• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.602-612
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the state of hygiene education aimed for by bakers, and the evaluations of the importance and the performance concerning sanitary characteristics by the bakers. The questionnaires were administered to 186 bakers in Busan and the data evaluated by 5 scales method of Likert were statistically analyzed. 20.4% of bakers have not received hygiene education. Only 32.8% of bakers have experienced hygiene education regularly. The more the bakers were educated, the more they practiced the contents of hygiene education. The major reason of education unfulfilment was due to insufficient equipments and facilities. The scores of the hygienic performance of educated bakers were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of uneducated bakers in food sanitation, especially for sanitary characteristics on inspection, pre-preparation and distribution. The mean scores of the importance and the performance evaluated by bakers were 4.05/5.00 and 3.76/5.00, respectively. The bakers assessed the highest scores on the importance and the performance of personal hygiene. The gap score was -0.30 between the importance and the performance for sanitary characteristics. The baker recognized that sanitary management was not performed as much as they recognized its importance. The importance and the performance grid of bakers revealed that the items of checking the certification for the origin of new food ingredient, inspecting deliveries as quickly as possible, separation between preparing and breading time, thawing frozen food under running tap water/in refrigerator, separating disposal gloves and utensils by the purpose, putting products in cleaned and sterilized utensils, letting consumes know the expiration date of products, preventing a rubber hose from being left on the kitchen floor, checking insect nets frequently and so on showed lower scores compared to the mean scores of the importance and the performance. The levels of the hygienic performance by bakers were positively correlated (p<0.01) with the recognitions of the importance on sanitary characteristics. These results might provide basic data for hygienic training and play a role on the improvement of the sanitary management in bakery.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.92-99
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• 2017

People have become more interested in fiber intake due to the rise of noncommunicable diseases such as hyperlipemia and abdominal obesity. This study was carried out to develop dacquoise incorporating different amounts of rice bran dietary fiber (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). Dacquoise characteristics such as viscosity, specific volume, moisture content, color, and texture were measured. Consumer acceptance and check-all-that-apply on characteristics of dacquoise with rice bran dietary fiber were observed. Increasing amounts of rice bran dietary fiber resulted in increasing viscosity of batter as well as higher specific volume, lightness, and hardness of finished product. On the contrary, yellowness and redness of dacquoise increased as the amount of rice bran dietary fiber increased. While there was no effect of rice bran dietary fiber on moisture content (range of 26.53~25.35%). According to the consumer acceptance test, dacquoise with 5% of rice bran dietary fiber showed the highest liking score in color and overall acceptance (5.9 and 5, respectively). The findings from the principle component analysis of principle component (PC) 1 (71.04% explanation) showed that as rice bran dietary fiber increased, texture of the product got drier, and consumers described the product with 20% rice bran dietary fiber as cotton mouth and 5% rice bran dietary fiber as sticky. PC2 (16.54% explanation) demonstrated 5% and 10% rice bran dietary fiber, and dacquoise had nutty and soybean notes while 15% and 20% rice bran dietary fiber dacquoise had flour, bitter, and salty flavors. Based on these results, the optimum addition level of rice bran dietary fiber for dacquoise is 5%.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.36-53
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• 1987

It is utmostly important to establish the efficient fitable way of peoples' active participation in primary health care especially in the areas where the public or governmental service input for the basic health care is insufficient like as in rural areas of Korea. In light of above reason, this study focused mainly on the evaluation of roles and activities of village health workers (VHWs) who were selected from grass- root level of village people in order to derive further motivation for active participation. This is believed to be a sort of feedback mechanisms. Actually, the authors collected the activity reports of VHWs who had been devoting themselves in the primary health care services of Jeomdong Area, of Yeoju Gun one of Korea University Community Health Action Programmes and survey record on the VHWs activity from correspondent people. 1 hose data were analyzed through computer programmed package. The activities performed by VHWs were limited to the performance in 1985 for conveniance. The summarized results were as follows; 1) General characteristics of VHWs. Among a total of 28 VHWs in the area, about 39.3g of them have been replaced up to the date since the implementation in 1983, because of moving out, occupational employment and of others. The age of majority (75.0%) lied between the range of 30-50, and educational background of 67.9% belonged to category of primary school graduation, about 50% of them experienced to be or were also entiled "chief of women club" of corresponding villages. 2) Work-load of VHWs. Each VHW was assigned for tasks of health care for average 55 households of 248 persons. They shared approximately 6 days a month for the activity in average and it covered 17 cases of basic health care in a month. A half of the VHWs performed home visits irregularly without solidified schedule. 3) Work performance analysis. Informations collected through VHWs were compared with data from official vital registration at local administration center "Myon Office" in 1985. VHWs collected 100.8 of new born, 116.2 of death, 58.3 of move in and 74.8 of move out in comparison with 100.0 of official registration each. Pregnant women of 79.8% of mothers among the total pregnancy of 94 which were confirmed as normally delivered or aborted cases by all means afterwards had been detected by VHWs as being pregnant and all of them received some of antenatal cares by VHWs. All(100%) of delivered women were detected by VHWs through home visits and they were cared postnatally. Whereas, according to the records of birth registration, the places of delivery were clinic in 33.7%, and mother's home in 66.3%, VHWs reported them to be clinic in 48.9%, midwifery in 20.2%. It was cleared that most of misinformation was caused by uncautious filling of birth registration at notification. Among the total of 717 eligible women under age 44 years, family planning status of 92.6% was reported by VHWs confirming practice of control to be 70.8% of reported fertile women. 4) Attitude of VHW on the roles and functions. Although 92.0% of VHWs expressed VHWs to be worthwhile, only 52.0% of them had dignity and satisfaction in their activity and 44.0% of them had passive attitude of working saying they followed direction regardlessly. Concerning difficulties in performance as a VHW, 60.7% of them pointed out lacking of medical and health related knowledge by themselves. Still, 64.0% of them thought visiting unfamilier house to be awful and 40.0% complained forms of activity to be difficult and hard. It was also revealed that 56.6% confessed lack of interest on community health service itself. Most of VHWs needed more educational training especially on clinical fields such as cares of gynecological diseases, hypertension, diabetes, and other chronic diseaes of the aged. Regular on-the-job basic trainings were said to be needed twice a year.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.115-124
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• 2016

The purpose of this paper is to verify improvement of the basic quality of food resources and make the pork legs as the more advanced food products after taking special processing steps with the mixture of traditional medical herbs and hot water extracted coffee meal. The pH level of the pettitoes(Jokbal) showed the highest rate among the control group but it showed no statistical differences in the moisture content between the control and the pettitoes(Jokbal) processed with coffee waste extract as an additional component. In addition, the levels of crude fat and crude ash showed slight increases as the addition of the amount increase. In case of the proteins, however, tendency of slight was decreased but it was not significantly difference as the amount increases. The sodium rate in the pettitoes(Jokbal) was higher in the additional group than in the control group. Texture analysis showed a tendency of wide decrease in the hardness and chewiness depending on amount of the added coffee waste extract. On the other hand, as for the cohesiveness and springiness, there was no significant difference with the control group. In case of the lightness value, as the amount of added coffee waste extract is increased from 10% to 20% and 30%, the 'L' value was reduced significantly compared to that of the control. And the 'a' value was not significantly different compared to the coffee waste extract foil impregnated furniture control. But the 'b' values were significantly increased in accordance with the result of increasing the amount of control is at the lowest level. The result may come from the influence of coffee waste extract, which affects the color of the pettitoes(Jokbal). According to the sensory evaluation, the pork part with 10% of coffee waste extract showed the highest score in looking, chewiness, smell and preference, resulting in the improvement in quality of the pettitoes(Jokbal).

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.221-231
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• 2018

The susceptibility of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis and garden thrips, Frankliniella intonsa was evaluated using 51 commercial insecticides. 15 kinds of insecticides which showed more than 90% mortality against both thrips, F. occidentalis and F. intonsa was selected. Many active ingredients were misused and abused in commercial mixture formulation insecticides. Since the F. intonsa was more susceptible than F. occidentalis, it was considered that both thrips can be controlled by insecticides that showed insecticidal activity on the F. occidentalis. Lethal time ($LT_{50}$ and $LT_{95}$), systemic toxicity and residual toxicity of selected insecticides were compared. Both chlorpyrifos WP and chlorpyrifos + diflubenzuron WP revealed the fastest toxicity within 2 h ($LT_{95}$), while spinetoram WG revealed the slowest toxicity as 62.3 h ($LT_{95}$). Chlorfenapyr SC showed toxicity at foliar and drenching application while spinetoram WG was toxic only in foliar application. Chlorfenapyr SC showed residual effect at 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 days after treatment and both benfuracarb WG and chlorpyrifos WP showed residual effect at 3 days after treatment. As a result of treatment of selected insecticides for field population of F. occidentalis, the population collected from horticultural crops showed lower susceptibility than the population collected from vegetable crops.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.69-79
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• 2016

Lithium ion battery with high energy density is expanding its application area to electric automobile and electricity storage field beyond existing portable electric devices. Such expansion of an application field is demanding higher characteristic and stable long life characteristic of an anode material, the natural graphite that became commercialized in lithium ion battery. This thesis produced cathode by using natural graphite anode material, analyzed creation of the cathode SEI film created due to initial reaction by using electrolyte additives, VC (vinylene carbonate), VEC (vinyl ethylene carbonate), and FEC (fluoroethylene carbonate), and considered correlation with the accompanying electrochemical transformation. This study compared and analyzed the SEI film variation of natural graphite cathode according to the electrolyte additive with SEI that is formed at the time of initial filling and cathode of $60^{\circ}C$ life characteristic. At the time of initial filling, the profile showed changes due to the SEI formation, and SEI was formed in No-Additive in approximately 0.9 V through EVS, but for VC, VEC, and FEC, the formation reaction was created above 1 V. In $60^{\circ}C$ lifespan characteristic evaluation, the initial efficiency was highest in No-Additive and showed high contents percentage, but when cycle was progressed, the capacity maintenance rate decreased more than VC and FEC as the capacity and efficiency at the time of filling decreased, and VEC showed lowest performance in efficiency and capacity maintenance rate. Changes of SEI could not be verified through SEM, but it was identified that as the cycle of SEI ingredients was progressed through FT-IR, ingredients of Alkyl carbonate ($RCO_2Li$) affiliation of the $2850-2900cm^{-1}$ was maintained more solidly and the resistance increased as cycle was progressed through EIS, and specially, it was identified that the resistance due to No-Additive and SEI of VEC became very significant. Continuous loss of additives was verified through GC-MS, and the loss of additives from partial decomposition and remodeling of SEI formed the non-uniform surface of SEI and is judged to be the increase of resistance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.233-238
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• 2012

We prepared sponge cakes consisting of 1.5%, 3%, 4.5%, or 6% Omija powder. The specific gravity and viscosity of sponge cake batter were measured. Also, the moisture content, color, volume index, weight and texture of the sponge cake were determined. Consumer preference tests of the sponge cakes were also conducted. The viscosity of cake batter tended to decrease as the ratio of Omija powder increased. The specific gravity of the control batter was 0.41, and there was no significant difference between the control and the cakes baked with 1.5%, 3%, 4.5%, and 6% Omija powder. The moisture content and weight of the cakes were not significantly different between the control and those made with Omija powder. Hunter 'L,', 'a,' and 'b' values of the crust decreased significantly as the amount of Omija powder in the cake increased. Hunter 'L' and 'b' values of the crumbs were low in the cakes with Omija powder, while 'a' values were high. Hardness and fracturability did not show any differences between the cakes. Adhesiveness and resilience of the control were high. The control sample showed the highest sensory score in overall preference. However, cakes made with 1.5% Omija powder obtained the highest values in color, softness, and flavor scores. Omija powder flavor and astringency scores increased as the amount of Omija powder increased, and sweetness did not show any differences among cakes. Intensity scores of egg flavors significantly decreased as the amount of Omija powder increased. Sensory scores of off-flavor significantly increased as the amount of Omija powder increased. Based on the results, 1.5~3% should be recommended as the optimum level of Omija powder to be added for the preparation of sponge cake.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2014

The accuracy and uniformity of CT numbers are the main causes of radiation dose calculation error. Especially, for the dose calculation based on kV-Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) image, the scatter affecting the CT number is known to be quite different by the object sizes, densities, exposure conditions, and so on. In this study, the scatter impact on the CBCT based dose calculation was evaluated to provide the optimal condition minimizing the error. The CBCT images was acquired under three scatter conditions ("Under-scatter", "Over-scatter", and "Full-scatter") by adjusting amount of scatter materials around a electron density phantom (CIRS062, Tissue Simulation Technology, Norfolk, VA, USA). The CT number uniformities of CBCT images for water-equivalent materials of the phantom were assessed, and the location dependency, either "inner" or "outer" parts of the phantom, was also evaluated. The electron density correction curves were derived from CBCT images of the electron density phantom in each scatter condition. The electron density correction curves were applied to calculate the CBCT based doses, which were compared with the dose based on Fan Beam Computed Tomography (FBCT). Also, 5 prostate IMRT cases were enrolled to assess the accuracy of dose based on CBCT images using gamma index analysis and relative dose differences. As the CT number histogram of phantom CBCT images for water equivalent materials was fitted with a gaussian function, the FHWM (146 HU) for "Full-scatter" condition was the smallest among the FHWM for the three conditions (685 HU for "under scatter" and 264 HU for "over scatter"). Also, the variance of CT numbers was the smallest for the same ingredients located in the center and periphery of the phantom in the "Full-scatter" condition. The dose distributions calculated with FBCT and CBCT images compared in a gamma index evaluation of 1%/3 mm criteria and in the dose difference. With the electron density correction acquired in the same scatter condition, the CBCT based dose calculations tended to be the most accurate. In 5 prostate cases in which the mean equivalent diameter was 27.2 cm, the averaged gamma pass rate was 98% and the dose difference confirmed to be less than 2% (average 0.2%, ranged from -1.3% to 1.6%) with the electron density correction of the "Full-scatter" condition. The accuracy of CBCT based dose calculation could be confirmed that closely related to the CT number uniformity and to the similarity of the scatter conditions for the electron density correction curve and CBCT image. In pelvic cases, the most accurate dose calculation was achievable in the application of the electron density curves of the "Full-scatter" condition.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.215-234
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to identify the type and characteristics of the domestic natural streams in order to establish a basis for stream restoration and evaluation. To this end, 95 domestic natural stream areas, which have various natural environments, were selected except for the province of island and then the characteristics of natural environment, hydromorpholoy, plant and vegetation were investigated and analyzed in each stream area. As a result, 95 stream areas were classified into total 24 types according to 3 criteria such as stream size (4 types), altitude (3 types), bed material (5 types). Depending on altitude class that is the environmental factor showing the highest correlation with each stream types, the emergence of vegetation and plant, 24 stream types were reclassified into 3 types such as lowland (altitude less than 200m), mountain (altitude from 200m to 500m), highland (altitude more than 500m), and hydromorpholoy, plant and vegetation characteristics of each stream type were compared. First, when compared to the mountain and highland streams, the typical features of lowland streams were as follows: Stream size was large but bed material size was small and there were many valley forms where flood plane were developed well. In addition, the more large stream size was, the more cross-section width variability, bars and sinuosity were in good conditions. In lowland stream, representative vegetation community was Salix koreensis community. On the other hand, when compared to the lowland streams, the typical features of mountain and highland streams were as follows: Stream size was small but bed material was coarse-grained and its size was large. Mountain and highland streams valley form where flood plane was not developed well was narrow, and sinuosity and bars development were weak. Representative vegetation communities of mountain streams were Quercus serrata -, Quercus variabilis -, Styrax japonica community and representative vegetation communities of highland streams were Pinus densiflora -, Quercus mongolica -, Fraxinus rhynchophylla community.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.557-567
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• 2012

This study was conducted to achieve basal information for the development of tomato cultivars with disease resistances through marker-assisted backcross (MAB). Ten inbred lines with TYLCV, late blight, bacterial wilt, or powdery mildew resistance and four adapted inbred lines with superior horticultural traits were collected, which can be useful as the donor parents and recurrent parents in MAB, respectively. Inbred lines collected were evaluated by molecular markers and bioassay for confirming their disease resistances. To develop DNA markers for selecting recurrent parent genome (background selection) in MAB, a total of 108 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer sets (nine per chromosome at average) were selected from the tomato reference genetic maps posted on SOL Genomics Network. Genetic similarity and relationships among the inbred lines were assessed using a total of 303 polymorphic SSR markers. Similarity coefficient ranged from 0.33 to 0.80; the highest similarity coefficient (0.80) was found between bacterial wilt-resistant donor lines '10BA333' and '10BA424', and the lowest (0.33) between a late blight resistant-wild species L3708 (S. pimpinelliforium L.) and '10BA424'. UPGMA analysis grouped the inbred lines into three clusters based on the similarity coefficient 0.58. Most of the donor lines of the same resistance were closely related, indicating the possibility that these lines were developed using a common resistance source. Parent combinations (donor parent ${\times}$ recurrent parent) showing appropriate levels of genetic distance and SSR marker polymorphism for MAB were selected based on the dendrogram. These combinations included 'TYR1' ${\times}$ 'RPL1' for TYLCV, '10BA333' or '10BA424' ${\times}$ 'RPL2' for bacterial wilt, and 'KNU12' ${\times}$ 'AV107-4' or 'RPL2' for powdery mildew. For late blight, the wild species resistant line 'L3708' was distantly related to all recurrent parental lines, and a suitable parent combination for MAB was 'L3708' ${\times}$ 'AV107-4', which showed a similarity coefficient of 0.41 and 45 polymorphic SSR markers.