• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.249-256
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• 2001

This study was performed to evaluate cardiopulmonary depressant effects of enflurane (1.0 vol%) combined with propofol(0.25 mg/kg/min) compared with enflurane inhalation, and propofol infusion, respectively, in 18 healthy dogs premedicated with acepromazine and atropine. After bolus injection of propofol 5 mg/kg for induction and tracheal intubation, they were randomly assigned to 3 groups: propofol 0.5 mg/kg/min infusion (Group I, n=6), enflurane 2.5 vol% (Group II, n=6) and enflurane 1.0 vol% combined with propofol 0.25 mg/kg/min (Group III, n=6). Mean arterial Pressure (MAP), systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) were depressed significantly in all groups, especially in Group II. MAP, SAP and DAP values of Group IIIwere higher than those of Group II, but lower than those of Group I. The changes of PaO$_2$, Pa$CO_2$and pHa were similar in all groups. Respiration rates were decreased in all groups 5 minutes after induction but maintained in normal range. Those of Group I were less depressant than those of Group II and Group III. Concentrations of $Na^+ and Cl^-$ were increased and those of $K^+$ were decreased in all groups, but their values were quitely similar. Heart rate was changed in small range and the value of Group I was higher than those of Group II and Group III. Body temperature was decreased significantly in all groups. Adverse effects like as muscle rigidity, nausea or vomiting and shivering were not appeared and apnea at induction was occured 6 dogs. From the these results, enflurane 1.0 vol% combined with propofol 0.25 mg/kg/min also could be applied for anesthesia in dogs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.89-119
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• 2004

This study was conducted to isolate lactobacilli having probiotic characteristics to be used as health adjuncts with fermented milk products. Acid tolerant strains were selected in Lactobacilli MRS broth adjusted to pH 4.0 from 80 healthy persons (infants, children and adults). And bile tolerant strains were examined in Lactobacilli MRS broth in which 1.0% bile salt was added. By estimation above characteristics, the strains No. 27, which was isolated from adult feces, was selected and identified as Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salivarius based on carbohydrate fermentation and 16S rDNA sequencing. It was used as a probiotic strain in fermented milk products. The pH of fermented milk decreased from pH 6.7 to 5.0 and titratable acidity increased from 0.3% to 1.0% by L. salivarius subsp. salivarius (isolation strain 20, 35, and 37), when incubated for 36 h at $37^{\circ}C$. The number of viable cell counts of fermented milk was maximized at this incubation condition. The SDS-PAGE evidenced no significant change of casein but distinct changes of whey protein were observed by isolated L. salivarius subsp. salivarius for titratable acidity being incubated by $0.9{\sim}1.0%$ at $37^{\circ}C$. All of the strains produced 83.43 to 131.96 mM of lactic acid and 5.39 to 26.85 mM of isobutyric acid in fermented products. The in vitro culture experiment was performed to evaluate ability to reduce cholesterol levels and antimicrobial activity in the growth medium. The selected L. salivarius subsp. salivarius reduced $23{\sim}38%$ of cholesterol content in lactobacilli MRS broth during bacterial growth for 24 hours at $37^{\circ}C$. All of the isolated L. salivarius subsp. salivarius had an excellent antibacterial activity with $15{\sim}25$ mm of inhibition zone to E. coli KCTC1039, S. enteritidis KCCM3313, S. typhimurium M-15, and S. typhimurium KCCM40253 when its pH had not been adjusted. Also, all of the isolated L. salivarius subsp. salivarius had partial inhibition zone to E. coli KCTC1039, E. coli KCTC0115 and S. enteritidis KCCM3313 when it had been adjusted to pH 5.7. The selected strains were determined to have resistances of twelve antibiotic. Strains 27 and 35 among the L. salivarius subsp. salivarius showed the highest resistance to the antibiotics. Purified ${\alpha}$-galactosidase was obtained by DEAE-Sephadex A-50 ion exchange chromatography, Mono-Q ion exchange chromatography and HPLC column chromatography from L. salivarius subsp. salivarius 27. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 8,994 units/mg protein, representing an 17.09 folds purification of the original cell crude extract. The molecular weight of enzyme was identified about 53,000 dalton by 12% SDS-PAGE. Optimal temperature and pH for activity of this enzyme were $40^{\circ}C$ and 7.0 respectively. The enzyme was found to be stable between 25 and $50^{\circ}C$. ${\alpha}$-galactosidase activity was lost rapidly below pH 5.0 and above pH 9.0. This enzyme was liberated galactose from melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose, and also the hydrolysis rate of substrate was compound by HPLC. These results indicated that some of the L. salivarius subsp. salivarius (strain 27 and 35) are considered as effective probiotic strains with a potential for industrial applications, but the further study is needed to establish their use as probiotics in vivo.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.382-388
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• 1994

Because of its restrictive harvest from spring to summer, It is necessary to preserve raw ascidians, Halocynthia roretzi, for the purpose of processing regardless of season. We evaluated low Temperature tolerance of ascidian and conditions for cold storage to secure the quality of the stock. To retard the browning of meat rapidly occurred after sucking, ascidians were blanched for 10 seconds in 10% boiling salt solution or dipped for 60 seconds in 0.2% $NaHSO_3$ solution, respectively. The samples were stored in ice, at $-17^{\circ}C$ or $-35^{\circ}C$ for 85 days, respectively. Changes in VBN, glycogen, brown pigment formation, total carotenoid, nucleotides and their related compounds during the storage were determined, and sensory evaluation of quality was also practiced. VBN and brown pigment formation were rapidly increased. Glycogen was gradually decreased and then not detectable after 85 days in case of ice storage. Lipophilic brown pigment was higher than hydrophilic and rapidly increased during storage. The result of sensory evaluation showed that the ascidian treated in 0.2% $NaHSO_3$ was good for 85 days of storage at $-35^{\circ}C$ . Judging from the results of chemical experiment and sensory evaluation, the quality of ascidian treated in 0.2% $NaHSO_3$ and stored at $-35^{\circ}C$ was better than that of other samples.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.78 no.3
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• pp.280-286
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• 1989

The present study was to examine the effects of light, temperature, and water stress on the photosynthesis and respiration rates and its seasonal changes in 3-Year-old Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings raised in pot in nursery. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The estimated light compensation points at which net photosynthesis approached zero were 35 and $28{\mu}Em^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ for F. rhyrachophylla and F. mandsdzurica leaves, respectively, The light saturation points occurred at $700{\mu}Em^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ in these species. 2. The maximum rates of net photosynthesis of leaves occurred at about $25^{\circ}C$ in F. rhynchophylla and at $20^{\circ}C$ in F. mandshurica. 3. The decrease in net photosynthetic rates of leaves began at -13 bars in F. rhynchophylla and -10 bars in F. mandshurica, and then its rates approached approximately zero at -23 bars in F. mandshurica and -29 bars in F. rhynchophylla. 4. The dark respiration rates of leaves were similar from $10^{\circ}C$ to $40^{\circ}C$ between these species, Also these increased from -10 bars to -28 bars, and then decreased remarkably in these species. 5. The net photosynthetic rates of leaves of F. mandshurica were higher than those of F. rhynchoplaylla until June, and after that lower than F. rhynchophylla. The dark respiration rates of leaves of F. rhynchophylla were higher than those of F. mandshurica from June to August, and After that similar between these species. 6. The respiration rates of stem and root were highest in April during the growing season. These values of F. rhynchophylla were slightly higher than those of F. mandshurica throughout the growing season.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.2
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• pp.288-299
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• 1996

This is the basic study to investigate the amount of transpirational water loss in thrifty mature Quercus mongolica stand by the heat pulse method. The differences of heat pulse velocity by direction and depth, differences of heat pulse velocity by dominant, codominant and suppressed trees, diurnal changes of heat pulse velocity due to the change of leaf water potential, vapor pressure deficit and radiation, and sap flow path way in sapwood by dye penetration were measured in stems. Finally the amounts of daily and annual transpiration in stand were calculated by the heat pulse velocity. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. Relationship between heat pulse velocity(V) and sap flow rate(SFR) was obtained as a equation of SFR=1.37V. 2. The sap flow rate was high in the order of dominant, codominant, and suppressed trees. The daily heat pulse velocity changed with radiation, temperature and vapor pressure deficit. 3. The heat pulse velocity showed the similar diurnal variation as the leaf water potential change. 4. The heat pulse velocity showed the highest value in May(4.0cm/hr in average), the lowest one in July(2.9cm/hr in average). 5. The heat pulse velocity in the same stem presented the highest value in the northern direction, medium in western, and the lowest in southern and eastern. 6. The heat pulse velocity in stem was highest in 0.5cm, medium in 1.0cm, and lowest in 1.5cm depth from the surface of stem. 7. The sap flow path way in stem showed sectorial straight ascent pattern in four sample trees. 8. The amount of sap flow(SF) was presented as a equation of $SF=1.37A{\cdot}V$(A: the cross-sectional area of sapwood, V: heat pulse velocity), and especially SF was larger in dominant tree than codominant and suppressed trees. 9. The amount of daily transpiration was 5.6ton/ha/day, and its composition ratio was 72% at day and 28% at night. 10. The amount of stand transpiration per month was largest in May(168ton/ha/month), lowest in July(125ton/ha/month). The amount of stand transpiration per year was 839ton/ha/year.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.95-113
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• 2009

Objectives : Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) is a hair care product which is composed of ten plant extracts used in oriental medicine. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) on hair regrowth and cytokine changes in a shaving model of C57BL/6 mice. Materials and Methods : Five-week-old mice were acclimated for 1 week at a temperature between $21-23^{\circ}C$, 40-60% relative humidity, and 12h of a light/dark cycle before beginning of the experiment. There were three experimental groups including 50% ethanol (EtOH, control), a positive control of 3% Minoxidil, and 30% Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) in 50% ethanol in 18 female mice. The test compounds were topically treated once a day over 12 days. The hair regrowth was photographically and histologically determined during the experimental period of 12 days. Revelation of EGF, $TGF-{\beta}1$ and IL-6 in hair follicle were also determined using immunohistochemistry. In addition to that, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and $IL-1{\beta}$ in skin tissue were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Results : Hair regrowth in 3% Minoxidil and Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) groups was promoted earlier and faster than the control group. Concentrations of hairs and thick-hair ratio in 3% Minoxidil and Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) groups were promoted than the control group. EGF was moderately positive in hair follicle of 3% Minoxidil and Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) groups, but negative in the control group. $TGF-{\beta}1$ was not significantly difference between the groups. IL-6 in hair follicle of Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) group was negative, but weakly positive in 3% Minoxidil and control group. IL-6 and $IL-1{\beta}$ in skin tissue were significantly decreased in Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) group, but there was not significantly decreased in 3% Minoxidil and control group. $TNF-{\alpha}$ in skin tissue was significantly decreased in 3% Minoxidil and Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) groups. Conclusions : These results suggest that Saengbal-eum-II($Sh{\bar{e}}ngf{\grave{a}}-y{\breve{i}}n-ll$) has hair growth promoting activity and it can be used for treatment of alopecia. And these effects relate to EGF revelation of hair follicle and a decrease IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and $IL-1{\beta}$ in skin tissue.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.1
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• pp.107-119
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• 1996

To understand vegetation changes along environmental gradients in the natural forests in the east side of the Cascade Range in Washington state, USA, line transects were used to sample six different forest environments in the Wenatchee National Forest in the north-facing and south-facing sites at 975, 1280 and 1700m elevation. Data were analyzed using ordination by detranded correspondence analysis. Pseudotsuga menziesii was found as one of the dominant species on all the six sites regardless of elevation or aspect, while Pinus ponderosa was dominant on south slopes only. Abies grandis and A. lasiocarpa were dominant species on north slopes at elevations of 1280 and 1700m, respectively. Moisture, as it related to aspect, was identified as one of the most important environmental gradients for explaining the variation of vegetation types. On north-facing slopes, compared to south-facing slopes, where moisture was not as limiting and canopies could grow denser, probably, elevation or competitive interaction was more important. Species diversity tended to decrease with increasing environmental severity, with south slopes having less diversity than north slopes due to extended water stress and harsher temperature extremes on south slopes. The age structure on north-facing and south-facing slopes was different. Light intensity, moisture and climate were different between these two slopes. Large scale disturbances(e.g., big fire or insects) were major causes in changing age structure. Younger trees showed a closer relationship between size and age than adult trees. DBH values of shade intolerant species in south-facing slope were bigger than those of north-facing slope, which suggested that aspect of stands be the most important factor for age and size.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.789-796
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the addition of red wine on the color, water activity, hardness, pH, 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) value, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) content and total plate count of beef jerky during storage at room temperature for 4 weeks. Beef jerky was prepared using three variations: beef jerky containing 50 mL water (T0), beef jerky containing a combination of 25 mL water and 25 mL red wine (T1) and beef jerky containing 50 mL red wine (T2). The lightness ($L^*$) was the lowest at the 4-week storage period, and the $L^*$ value of T1 and T2 were lower than that of T0 (p<0.05). The redness ($a^*$) tended to decrease during storage, with the $a^*$ value of T1 and T2 being higher than that of the T0 (p<0.05). The yellowness ($b^*$) during storage was not changed, and the $b^*$ value was not significantly different among the different samples tested. The water activity decreased during storage and T0, T1 and T2 was 0.57, 0.57 and 0.60 after 4 weeks of storage, respectively(p<0.05). The hardness increased during storage and the hardness of T2 stored for 4 weeks was lower than that of T0 and T1 (p<0.05). The pH was decreased with an increase in storage time (p<0.05). The TBARS value increased during storage and the TBARS value of T1 and T2 stored for 4 weeks was lower than that of T0 (p<0.05). The VBN content increased during storage and T2 stored for 4 weeks showed the lowest (p<0.05). The total plate count tended to increase during storage, and T0 stored for 4 weeks showed the highest (p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.593-603
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the ecological succession sere and conservative value, and to provide the basic data for the planning of the Provincial Park Management in Seonamsagol(Valley), Jogyesan(Mt.) Provincial Park(altitude 884m), Suncheon City, Korea by analysing the structure of the plant community. Twenty plots(size is $20m{\times}20m$) were set up at an altitude of range from 315m to 480m. As a result of analysis of TWINSPAN which is one of the ordination technique, the plant communities were divided into four groups which are community I(Quercus variabilis community), community II(Q. serrata community), community III(Decideous broad-leaved plant community), and community IV(Carpinus tschonoskii community). The warmth index is $104^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ based on the data of monthly mean temperature during the past thirty years(1981~2010), so we found out that the vegetation of the study site located in the South Temperate Climate Zone. We supposed that the ecological succession sere of the study site is in the early stage of developing from Q. serrata community to Carpinus tshonoskii community, however we should do a long-term monitoring to investigate the changes of the ecological succession each plant community, meanwhile Sasa borealis was dominant species in the shrub layer. The diameter at breast height of specimen tree is range from 20 to 55cm(average 36cm) and the height of that is range from 14 to 35m(average 23cm). The age of community I was 64 years old, that of community II was from 59 to 64 years old, that of community III was from 51 to 62 years old, and that of community IV was from 41 to 68 years old, thus the age of the study site is about from 38 to 72 years old. According to the index of Shnnon's diversity(unit: $400m^2$), community IV was ranged from 0.8452 to 1.2312, community III was ranged from 0.8044 to 1.1404, community II was ranged from 0.8221 to 0.9971, and community I was 0.8324.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.117-125
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• 2013

In this study, The stability of a cream containing the ethyl acetate fraction of 50% ethanol extracts from Glycyrrhiza uralensis (G. uralensis) cultured in Korea was investigated. pH, absorbance, viscosity and color difference of the cream containing 0.20% ethyl acetate fraction of the aforementioned G. uralensis extracts were measured under 4 different temperature conditions ($4^{\circ}C$ $25^{\circ}C$ $37^{\circ}C$ and $45^{\circ}C$) and under the sun light at 2 week intervals for 12 weeks. pH changes of a control cream without the extracts and the sample cream containing 0.20% ethyl acetate fraction of G. uralensis extracts were 0.66 and 0.44, respectively. There were no significant pH differences between the sample and the control under the sun. Viscosities of the control cream and the sample cream decreased by 2,483 cPs and 2,893 cPs respectively. So, the sample cream showed a bigger decline (410 cP) in viscosity than the control cream. The ethyl acetate fraction of G. uralensis extracts did not affect the stability of the cream. Absorbance of ethanol solution of the ethyl acetate fraction decreased 30.00% at 276 nm under the sun. On the other hand, the absorbance of the sample cream containing the ethyl acetate fraction decreased 12.02%. The stability of the G. uralensis extracts was better in cream formulation than in ethanol solution. The total color differences of all creams increased slightly during the study period under various conditions. The results appeared to indicate the color stability of the cream containing 0.20% ethyl acetate fraction of G. uralensis extracts. It is suggested that further study is needed to provide more information to the manufacturers who are seeking for the application of the G. uralensis extracts to improve the anti-oxidant and stability of cosmetic products.