• Strategy21
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• 통권44호
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• pp.103-141
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• 2018

As the South China Sea maritime dispute illustrates, when considering the place where maritime claims occur, states do not have many choices to respond to maritime claims in which disputed areas are located far away from the land and are surrounded by the sea. As Mearsheimer (2014) points out, the sea stops power projection. Therefore, in order to adopt coercive as well as peaceful settlement policies to deal with maritime claims, states need to overcome obstacles (the sea) to project power. It means that if states want to conduct a specific foreign policy action, such as negotiating maritime borderlines or arguing sovereignty on islands, they need a tool (naval power) to coerce or to persuade the opponent. However, there are lack of research that studies maritime claims from the perspective of naval power. This research project fills this gap based on naval power. How do relative levels of naval power and (dis) parities of naval power influence the occurrence of MIDs over maritime claims? Naval power is a constitutive element during maritime claims. If disputants over maritime claims have required naval power to project their capability, it means that they have the capability to apply various ways, such as aggressive options including MIDs, to accomplish their goals. So, I argue that when two claimants have enough naval power to project their capabilities, the likelihood of MIDs over maritime claims increases. Given that one or both states have a certain level of naval power, how does relative naval power between two claimants influence the management of maritime claims? Based on the power transition theory, I argue that when the disparities of relative naval power between claimants becomes distinctive, militarized conflicts surrounding maritime territory are less probable. Based on the ICOW project which codes maritime claims from 1900 to 2001, the empirical results of the Poisson models show if both claimants have projectable naval power, the occurrence of MIDs over maritime claims increases. In addition, the result shows that when disputants maintain similar relative naval powers, they are more likely to initiate MIDs over maritime claims. To put it differently, if naval capabilities' gap between two claimants becomes larger, the probability of the occurrence of MIDs decreases.

• 항공우주시스템공학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.127-132
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• 2016

Recently, China & Japan have expanded their responding ADIZ(Air Defence Identification Zone) to implement each Government's maritime policy and to project their Air Power in preparation for maritime provocation & contingency, especially over the piled area where East Asia countries have claimed to have maritime jurisdiction one another. So this is to guide the Development Option for Korea Air Defence Identification Zone to cope with the maritime intentions of the neighboring countries, considering the international law for ADIZ, the maritime policy and the maritime sovereign & jurisdiction area of the Republic of Korea, etc.

• 지적과 국토정보
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.25-44
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• 2014

1909년 우리나라가 외교권을 잃은 상황에서 맺어진 일본과 중국의 간도 협약에 의해 간도가 불법으로 중국 영토에 편입되었음에도 불구하고 우리는 이렇다 할 조치도 취하지 못하고 있다. 그러나 역사적인 사실이나 간도에 산재해 있는 여러 가지 문화적인 측면에서 보면 간도가 우리 영토라는 것은 자명한 일이다. 하지만 중국은 동북공정을 비롯한 영토공정을 앞세워 간도가 우리 영토라는 사실을 왜곡하여 자신들의 영토로 만들기 위해 모든 수단을 동원하고 있다. 이미 의미가 없는 조약에 대해 왈가불가하는 것보다는 역사와 문화를 왜곡해서 자신들의 영토로 만들려는 속셈이다. 그런 중국의 속셈을 아는 이상 우리는 그에 대한 조치를 취해야 하고 그러기 위해서는 간도에 산재한 문화가 과연 누구의 문화인가 하는 근원을 밝히는 것이 중요하다. 문화주권 역시 영토에 관한 주권을 판단하는 요소 중 하나로서, 영토의 진짜 주인은 그 영토에 존재하는 문화를 향유한 민족이기 때문이다. 본 논문에서는 간도에 있는 문화의 주인은, 고조선 이래 형성되어 현재까지 맥을 이어온 북방문화권의 주인인 우리 민족이라는 것을 밝힌다. 고대는 물론 근대의 봉금지역해제 이후 간도에 문화를 정착한 것이 바로 우리 민족이기 때문이다. 또한 간도 문화의 주인이 우리라는 것을 알기에 그 문화에 대해 왜곡을 일삼는 중국의 왜곡에 대응하기 위한 방안을 제시한다. 지나간 역사는 조작될 수 있지만 인간의 내면에 내재하면서 성숙하고, 밖으로 표출되어 형성된 문화는 왜곡할 수 없다. 아울러 중국이 자신들의 역사라고 하는 청나라 역사가 과연 중국의 역사인가를 재검토할 정책적 제안을 한다.

• 한국시스템다이내믹스연구
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.141-173
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• 2007

In Korean context, the innovative cities imply new towns or urban clusters in the Non Capital Regions, all of which would accommodate the relocated Capital based public organizations. The central government-initiated innovative cities have provoked pros and cons towards their effectiveness and efficacy for the balanced territorial development. From a broader prospective, this paper firstly examines the current status quo of the innovative cities. Based on their master plans, it analyzes physical and non physical factors which would exert significant impact on the innovative cities. Secondly, it pays attention to how key factors strengthen or weaken their behavioral patterns in terms of dynamic location and implementation policies of the innovative cities. Using System dynamics approaches, it sets up couples of scenarios, categorizing between supporting and opposing arguments towards the innovative cities. Lastly, after divulging systematic structure of the innovative cities, it proposes a series of practical alternatives which would contribute to minimizing unexpected side effects or unwanted social cost in the long run. In order to guarantee reinforcing structure of the innovative cities, the paper suggests that QOL (quality of life) variables, which would require continuous investment in the social infrastructure, are pivotal in achieving original goals of the innovative cities. Otherwise, the innovative cities would not be innovative per se. In the worst case, they might be degraded into the unpopular ghost towns.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 9th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.929-936
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• 2022

In the U.S., the state, local, tribe, and territorial governments seek funding from the federal government through the Public Assistance program to carry out these recovery works. In this paper historic public assistance data between 1998 and 2021 have been analyzed to derive several insights such as: types of disasters causing the most damage, states requiring more support, net present value of the federal expense etc. This paper has found that the states requiring more support from the federal government are not always the states suffering the maximum losses from the disasters. It has also found that the net present value of the federal expense between 1998 and 2020 to restore, repair, reconstruct, or replace disaster damaged roads and bridges across the U.S. is $15 billion in 2021 values. Moreover, this paper has tested the correlation between the states' public assistance funds requirements and the existing condition and performance of roads and bridges as revealed by the American Society of Civil Engineer's infrastructure grade card. It has found a weak correlation between these two. The outcomes of this paper can be used by the decision makers to analyze the viability of any possible alternative to the exiting public assistance program. The insights can also help in better decision making in pre-disaster preparation and post-disaster funds allocation.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.551-556
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• 1997

유럽의 한 연구 프로젝트는 지속가능한 개발이란 경제적, 사회적 그리고 생태학적이 가치관을 지속적으로 균형이 유지되도록 노력하는 것이라고 정의하면서, 전반적인 상황을 고려하는 환경정책의 적절한 규모의 기준을 세우기 위하여 지난 40년간의 경험으로부터 배우려고 하였다. 독일, 아일랜드, 네덜란드 및 스웨덴 연구팀으로 구성된 이 프로젝트는 1950에서 1990년 사이에 사람들의 사는 방식과 경관이 지역적, 기능적, 사회정치학적인 면에서 어떤 규모로 변화했는지를 조사연구하였다. 그 프로젝트의 중심 주제는, 경관변화, 지역성에 기초를 둔 생활양식과 분야별 (직업)계층에 기초를 둔 생활양식간의 마찰 (긴장), 및 재량을 행사할 수 있는 범위의 변화를 포함한다. 이 강연은 아일랜드의 Tipperary지역의 사례연구에서 얻어진 실례를 설명함으로써 외부관계정책 및 시장주도에서 생겨나는 영향력을 요약하려 한다. (이 강연에는) 비교문화적인 연구가 암시하는 점들과 전반적인 상황을 고려하는 환경정책을 입안하는 것이 요약되어있고, 유럽연합의 차원에서부터 개별국가라면 국가네의 지역이나 소지역 차원에 이르기까지 그들을 알맞게 수정수용하도록 하는 제안이 포함되어있다.

• 융합보안논문지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.143-151
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• 2017

본 논문의 연구목적은 중국 해병대의 발전과정 고찰을 통해, 기능 변화를 분석해 보고, 향후 발전 전망을 제시하는 것이다. 중국 해병대는 중앙군사위원회에서 바다, 호수 등 해양장애물을 극복하여 적 지역으로 투사할 목적으로 창설된 정규 엘리트 상륙군이다. 중국 해병대는 전체 군사력 규모에 비해 소수의 병력으로 편성되어 있어, 중국이 대외로 확장정책을 추구하기 이전에는 대만에 대한 상륙 및 지상 작전, 도서 지역방어 기능에 한정되었었다. 그러나 2000년대 이후 중국이 자국의 절대 이익추구 정책을 추구하면서 동남아 제국 및 일본과의 해양영토분쟁과 시진핑 시대 일대일로 정책에 따른 해외전진기지 방어 및 대외영향력 증대를 위한 기능이 확대되어, 전체 규모 또한 점차 증강되고 있는 추세이다. 이러한 중국 해군과 해병대의 세력증강이 한국의 동맹국인 미국의 아태지역 위상과 영향력을 견제하는 수단으로까지 발전된다면, 한반도를 중심으로 한 안보환경은 요동칠 가능성이 많다. 따라서 우리 한국도 현 해군과 해병대 전력이 변화되는 안보환경에 적절한 기능을 수행할 수 있도록 재검토할 필요가 있다고 사료된다.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.58-64
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• 2005

공사기간은 순수한 작업기간에 작업불가능기간을 더하여 산정할 수 있다. 순작업기간은 과거의 실적자료로부터 구할 수 있다. 작업불가능기간도 기상자료로부터 정확하게 산정할 수 있지만, 이에 대한 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구의 목적은 작업불가능기간에 영향을 미치는 요소 중 기후요소를 분석하여 인천지역의 작업불가능일수를 산정 $\cdot$ 제시하는 것이다. 기존의 연구문헌을 검토하고, 최근 30년간의 기후자료를 통계분석 하여 인천지역의 작업불가능일수를 제안하였다. 강우량의 경우 10mm이상일 때 작업이 불가능하며 그 일수는 연 29일로 나타났다. 저온으로 인한 골조부문($4^{\circ}C$이하)과 마감 부문($0^{\circ}C$이하)의 작업불가능일수는 각각 97일, 52일이며, 고온으로 인한 작업불가능일수는 일최고기온 $32^{\circ}C$이상을 기준으로 할 때 3일로 산출되었다.

• Strategy21
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• 통권33호
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• pp.113-147
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• 2014

While China's military rise is an issue of growing importance to regional security, it is worthwhile to note that it is not China's military modernization per se, but its capacity to project and sustain power along and beyond its borders--in particular, the possibility to resolve forcefully its outstanding maritime disputes and various contingencies. This essay argues that China's "anti-access capability"--a U.S.-coined term originally developed for a Taiwan contingency--is equally applicable to other major regional cases such as the Spratly disputes and a North Korean contingency. Furthermore, notwithstanding China's continuos efforts to develop and deploy various types and classes of weapons/platforms, it is the Russian systems and technologies that are most capable and thus likely assigned to the highest mission-critical areas. In assessing China's current and likely future military capability as well as their implications for the region, it is necessary to take note of the following: • There exists asymmetry of military capability between China and its weaker neighbors. While the PLAN is weak in several important aspects, for instance, many of its neighbors' navies are weaker still. • Some have argued that China's foreign policy behavior apparently became more "assertive" in 2009-2013, but it is wiser to keep in mind that China has almost always been assertive and aggressive when it comes to what China defines as "sovereignty and territorial issues" as well as its newest "core interests." • On the South China Sea disputes it is the function of U.S. presence in the theater--in the form of overseas bases and the freedom of navigation--and the PLA's own limitations to project and sustain power for an extended period of time that have largely prevented armed. • While Taiwan remains the idee fixe of China's diplomacy and military, it is and will be a tough nut to crack. China's recent creeping attempts for economic integration with Taiwan should be seen in this context. • China and Japan, the two regional heavyweights and traditional rivals, will likely have a bilateral relationship that is replete with difficulties and tension. China's unilateral announcement of its ADIZ in November 2013 as well as the occasional yet persistent disputes with Japan over the Senkaku/Diaoyudao/Diaoyutai islands are only the latest manifestation of this deeper and difficult relationship. • For Korean security it is imperative to take into account the geostrategic and historical factors. On top of the existing military threats from North Korea, the ROK should be able to employ a) hedging strategy, b) "limited defense sufficiency" strategy, and c) rock-solid relations with the United States.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제10권7호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyse the state of the energy industry and to determine the efficiency of its functioning on the basis of energy conservation principle and application of innovative technologies aimed at improving the ecological modernisation of agricultural sectors of Kazakhstan. The research methodology is based on an integrated approach of financial and economic evaluation of the effectiveness of the investment project, based on calculation of elasticity, total costs and profitability, as well as on comparative, graphical and system analysis. The current stage is characterised by widely spread restructuring processes of electric power industry in many countries through introduction of new technical installations of energy facilities and increased government regulation in order to enhance the competitive advantage of electricity market. Electric power industry features a considerable value of creating areas. For example, by providing scientific and technical progress, it crucially affects not only the development but also the territorial organisation of productive forces, first of all the industry. In modern life, more than 90% of electricity and heat is obtained by Kazakhstan's economy by consuming non-renewable energy resources: different types of coal, oil shale, oil, natural gas and peat. Therefore, it is significant to ensure energy security, as the country faces a rapid fall back to mono-gas structure of fuel and energy balance. However, energy resources in Kazakhstan are spread very unevenly. Its main supplies are concentrated in northern and central parts of the republic, and the majority of consumers of electrical power live in the southern and western areas of the country. However, energy plays an important role in the economy of industrial production and to a large extent determines the level of competitive advantage, which is a promising condition for implementation of energy-saving and environmentally friendly technologies. In these circumstances, issues of modernisation and reforms of this sector in Kazakhstan gain more and more importance, which can be seen in the example of economically sustainable solutions of a large local monopoly company, significant savings in capital investment and efficiency of implementation of an investment project. A major disadvantage of development of electricity distribution companies is the prevalence of very high moral and physical amortisation of equipment, reaching almost 70-80%, which significantly increases the operating costs. For example, while an investment of 12 billion tenge was planned in 2009 in this branch, in 2012 it is planned to invest more than 17 billion. Obviously, despite the absolute increase, the rate of investment is still quite low, as the total demand in this area is at least more than 250 billion tenge. In addition, industrial infrastructure, including the objects of Kazakhstan electric power industry, have a tangible adverse impact on the environment. Thus, since there is a large number of various power projects that are sources of electromagnetic radiation, the environment is deteriorated. Hence, there is a need to optimise the efficiency of the organisation and management of production activities of energy companies, to create and implement new technologies, to ensure safe production and provide solutions to various environmental aspects. These are key strategic factors to ensure success of the modern energy sector of Kazakhstan. The contribution of authors in developing the scope of this subject is explained by the fact that there was not enough research in the energy sector, especially in the view of ecological modernisation. This work differs from similar works in Kazakhstan in the way that the proposed method of investment project calculation takes into account the time factor, which compares the current and future value of profit from the implementation of innovative equipment that helps to bring it to actual practise. The feasibility of writing this article lies in the need of forming a public policy in the industrial sector, including optimising the structure of energy disbursing rate, which complies with the terms of future modernised development of the domestic energy sector.