• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.324-333
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• 2023

Background: Human exposure to phthalates in indoor environments occurs via dermal absorption, oral ingestion of indoor dust, and inhalation of indoor air. However, systematic studies to investigate the exposure rate to phthalates among the three exposure routes in indoor environments are currently limited. Objectives: A theoretical exposure ratio between inhalation and oral exposure was calculated based on the total amount of di(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) emitted into indoor air and deposited into floor dust in a test house. Methods: Flooring and wallpaper containing DEHP were installed in a test house and the concentration of DEHP in both indoor air and floor dust were monitored for five months. Based on the measured DEHP concentrations, the theoretical total amount ratio of DEHP that could be exposed through inhalation and oral ingestion was calculated. Results: Considering the period of operation in the test house, the theoretical total amount of DEHP through inhalation and oral ingestion exposures in the entire test house space was calculated to be 0.014 mg and 5.5 mg, respectively. The exposure ratio of the two routes between inhalation and oral exposure corresponding to the total DEHP amount in flooring and wallpaper was 6.0×10^-7% and 2.3×10^-4%, indicating that theoretical oral exposure to DEHP is approximately 380 times higher than inhalation. Conclusions: Monitoring results from a test house has shown that oral exposure is the main exposure route for DEHP in indoor environments. The experimental design employed in this study and theoretical exposure ratio obtained can be applied to investigate actual exposure to DEHP and to determine the exposure characteristics of various types of semi-volatile organic compounds.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.487-495
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• 2005

Recently, due to the airtightness of buildings or the misuse of building materials, we have been witness SHS (Sick House Syndrome) which can have bad influences on the resident in an existing apartment house as well as newly constructed apartment house start to attract public attention. As a result of this situation, we went to restrict the TVOC (Total Volatile Organic Compound) and formaldehyde. But these guidelines concentrated on only TVOC although TVOC are consist of many individual VOC. Therefore, in this study, we will look about concentration change of VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) by using Mock-up test. As result of test, the concentration of four individual VOC (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Styrene) showed quitely low level after 7 days. On the other hand the concentration of Xylene and formaldehyde showed low level after 14 days.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1995.05a
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• pp.588-595
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• 1995

The Load Rejection to House Load test at 100% power was successfully performed during the YGN 4 PAT period. In this test, all plant control systems automatically controlled the plant from 100% power to house load operation mode. The LTC code, which was used in the performance analysis during the design process of YGN 3&4, predictions of the test agreed with the measured data demonstrating the validity of the code as well as the completeness of the plant design.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1998.05a
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• pp.398-403
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• 1998

The Load Rejection to House Load test at 50% power was successfully peformed during the UCN 3 PAT period. In this test, all plant control systems automatically controlled the plant from 50% power to house load operation mode. The KISPAC code, which was used in the performance analysis during the design process of UCN 3&4, predictions of the test agreed with the measured data demonstrating the validity of the code as well as the completeness of the plant design.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.43-61
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to verify the usefulness of kinetic House- Tree- Person drawing as a diagnostic measure for the degree of self-differentiation, which is an essential part of college students' development. Participants for the study were four hundred thirty five(272 male and 163 female) university freshmen enrolled in 4-year colleges located in Pusan. The Participants completed a scale of self-differentiation and a Kinetic House- Tree-Person drawings test. The evaluation system for kinetic House-Tree-Person drawings was established based on the indexes of Buck(1948) and Bums(1972) and used exiting literatures as reference. The data were analyzed using means, standard deviations, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Scheffe's test. The results obtained from the study are as follows: First, the mean level of college students' self-differentiation was 2.81, which is about average. Some significant gender differences were found in the areas of self-intergration, family projection, and emotional separation. Male students scored higher on self-intergration, whereas female students score higher on family projection and emotional separation. Second. self-differentiation was higher when the student drew a house with smoke coming out of the chimney, a single-story house with flat roof, or with detailed description of curtains, roof and roof tiles. Third, self-differentiation seemed to be higher when branches and fruits were included, when there was no expression of roots, when large crowns and branch openings were presented, and when no slant lines or base lines appeared. Forth, self-differentiation showed ㅁ higher level when the portrait shows eyes, mouth and neck without omission, when it included the whole body instead of face only, and when there was no person with just a profile, a back, or with a stiff posture, and when there was no weak and thin lines. Individuality also marked higher if a person was in motion and than one person was added. Finally, self-differentiation showed significant difference according to the overall harmony of the drawing, ordering of contents, hand pressure, the kind and shape of tree, and presence of other persons. The more harmonious the picture was, and the more family members are added, the higher the level of self-differentiation was.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2017.10a
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• pp.62-72
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• 2017

In this study, liner unit root tests and panel unit root tests to the ratio of city to regional house price were applied to examine the ripple effects across 28 cities in the Yangtze River Delta region. Then invert LM unit root tests with two structural breaks for 10 representative cities were conducted. The results showed that there is overwhelming evidence of the existence of ripple effect in the Yangtze River Delta region, while segmentation is restricted to a small group of cities in which there is no long-run relationship with the Yangtze River Delta region average; compared to no- and one-break case, there is overwhelming evidence of a ripple effect with the LM test with two structural breaks. Furthermore, the results of the Granger causality test showed that changes in house prices in Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou have led to changes in house prices in other cities. The findings of this research make certain contributions to the improvements of research system of ripple effect among regional house prices in the Yangtze River Delta Region,and could be referenced by other markets of other cities.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.1-4
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• 2006

Most apartment houses were sited in road because it was convenient for transportation. One of the most noise is traffic noise at apartment house. The tested site was closely located in rail road and installed soundproofing wall. This study is measured indoor and outdoor noise distribution in apartment house for each story. It was similar noise distribution at indoor test but it was different noise distribution at outdoor test for each story. It was measured higher noise level at the upper stories than 5th story in outdoor noise distribution.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.814-819
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• 2006

This research is on the design and introducing of integrated thermal performance of super energy saying building, called 3 Liter house which can be sustained with 3 liter oil(kerosene) per $yr.m^2$. 3 liter houses(Passive houses) offer extended living comfort with only 15 to 20% of the space heating demand of conventional new building. To achieve this purpose, the efficiency of building components is improved, such as walls, windows or ventilation system and the construction technology is improved, such as the prevention of thermal bridge and the air tightness. The fuel cell is used as alternative energy. Energy consumption of 3L house is 2.08 [liter/$yr.m^2$] in monitoring result of $2006/2/1{\sim}2/7$ and ACH50 is 0.67 in result of Blow Door Test, therefore 3L House is well- insulated and well- airtighted house.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.3395-3409
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• 1974

The purpose of this study is to test and compare the efficiency of heating-system for materials and construction of the wall, ceiling and window in soil brick house, cement house and boulder house respectively, in order to construct ideal farm houses in rural area. The results obtained were as follows: 1. In heat conservation due to construction of walls the thermal efficiency of cement brick house was equivalent to 66.3% of that of soil brick house, and boulder house 60.3% 2. In the case of ceiling, the thermal efficiency of paper ceiling was amounted to 84.2% of that of the composite ceiling (thickness 6mm veneer+thickness. l0m chaffs), and the common ceiling putting on soil above the ceiling, 76% of the composite while the efficiency of the ceiling putting on chaffs above them was 15.8% higher than that of the paper. 3. In the case of improving the window, the double type was 12% higher than. the efficiency of single type. 4. The warming velocity of conventional house was slower but the velocity of radiation was quicker than that of experimental one. It was thought to be due to unscietific constructions of the room bottom, fire inlet and chimney, 5. The temperature gradient line was not dependad upon the amount of throwing into fuel in the rural farm house. 6. It was concluded that the final thermal efficiency of the conventional farm house was 10.6% lower than that of experimental farm house.

• Journal of Applied Reliability
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.169-175
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• 2014

In this paper, the evaluating test methods of the fire and the electric shock on the Electric pad using the house is proposed. We analyzed electric pad using magnetic shielded type hot wire because electric pad using the magnetic shielded type hot wire generally be used in the home. We analyzed FMEA in order to analyze the mechanism of the fire and the electric shock of the electric pad and designed testing methods (Durability tests on the environment, Mechanical durability tests, Electrical durability tests) obtained through the two-step QFD and tested. We verified the evaluating test methods of the fire and the electric shock on the Electric pad using the house through the analysis of the test results.