• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.647-650
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• 2006

The factors affecting clothing comfort are temperature, humidity, and air velocity of clothing microclimate which is the temperature and the humidity between the skin surface and the innermost garment, clothing pressure and clothing texture to the skin. This study was designed to estimate the distribution of clothing microclimate on the upper body. All the data of this study were collected from volunteered male subjects in the controlled climate chamber laboratory in which the temperature was $25\pm1^{\circ}C$, the relative humidity $50\pm5%$, and the air velocity 30cm/sec. All subjects should wear long-sleeved inner wear and pants woven in 100% cotton. Clothing microclimate temperature at 16 sites on the chest and 16 sites on the back was measured. The results were as follows: the distribution of the clothing microclimate temperature on the upper body was $30.6\sim34.7^{\circ}C$ on the breast and $31.5\sim35.4^{\circ}C$ on the back. While a mean temperature on the chest was 33.3$^{\circ}C$, it was 33.1$^{\circ}C$ on the back.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.2 no.5
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• pp.416-422
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• 2000

In this study, to find out the physiological reaction of the human body and the sensation of comfort when people are wearing sportswear which is made of waterproof breathable fabrics under general environmental conditions (temperature : $20{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, humidity : $60{\pm}5%RH$, air current : 0.1 m/sec) and rainy environmental conditions (temperature : $20{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, humidity : $60{\pm}5%RH$, air current : 0.1 m/sec, rainfall : 250 1/hr), we made an experiment with sportswear in an artificial climate chamber and studied the thermal physiological response and subjective sensation. Mean skin temperature of the subjects was low and had a big range of fluctuation in rainy environmental conditions of two condition. Temperature started to increase at the beginning of the exercise, reached the maximum at the 2nd level of the exercise and then started to decline. Rectal temperature showed a slighter increase and bigger range of fluctuation in general conditions than in rainy conditions. Except clothing micro climate in rainy conditions, temperature and humidity and their range of fluctuation around back were higher than those around chest. Humidity was high and had wide range of fluctuation in general conditions. Heart rate was 4.4 beats/min higher in general conditions. In subjective test on rainy conditions, the feeling of discomfort increased due to the raindrops fallen on the skin. Unlike that in general conditions, cold sensation increased and humidity sensation reached to the peak after the exercise. In wearing sportswear made of shape memory breathable waterproof fabric, controlling function over a small amount of heat and water was distinctive while it turned out to be not so comfortable over a large amount of heat and water. Through this, the limitation of shape memory breathable waterproof fabric was recognised.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.220-226
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• 2000

This study was to determine the characteristics of vapor-permeable waterproof finished fabric by the coating method. 4 different kinds of coating fabrics (A : wet, porous, polyurethane, B : dry, no porous, polyurethane, C : shape memory polyurethane and D : dry, porous polyurethane) were used, which were developed recently With this sample, moisture transport rate ($40^{\circ}C$, 45%RH & $40^{\circ}C$, 95%RH), changes of coating side's shape by washing times, water repellency rate, contracted length, qmax, heat conductivity, heat keeping rate, heat keeping rate with cotton, heat keeping rate on humidity temperature and humidity within clothing etc. were checked. And it was done in a climate chamber under $20{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, $65{\pm}5%RH$. The results of this study were as follow; In the moisture vapor transmission of sample B and C increased on high temperature and high humidity while sample A and D decreased, on this condition. Qmax rate had high relation with ground fabric's surface properties and the order was A>C>D>B. Heat conductivity had high relation with thickness and surface properties. Heat keeping rates on sweat condition showed around half percents of heat keeping rates on normal condition, but had no relation with moisture vapor transport rate. Changes of the fabric's properties by washing times were different in accordance with the construction of fabrics and the coating resin. Sample C had tow heat keeping rate on the high temperature and humidity and high heat keeping rate on the low temperature and humidity Moisture transport rate of vapor-permeable waterproof finished fabrics had high relation with the properties of ground fabrics on low humidity condition, but on the high humidity condition, it was highly related with the properties of coating resin.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.237-245
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• 2020

The process of evaporation from free water surface was simulated in a large scale environmental chamber under various controlled atmospheric conditions and also was modelled by a new mass transfer model. Six evaporation tests were conducted with increasing wind speed and air temperature in the environmental chamber, and hence the effect of atmosphere parameters on the evaporation process and the corresponding response of water were investigated. Furthermore, based on the experiment results, seven general types of mass transfer models were evaluated firstly, and then a new model consisted of wind speed function and air relative humidity function was proposed and validated. The results show that the free water evaporation is mainly affected by the atmospheric parameters and the evaporation rate increases with the increasing air temperature and wind speed. Both the air and soil temperatures are affected by the energy transformation during water evaporation. The new model can satisfactorily describe the evaporation process from free water surface under different atmospheric conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.29-38
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is to investigate the physiological respones and subjective wearing sensations of the body of different materials of underwears. Experimental underwears were round neck-line shirts made of 100% cotton (60's plain stitch), 100% untreated nylon and hydrophillic finished 100% nylon (140 D. tricot). Four healthy female served as subjects. The experimental chamber was controlled at a constant temperature (23±1℃), constant relative humidity (53±3%) and air velocity of 0.25m/sec. The skin temperature, rectal temperature, pulse rate, clothing climate of temperature and humidity, and subjective wearing sensations were measured every five minutes during 75min. The results showed the level of the fiber hygroscopic properties was most relevant in the sensations of wearing: thus, cotton and treated nylon were felt by the subjects as more confortable fabrics, than untreated nylon.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.1475-1483
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to determine the physiological responses and subjective sensation according to fiber content of socks. Six female students participated in the wear trial test which was conducted in controled environmental chamber with 26${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$ and 60${\times}$3%. R.H.SAS program was used for statistical analysis. The results of this study were as follows. Mean skin temperature was significantly different among three different socks. AWNP socks had the highest mean skin temperature and instep temperature. Also relative humidity in the microclimate of socks as well as heart rate were influenced by fiber content of socks, However, test of subjective sensation such as thermal, humid, comfort sensation showed that there was no significant difference among three different socks thermal sensation during the exercise and recovery period.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.117-124
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• 2010

Recently, research on variables associated with hair styles are increasing with the spreading of total coordinated intention in the fields of clothing and cosmetology. In the present study, we focused on examining the skin temperature on the scalp(the vertex, temporal, and occiput), humidity on the occiput, skin temperatures (the forehead, back of ear, back of neck, upper back, abdomen, forearm, hand, thigh, calf, and foot), rectal temperature, total body mass loss by hair styles in a thermal neutral environment. Four young females participated as subjects. For a certain period, each subject had the five different hair styles in a random order: (1)Straight short hair(SS), (2)Perm waved short hair(PS), (3) Straight long hair(SL), (4)Perm waved long hair(PL), (5)Ponytail style(PT). Subjects wore briefs, bra, shirts with long sleeves, long legged training pants, and socks. The environmental variables of a climatic chamber were kept constant at $21{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ of air temperature and 55${\pm}$5%RH of air humidity. The results indicated the following: The skin temperature and humidity on the scalp did not show any significant differences among five different hair styles, but straight long hair style(SL)was the highest on the vertex, temporal, and occiput. The temporal skin temperature($29.8\sim30.8^{\circ}C$) was the highest, while the vertex skin temperature($28.7\sim30.1^{\circ}C$) was the lowest. Humidity on the occiput was the highest in the perm waved long hair style(PL). The back of ear skin temperature was significantly lower in the ponytail style(PT) than in the other four hair styles(p<.001). In the straight long hair style(SL), the skin temperature on the back of the neck and on the upper back were significantly higher than those of the other four hair styles(p<.01). Mean skin temperature and rectal temperature had no significant differences among hair styles. Total body mass was the highest in the perm waved long hair style(PL)(p<.05). We acquired fundamental data to enable the improvement of the current hair clinic system, wigs, functional hats, and helmets.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.11 no.2 s.24
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• pp.57-67
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• 1987

The purpose of this study was to confirm the effects of girdle on the physiological responses and the microclimate in summer. The measuring points were rectal temperature, skin temperature, pulse rate and sweat volume as physiological responses and the inside clothing temperature, relative humidity as microclimate when the subjects wore girdle (girdle A; polyurethan+nylon, girdle B; polyurethan+cotton) for the period of rest and exercise in climate chamber. The enviromental conditions were at $25^{\circ}C$ ($65{\pm}5\%$ RH) and $30^{\circ}C$ ($75{\pm}5\%$ RR). The results were as followings. 1. Mean skin temperature increased in girdle during the exercise at $30^{\circ}C$. 2. The pulse rate decreased in girdle during the rest at $25^{\circ}C$. In the case of girdle A, it was remarkably decreased. Rectal temperature increased in girdle A and B during the exercise at $25^{\circ}C$. But the kinds of girdle didn't affect the pulse rate and rectal temperature. 3. The total sweat volume in girdle was larger than in control. 4. The difference between skin temperature and inside clothing temperature of abdomen had a tendency to increase at all experiment condition. 5. The relative humidity of inside ($RH_1$) and outside ($RH_2$) of girdle increased in girdle during the rest at $25^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$. And the relative humidity of wearing girdle B was hig-her than girdle A during the rest at $25^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$. The $RH_1$ after stepping at $30^{\circ}C$ was the highest in girdle A and the lowest in control. From this point of view, we concluded that physiological responses and the microclimate were affected by wearing girdle. And mean skin temperature and relative humidity of inside clothing were affected by the materials of girdle.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.713-722
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• 2004

This study examined the effects of two kinds of functional sun hats through a head-manikin test and a climatic chamber trial for farm workers in summer. Experiment was composed of four conditions. The first condition was the condition without any hat (Control). The second was the condition with a sun hat on the market (Hat A). The third was the condition with a functional sun hat made of reflective fabric (Hat B). The last was the condition with a functional sun hat having a ventilating structure as well as reflective fabric (Hat C). For the subjects in the climatic chamber trials, 12 healthy males volunteered. Air temperature, relative humidity and globe temperature in the chamber was maintained at $33{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C,\;65{\pm}5%RH\;and\;39{\pm}1^{\circ}C\;(WBGT\;33^{\circ}C)$. Subjects did a simulated red pepper-work (50-min work and 10-min rest, twice repetition) for 120 min. As the result of head-manikin test, the surface temperature on middle of back-neck was the lowest in Hat B of four conditions and the surface temperature on top of head was the lowest in Hat C. As the result of climatic chamber trials, there were apparent differences between with (Hat A, Hat B, Hat C) and without a sun hat (Control). In rectal temperature ($T_{re}$), mean skin temperature ($\={T}_{sk}$), heart rate (HR), total sweat rate (TSR), The physiological heat strain was less in the condition with hats than in the condition without a sun hat. As the increasing rate in Tre, Hat B is the most effective hat for alleviation heat strain. As the subjective responses, Hat B was the most effective hat for thermal comfort even though the difference was not significant. Hat C was less effective than Hat B and the reason might be the increase of weight due to inserting the ventilating structure.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2000.07a
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• pp.596-598
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• 2000

This paper presents a new accelerating aging test facility for distribution lightning arresters. Aging parameters of lightning arrester are moisture ingress, electrical stress and surge absorption and so on. In this system, we applied 13.2kV to 6 samples and controled temperature and humidity of chamber and measured leakage currents of the all samples. Also we developed accelerating aging cycle which consists of -35$^{\circ}C$∼90$^{\circ}C$ temperature and 40%∼90% humidity. Through the aging test we found out the leakage current of aged sample increases rapidly according to the temperature rising. Hereafter we can determine the replacement guide of leakage current for field operating arresters and condition assessment of aged samples through this aging test.