 완성되는 양상을 보였고 테트라사이클린처리군의 초기전개가 다소 빠르게 진행됨이 관찰되었으며 테트라사이클린처리군과 구연산처리군이 세포가 부착되는 양상에서 치근활택군보다는 전개가 다소 진전된 양상을 나타내었으나 두 군간에는 유사한 전개가 진행되어 탈회면과 비탈회면의 차이는 나타나나 두 군간의 뚜렷한 차이는 보이지 않았다. 이상의 연구결과 테트라사이클린과 구연산처리가 치근활택술만 시행한 경우보다 치주인대세포의 증식 및 전개에 더 유리하며, 테트라사이클린과 구연산은 치주인대세포의 전개양상은 유사하나 치주인대세포증식에 있어서는 테트라사이클린에서 더 나은 효과가 있었다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.749-763
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• 2001

Osseointegrated titanium implants have become an integral therapy for the replacement of teeth lost. For dental implant materials, titanium, hydroxyapatite and alumina oxide have been used, which of them, titanium implants are in wide use today. Titanium is known for its high corrosion resistance and biocompatability, because of the high stability of oxide layer mainly consists of $TiO_2$. With the development of peri-implantitis, the implant surface is changed in surface topography and element composition. None of the treatments for cleaning and detoxification of implant surface is efficient to remove surface contamination from contaminated titanium implants to such extent that the original surface elemental composition. In this sights, the purpose of this study was to evaluate rough surface titanium implants by means of scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) with respect to surface appearance and surface elemental composition. Moreover, it was also the aim to get the base for treatments of peri-implantitis. For the SEM and XPS study, rough surface titanium models were fabricated for control group. Six experimental groups were evaluated: 1) long-time room exposure, 2 ) air-powder abrasive cleaning for 1min, 3) burnishing in citric acid(pH1) for 1min, 4) burnishing in citric acid for 3min, 5) burnishing in tetracycline for 1min, 6) burnishing in tetracycline for 3min. All experimental treatments were followed by 1min of rinsing with distilled water. The results were as follows: 1. SEM observations of all experimental groups showed that any changes in surface topography were not detected when compared with control group. (750 X magnification) 2. XPS analysis showed that in all experimental groups, titanium and oxygen were increased and carbon was decreased, when compared with control group. 3. XPS analysis showed that the level of titanium, oxygen and carbon in the experimental group 3(citric acid treatment for 1min, followed by 1min of distilled water irrigation) reached to the level of control group. 4. XPS analysis showed that significant differences were not detected between the experimental group 1 and the other experimental groups except of experimental group 3. The Ti. level of experimental group 2, airpowder abrasive treatment for lmin followed by 1min of saline irrigation, was lower than the Ti. level of tetracycline treated groups, experimental group 5 and 6. From the result of this study, it may be concluded that the 1min of citric acid treatment followed by same time of rinsing with distilled water gave the best results from elemental points of view, and can be used safely to treat peri-implantitis.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.71-81
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• 2004

Peri-implantitis could be the result of biomechanical and occlusal overload as well as microbiologic invasion. The dental implant may be more susceptible to dental plaque than the natural tooth, as the predictability of a stable soft tissue attachment complex has not yet been confirmed. With the development of peri-implantitis, the implant surface would be exposed to the oral environment and becomes coated with bacteria. The objective of therapy for this condition is to regain integration of the implant with bone. Since fibroblast adherence to surfaces is impeded by endotoxin, it would seem that decontamination would be desirable to obtain maximum osseointegration. The purpose of this study was to determine whether various chemotherapeutic and mechanical treatments(distilled water, air-powder abrasive, hypersaturated citric acid, tetracycline) can detoxify contaminated titanium implant surface by means of kinetic LAL test. Experimental rough surface titanium disks were fabricated. All of them were divided into two groups(A.a group and P.g group) and each contaminated by A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis suspension. Contaminated disks were treated with distilled water, air-powder abrasive, citric acid and tetracycline, and then all disks were placed into LPS-free water for elution. The results were as follows : 1. In A.a group, LPS elute level of all test groups were significantly lower than control group(p<0.05). 2. In A.a group, LPS elute level of test 2, test 3 and test4 groups were significantly lower than that of control group(p<0.05). But, among the test 2, test 3, test4 groups, the significant differences were not detected. 3. In P.g group, LPS elute level of test 2, test 3 and test 4 groups were lower than that of control group(p<0.05). But, among the test groups, the significant differences were not detected. From the result of this study, it would be concluded that air-powder abrasive, hypersaturated citric acid and tetracycline treatments may be effective at reducing endotoxin level on rough titanium implant surfaces, and can be clinically used. But the treatments in peri-implantitis differentially impact osseointegration making one method clinically superior. To gain this knowledges, further molecular biologic and histopathologic studies should be developed.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.133-146
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• 2000

Histological studies indicate a tetracycline HCl similar to citric acid to induce connetive tissue repair in animals. When tetracycline HCl was used as a root conditioning agent in humans, there was a trend toward more connective tissue attachment than in root planing alone. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical effect of tetracycline HCl in the treatment of gingival recession. 44 teeth in 12 patients with bilaterally gingival recession & Miller classification I, II gingival recession were selected and 22 teeth were treated with 125mg/ml tetracycline HCl , the others was not treated with tetracycline HCl. Gingival recession, pocket depth, clinical attachment level, width of keratinized gingiva were observed at baseline, postoperative 4, 12, 20weeks. Both groups were statistically analyzed by Wilcoxon signed Ranks Test & Wilcoxon's rank sum test(Mann-whitney test) using SPSS program.(5% significance level) The results were as follows: 1........The change of gingival recession, clinical attachment level, keratinized gingiva in both groups were increased significantly at 4, 12, 20 weeks. 2.......The pocket depth exhibited no marked changes throughout the entire investigation in both groups. 3........The change of gingival recession in tetracycline group was increased significantly than control group at 4, 12, 20 weeks and the percentage of root coverage was 93% in tetracycline group and 83% in control group. 4........The change of clinical attachment level, pocket depth, keratinized tissue from baseline to 4, 12, 20 weeks was not differ significanltly in both group.

• 대한치주과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한치주과학회 2000년도 제40회 종합학술대회 연제초록
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• pp.48-48
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• 2000

• 산업식품공학
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.65-74
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• 2010

파김치에서 분리한 마늘 내성 유산균인 Lactobacillus plantarum TJ-LP-002 균주의 균체생육과 항균활성에 영향을 미치는 배양조건 및 배지조건을 조사하였다. 선정 유산균의 배양 상등액 내에는 acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid와 같은 유기산이 존재하였고, 배양 중에 lactic acid와 acetic acid의 생성이 크게 증가하는 것으로 확인되었다. 단백질분해효소를 비롯한 각종 효소 처리에 의해 항균활성이 소실되지 않아, 선정 유산균이 생산하는 항균활성은 단백질성 물질이 아닌 산 생성에 의한 작용일 것으로 판단되었다. 항생제와 생균제의 병용 가능성을 확인하기 위하여 선정 유산균의 항생제 감수성을 조사한 결과, neomycin sulfate, spectinomycin dihydrochloride, lincomycin hydrochloride에 내성을 나타내었고, streptomycin sulfate에는 감수성을 나타내었으며, ampicillin trihydrate, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline hydrochloride, kanamycin sulfate에는 중간 내성을 나타내었다. L. plantarum TJ-LP-002는 배양온도 30${^{\circ}C}$, 초기 pH 7.0, 24시간의 배양조건에서 최적의 균체생육과 항균활성을 나타내었으며, 탄소원은 glucose 3%(w/v), 질소원은 yeast extract 3%(w/v) 첨가 시에 균체생육과 항균활성이 높게 나타났다. 무기염류는 manganese sulfate와 ammonium citrate가 항균활성에 많은 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났으며, 각 성분을 단독 첨가하는 것보다 혼합 첨가하는 것이 더 우수한 영향을 나타내는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.79-85
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• 2001

본 연구는 망태버섯속(Dictyophora spp.) 균의 균학적 특성 시험의 일부로써 인공재배를 통한 자실체의 대량생산이 가능한 흰돌기망태버섯인 D. echinovolvata ASI 32002 균주에 대한 균사체, 알, 성숙한 자실체 등 발육단계별과, 갓, 치마, 대, 대주머니 등 자실체의 부위별로 성분분석과 항균활성 시험을 수행하였다. D. echinovolvata ASI 32002 균주의 성분분석에서는 균사체, 알, 자실체 등과 자실체의 부위에 따라 종류와 양에 차이가 있었다. 무기성분 중 질소, 인산, 마그네슘, 칼슘은 균사체에 많고, 알과 자실체에서는 칼리와 미량원소의 함량이 균사체보다 높았다. 유리당은 mannitol과 trehalose가 많았다. 유리아미노산은 균사체에 glutamic acid와 arginine, 알과 자실체에 aspartic acid와 glutamic acid가 많았다. 지방산은 모든 부위에 불포화 지방산인 리놀레익산$(C_{18:2})$이 많았으며, 다른 지방산은 부위별로 종류와 양에 차이가 있었다. 유기산도 균사체에 malic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, 알에 formic acid, acetic acid, fumaric acid, 자실체에서 malic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid가 비교적 많이 검출되었다. 한편, D. echinovolvata ASI 32002의 메탄올 추출물에서 곰팡이 Aspergillus awamori, Hypocrea nigricans, Trichoderma virens에 대한 항균활성은 균사체 추출물의 MIC가 $62{\sim}125\;{\mu}g/ml$로 항생제 cyclohexamide와 비슷한 수준이었다. 효모균 Candida albicans에 대해서는 균사체 및 자실체 추출물에서 MIC가 $250\;{\mu}g/ml$로 tetracycline과 비슷한 수준의 활성을 보였다. 한편 세균 Escherichia coli에 대한 항균활성은 $500{\sim}1,000\;{\mu}g/ml$ 수준으로 매우 낮은 편이었다. 본 연구를 통하여 밝혀진 흰돌기망태버섯(D. echinovolvata)의 항균활성 등은 이 버섯의 효능에 대한 기초연구와 더불어 기능성 식품첨가제의 개발 및 화장품 원료 등으로의 이용에 관한 연구가 기대된다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.309-320
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was to evaluate the removal effect on artificial plaque from RBM treated implant surfaces that are exposed due to peri-implantitis. Materials and methods: Artificial plaque with Streptococcus mutans and acquired pellicle adhered to RBM treated implant discs. Study materials divided into one control and six test groups. In test groups, physical and chemical methods used to remove plaques. Prophyflex, Professional Mechanical Tooth Cleaning (PMTC) and interdental brush as mechanical treatments and 0.1% Chlorhexidine, Citric acid, HCl tetracycline as a chemical treatment were used. To analyses the study, disc weight was measured for remaining plaque quantities and SEM(Scanning Electronic Microscope) findings was taken for evaluation of surfaces. Results: 1. In weight changes, there was significant difference between each treatment group and the control group (p<0.05). Therefore all treatment methods using this study have good ability for remove plaques. 2. In weight changes, there was no significant difference between mechanical and chemical group, and there were no significant differences between each groups (p>0.05). 3. SEM findings after mechanical treatment disclosed as follows; Prophyflex group looked like sound implant surface, and there were some paste on implant surface at PMTC group, and there were some artificial plaque at interdental brush group. 4. SEM findings after chemical treatment disclosed as follows; there were some dark lesions which were supposed as the product from Streptococcus mutans at Chlorhexidine, Citric acid and HCl tetracycline groups. Conclusion: All six methods using in this study have good ability to remove artificial plaque on RBM treated implant. According to SEM findings, prophyflex is a superior method for removing of dental plaque among test groups.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.145-157
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• 2000

Cytotoxic substances in dental calculus and root cementum of periodontally diseased teeth inhibit new attachment and regeneration. The purpose of scaling and root planing is to remove pathologic structures harboring these cytotoxic substances in order to create a biologically acceptable root surface. However, these procedures inevitably leave a non-biocompatible smear layer. Conventionally, the smear layer has been removed with low pH etching agents such as citric acid, phosphoric acid and tetracycline hydrochloride(TC). Lately, a supersaturated neutral pH etching solution of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA) has been found to be as effective as low pH etchants with respect to smear removal and to be superior in exposing root surfaceassociated collagen. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of root surface treatment using EDTA on the initial attachment of human gingival fibroblasts. 27 human teeth, extracted due to severe periodontitis, were cut into dentin slices after root planing. The specimens were divided into TC group(treated with $50㎎/m{\ell}$ tetracycline-HCl, pH 1.52), EDTA group(treated with 17% EDTA, pH 7.4), and non-treated control group. After sterilization, 5th subcultured human gingival fibroblasts were seeded in each culture well containing a prepared root slice and incubated for 15 min., 60 min., and 4 hours in 5% $CO_2$ incubator at $37^{\circ}C$. At each incubation time, the number of attached fibroblasts were counted on the microphotographs taken at a magnification of x100. The difference of the number of attached cells between groups was statistically analyzed by the ANOVA followed by Duncan test in SPSS/PC＋programs. The results were as follows : 1. After incubation for 15 min, the attached cells were significantly more in EDTA group and TC group than non-treated control group(p<0.05), but there was no significance in the difference between EDTA group and TC group(p>0.1). 2. After incubation for 60 min and 4 hours, there was no significant difference in the number of attached cells between all groups(p>0.1). 3. In both EDTA group and TC group, there was no significant difference in the number of attached cells between different incubation(p>0.1). But in control group, the number of attached cells was significantly increased after incubation for 60 min, compared with incubation for 15 min(p<0.05). The above results suggest that root surface treatment using EDTA could enhance the initial attachment of gingival fibroblasts to root surface as effective as tetracycline-HCl.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.28.1-28.13
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• 2020

Objectives: To evaluate the outcome of in vitro studies comparing the effectiveness of QMix irrigant in removing the smear layer in the root canal system compared with other irrigants. Materials and Methods: The research question was developed by using Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome and Study design framework. Literature search was performed using 3 electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCOhost until October 2019. Two reviewers were independently involved in the selection of the articles and data extraction process. Risk of bias of the studies was independently appraised using revised Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2.0) based on 5 domains. Results: Thirteen studies fulfilled the selection criteria. The overall risk of bias was moderate. QMix was found to have better smear layer removal ability than mixture of tetracycline isonomer, an acid and a detergent (MTAD), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and phytic acid. The efficacy was less effective than 7% maleic acid and 10% citric acid. No conclusive results could be drawn between QMix and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid due to conflicting results. QMix was more effective when used for 3 minutes than 1 minute. Conclusions: QMix has better smear layer removal ability compared to MTAD, NaOCl, Tubulicid Plus, and Phytic acid. In order to remove the smear layer more effectively with QMix, it is recommended to use it for a longer duration.