• 음성과학
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.117-131
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• 2003

The feature tenseness has long been a controversial issue. Many scholars have hardly accepted tenseness as a distinctive feature, due to the absence of its consistent and objective phonetic evidence especially in English. Instead, they claim that voicing is the primary feature and even say that no other feature can-be independent of voicing. However, voicing feature does not explain everything and significant aerodynamic and physiological correlates of the feature tenseness have been reported in English as well as in some other languages that have the tense/lax distinction in their obstruents. It is suggested that voicing is a simple and direct feature while tenseness is a complex and indirect feature and its autonomy as a distinctive feature should be acknowledged. This will enable us to describe the phonetic reality more properly across languages as well as in individual languages.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제21_24호
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• pp.3-24
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• 1992

This study was designed to investigate the changes of phonological processes in normal Korean children aged from 2- to 6-years. Forty eight children who lived in Seoul or Kyung-Ki do were tested with a picture articulation test and their articulation errors including omissions, additions and substitutions were coded into phonological processes. Those phonological processes were discussed in several ways: syllable structure, place, manner, assimilation, tenseness, and aspiration of sounds. Data were analyzed by two ways: (1) number of subjects who showed each process and (2) percentage of occurrence of each process. Analyses in omission-addition processes demonstrated that postvocalic omission occurred most frequently, followed by velar-, alveolar-, and glottal omission. Analyses in substitution processes showed that fronting (palatal and velar), backing (alveolar), and alveolization occurred most frequently in terms of the place of sounds. In terms of assimilation, alveolar-, stopping, and aspiration assimilation occurred frequently. Analyses by the tenseness and aspiration showed similar occurrences among the 4 processes, with slightly higher occurrences in tensing and aspiration than lanxing and deaspiration. All of the processes decreased by age. The numbers of the processes showed by more than half of the children or exceeded 10％ of occurrence were 20 in 2-years of age, 10 in 3-years of age, 1 in 4-years of age, and none in ages of 5 and 6.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2009

Duration of the preceding vowel is known to vary as a function of the (phonological or phonetic) voicing feature of the following consonant. This study raises a question against this general belief. A spectrographic experiment using 14 Korean obstruents (three sets of stops: /p, p', $p^h$/, /t, t', $t^h$/, /k, k', $k^h$/; one set of affricates: /c, c', $c^h$/; one set of fricatives: /s, s'/) reveals that (1) phonetic voicing in the intervocalic lax consonants /p, t, k, c, s/ has nothing to do with the duration of the preceding vowel; (2) vowel length is significantly shorter before tense consonants than before their lax cognates while tense consonants are significantly longer than their lax cognates. Importantly, Korean obstruents are all phonologically voiceless. Therefore, the voicing feature is rejected as the cause of preconsonantal vowel shortening in Korean both phonetically and phonologically. It is suggested that the temporal phenomenon is basically a kind of physiologically-motivated coarticulation though it is restricted by the phonology of a given language. To meet this assumption, the feature voicing should be replaced with the feature tenseness as the cause, which will enable us to explain the temporal phenomenon on the same basis irrespective of language.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.141-151
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• 2014

This study reports anti-hierarchical initial-syllable lengthening of an utterance-internal phrase in Korean. That is, the phrase-initial syllable (e.g., /a/ of "apa-do" or /ma/ of "mapa-do") starting with a voiced phoneme (i.e., vowels or voiced consonants) manifests itself as significantly longer when it is preceded by another phrase without a pause than when it leads an utterance or follows a pause utterance-internally. The phenomenon was examined with regard to two other factors: (1) tempo and (2) tenseness of the consonant (/p, $p^{\prime}$, $p^h$/) following the target syllable /a/. First, the effect of tempo on initial lengthening was not significant. Apart from the statistical significance, however, a tendency was observed, i.e., the slower the tempo is, the greater the lengthening. By contrast, the faster the tempo is, the higher the ratio (%) of lengthening. Second, contrary to our expectations, initial-syllable lengthening was even greater before tense stops /$p^{\prime}$, $p^h$/ than before lax stop /p/ regardless of tempo, and it was remarkable when it comes to the ratio (%), which means that initial lengthening is free of the pre-consonantal vowel shortening effect. Final-syllable lengthening is a pre-boundary marker, while the initial-syllable lengthening is regarded as a post-boundary marker of a phrase.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2018

This paper presents an acoustic and phonological study of the alveolar flaps in American English. Based on the Buckeye Corpus, the flapping tokens produced by twenty men are analyzed at both lexical and post-lexical levels. The data, analyzed with Pratt speech analysis, include duration, F2 and F3 in voicing during the flap, as well as duration, F1, F2, F3, and f0 in the adjacent vowels. The results provide evidence on two issues: (1) The different ways in which voiced and voiceless alveolar stops give rise to neutralized flapping stops by following lexical and post-lexical levels, (2) The extent to which the vowel features (height, frontness, and tenseness) affect flapping sounds. The results show that flaps are affected by pre-consonantal vowel features at the lexical as well as post-lexical levels. Unlike previous studies, this study uses the Praat method to distinguish flapped from unflapped tokens in the Buckeye Corpus and examines connections between the lexical and post-lexical levels.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.647-660
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• 2000

As above, it described Dr.Tanaka's Spiral Balance Theory and studied the theoretical background and the special meridian circulation system, diagnostics and treatments. Though the considered the rule of the tenseness of the body as muscle movement theory, it corresponds with tradtional meridians theory in oriental medicine. If we study and develop the traditional meridians circulaition system more, we can expect clinical development applying to any theories in the field of oriential medicine such as acupuncture therapy, moxa therapy and chiropractc therapy. etc, as well as tapaing therapy, electronic stimulation therapy and exercising therapy.

• 인지과학
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.163-175
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• 2008

한국에 거주하는 일본인 12명을 대상으로 한국어 초성 자음에 대한 지각적 혼동을 조사하여 그들이 한국어 자음을 지각할 때 사용하는 심리적 차원과 특질들을 추출하였다. 개음절들은 비소음(no noise) 조건과 소음 조건에서 제시되고 참여자들은 그 정체를 파악하였다. 실험 결과로 자음들 간의 혼동 행렬(confusion matrix)을 구성하였고 이 행렬 자료로 가산 군집 분석, 개별차이 척도법 및 정보 전달율을 계산했다. 가산 군집 분석 결과, 비소음 조건에서 일본인들은 '다 타'를 가장 유사한 소리로 지각했으며, '가 카', '자 차 짜', '타 따', '파 빠', '사 싸' 순으로 지각적 군집을 형성하였다. 소음 조건에서는 '가 다 바', '마 바', '차 카 타 파' 등 10개의 군집이 추출되었는데, 이 군집들은 같은 청취 조건에서 '싸 짜', '다 자', '파 하' 등 발성 유형(공명, 이완, 기식, 긴장)이 같고 조음 방법이 다른 음소들을 유사한 소리로 지각한 한국인의 군집들과 큰 차이를 보였다. 개별차이 척도법을 적용한 결과, 소음 조건에서 공명음을 포함한 이완음과 나머지 음소를 구분하는 차원(이완성 차원), 기식성의 정도와 관련된 차원(기식성 차원) 및 조음 위치(설정음과 주변음)와 관련된 차원(설정성 차원)을 찾았다. 한국인이 보인 기식성과 긴장성 차원은 이원적인 값을 갖고 있었으나 일본인이 보인 차원은 연속적인 값을 가지는 것으로 드러났다. 정보 전달율을 분석한 결과, 일본인은 한국인에 비해 기식성과 긴장성의 후두 자질은 잘 지각하지 못하지만 순음성과 설정성의 조음 위치 자질은 더 잘 지각하였다. 본 연구의 결과들은 각 언어의 음소 범주를 구성하는 기저 표상의 구조적 차이로 다루는 접근의 중요성을 시사한다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.81-89
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• 2010

Korean and three other languages (English, Arabic, and Japanese) were compared with regard to the compensatory movements in a VC (Vowel and Consonant) sequence and word. For this, Korean data were collected from an experiment and the other languages' data from literature. All the test words of the languages had the same syllabic contexture, i.e., /CVCV(r)/, where C was an oral stop and intervocalic consonants were either bilabial or alveolar stops. The present study found that (1) Korean is most striking in the durational variations of segments (vowel and the following hetero-syllabic consonant); (2) unlike the three languages that show a constant sum of VC, Korean yields a three-way distinction in the length of VC according the type (lax unaspirated vs. tense unaspirated vs. tense aspirated) of the following stop consonant; (3) a durational constancy is maintained up to the word level in the three languages, but Korean word duration varies as a function of the feature tenseness of the intervocalic consonants; (4) consonant duration is proven to differentiate Korean the most from the other languages. It is suggested that the durational difference between a lax consonant and its tense cognate(s) and the degree of compensation between V and C are determined by the phonology in each language.

• 음성과학
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.113-130
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• 2002

Measurements were made of pressure rise time (PoRT), voice cessation time, flattened peak intraoral air pressure (Po), pressure static time (PoST), pressure-fall time and the duration of oral closure as four English speakers uttered isolated nonsense $V_{1}CV_{2}$ words containing /b/ and /p/ ($V_{1}=V_{2}$ and the V was /$\alpha$/), with stress on either $V_{1}orV_{2}$ alternately. The hypothesis tested was: The tense stop consonant. will be characterized either by a higher Po or a longer PoST, and/or by both against lax. Findings: (1) PoRT was significantly greater in /b/ than /p/, (2) the voiceless stop /p/ produced generally greater mean Po, averaged across five tokens, than its voiced counterpart /b/, but statistically insignificant, and (3) altogether, across stress, tokens and subjects, the difference in the calculated pressure static time (PoSTc), i.e., PoST + PoRT, between /p/ and /b/ was highly significant (p $\leq$ 0.003). Although further investigations remain to be taken, the results strongly supported the linguistic hypothesis of tense-lax distinction, with /b/ being lax and /p/ tense. Airflow resistance at the glottis and supraglottal air volume are assumed to be responsible for much of difference in PoRT between /p/ and /b/. The PoSTc reflecting, although indirectly, the respiratory efforts during the oral closure of a stop, was a convincing phonetic parameter of the consonantal tenseness based on respiratory efforts. The effects of stress on Po and PoSTc were inconsistent, and the shorter PoRT than consonantal constriction interval was always accompanied by Po and PoST.

• 대한치과마취과학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.203-208
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• 2010

Tremors are trembling movements and are seen in association with alcoholic intoxication, certain drugs, thyrotoxicosis, multiple sclerosis, hysteria, and nervous tension. Dental fears, such as, pain, drill, unknown, dependency, helplessness, mutilation and oral change, induce the neuroendocrine response (release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, etc). The clinical manifestations of epinephrine or other vasopressor overdose include : anxiety, tenseness, restlessness, throbbing headache, tremor, perspiration, weakness, dizziness, pallor, palpitation and respiratory difficulty. Signs of local anesthetic overdose appear clinically whenever the anesthetic level in the blood rises to an appropriate level in an individual. The clinical signs of moderate overdose levels include : talkativeness, apprehension, excitability, slurred speech, tremor and muscular twitching. This is a case report about the severe tremor care after the endodontic treatment under right mandibular block anesthesia in a 56-years old female patient.