• 중소기업연구
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.209-223
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• 2010

본고에서는 일본 중견기업의 위상, 특징, 관련 정책을 검토함으로써 우리나라에서의 중견기업 정책의 방향을 모색하고자 한다. 일본의 경쟁우위업종인 기계, 전자부품업의 출하와 고용비중은 여타 업종보다 높아, 그 저변에 두터운 중견기업이 존재하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 일본의 중견기업 육성정책은 연구개발과 환경대책을 위한 기업간 제휴 유도라는 측면에서 간접적으로 지원하고 있다. 우리나라도 특정 정책사업에 있어서 기업간 협력 유도를 통하여 중견기업을 육성할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.1-24
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• 1980

우리나라에서 도로(道路)의 녹화(綠化) 및 조경(造景)에 관(関)한 새로운 기술(技術)의 개발(開発) 및 발전(発展)을 위한 주요한 기초과제중(基礎課題中)의 하나는 현재(現在)까지 시행(施行)되고 있는 이 분야(分野)의 기술현황(技術現況)을 조사분석(調査分析)하여 현재(現在)의 기술수준(技術水準)을 평가(評価)하고, 이러한 자료(資料)와 선진국(先進国)의 기술(技術)을 종합(綜合)하여 우리나라의 실정(実情)에 적용(適用)할 수 있는 도로녹화조경기술기준(道路綠化造景技術基準)을 설정(設定)함에 있다고 본다. 도록녹화조경기술(道路綠化造景技術)은 도로(道路)의 녹화(綠化) 및 경관(景観)의 조성(造成)과 도로환경(道路環境)의 수복보전(修復保全)을 통하여 도로기능(道路機能)을 향상(向上)하기위하여 도로용지내(道路用地內)에 식물(植物) (녹색환경(綠色環境))을 도입(導入)하는 녹화(綠化) 및 조경기술(造景技術)로서 최근(最近)에 와서는 도로(道路)의 녹화조경면(綠化造景面)에서 뿐만 아니라 국민(国民)의 생활환경보전면(生活環境保全面)에서도 그 중요성(重要性)이 강조(强調)되고 있다. 1. 도로녹화조경(道路綠化造景)의 기본기술(基本技術)은 도로건설예정지내(道路建設豫定地內)에 있는 기존 유용자연식생(有用自然植生)을 최대한(最大限) 보존활용(保存活用)함은 물론 도로건설시(道路建設時) 또는 건설후(建設後)에 각종(各種) 조경식물(造景植物)을 식재육성(植栽育成)하는 것이므로, 이러한 도로식재(道路植栽)는 조속히 도로환경(道路環境)을 녹화(綠化)하고 보다 아름다운 도로경관(道路景観)을 조성(造成)하여 쾌적(快適)한 도로(道路)가 되도록 계획(計劃) 설계(設計) 시공(施工) 관리(管理)해야 될 것이다. 2. 도로녹화조경(道路綠化造景)의 기본대상(基本対象)은 도로녹화(道路綠化), 보도식재(步道植栽) 및 식수대(植樹帶) 환경시설대(環境施設帶) 및 꽃동산, 가로수등(街路樹等)의 식재(植栽) 및 조성(造成)과 도로(道路)비탈면의 안정녹화조경(安定綠化造景)이며 그밖에 중앙분리대(中央分離帶) 및 교통도(交通島), "인터체인지" 및 휴게시설등(休憩施設等)도 필수요소(必須要素)가 된다. 3. 도로녹화조경기술개발(道路綠化造景技術開発)의 기본방향(基本方向)은 도로교통(道路交通)의 안전(安全)과 쾌적성(快適性)을 높이고 연도(沿道)의 자연환경(自然環境)의 보전(保全) 및 생활환경(生活環境)의 녹화개선(綠化改善)에 기여하여 종합적(綜合的)인 도로기능(道路機能)을 발휘(発揮)할 수 있도록 설정(設定)해야 될 것이다. 4. 도로녹화조경(道路綠化造景)의 기본기능(基本機能)은 개개(個個) 수목(樹木)의 식재(植栽)로서 복수녹(複数綠)의 효용(効用)을 구성(構成)함에 있으며, 이러한 기본기능(基本機能)은 경관조성기능(景観造成機能)(경관조절기능(景観調整機能) 및 경관연출기능(景観演出機能)), 환경보전기능(環境保全機能)((재해방지기능(災害防止機能) 및 환경조화기능(環境調和機能)), 그리고 교통안전기능(交通安全機能) (유도기능(誘導機能), 사고방지기능(事故防止機能) 및 휴게조성기능(休憩助成機能)으로 대별(大別)하여 분석평가(分析評価)하는 제도(制度)가 수립(樹立)되어야 할 것이다. 5. 도로(道路)비탈면의 녹화조경시(綠化造景時)에는 특(特)히 교통안전성(交通安全性)의 확보(確保), 생활환경(生活環境)의 보전(保全), 경관(景観)의 조화(調和)와 창조(創造), 조경식물(造景植物)의 선택(選択) 및 생육기반(生育基盤)의 안정시(安定等)에 관(関)한 세부적인 조사(調査)가 선행(先行)되어야 한다. 6. 도로식재시공(道路植栽施工)에 있어서는 기본공정관리계획(基本工程管理計劃), 즉 품질관리(品質管理), 공정관리(工程管理), 안전관리(安全管理)에 관(関)한 사항(事項)은 물론 적기적수(適期適樹) 및 적지적수(適地適樹)가 되도록 해야 된다. 7. 녹화수(綠化樹)의 식재(植栽)(특(特)히 가로수(街路樹))에 있어서는 지주설치(支柱設置)의 재료(材料) 및 형식(型式), 시공(施工) 및 관리기술(管理技術)에 관(関)한 시험연구(試驗硏究)가 시급히 요망(要望)된다. 8. 도로녹화조경관리기술(道路綠化造景管理技術)의 기본방향(基本方向)은 풍부한 푸른경관(景観)과 쾌적(快適)한 도로환경(道路環境)을 지속적으로 확보(確保) 유지(維持) 향상(向上)할수 있도록 설정(設定)해야 될것이며, 이를 위해서는 수목(樹木)의 전정(剪定) 및 정자(整姿), 병충해(病虫害)의 방제(防除), 식재지(植栽地) 및 식재수(植栽樹)의 유지관리(維持管理)등에 대해서 정규적인 점검을 실시하여 필요(必要)한 조치를 제때에 취할수 있도록 하는 점검관리제(占検管理制)를 채택(採択)해야 될 것이다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.165-203
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• 1987

This project was a service-cum-research effort with a quasi-experimental study design to examine the health benefits of an integrated Family Planning (FP)/Maternal & Child health (MCH) Service approach that provides crucial factors missing in the present on-going programs. The specific objectives were: 1) To test the effectiveness of trained nurse/midwives (MW) assigned as change agents in the Health Sub-Center (HSC) to bring about the changes in the eight FP/MCH indicators, namely; (i)FP/MCH contacts between field workers and their clients (ii) the use of effective FP methods, (iii) the inter-birth interval and/or open interval, (iv) prenatal care by medically qualified personnel, (v) medically supervised deliveries, (vi) the rate of induced abortion, (vii) maternal and infant morbidity, and (viii) preinatal & infant mortality. 2) To measure the integrative linkage (contacts) between MW & HSC workers and between HSC and clients. 3) To examine the organizational or administrative factors influencing integrative linkage between health workers. Study design; The above objectives called for quasi-experimental design setting up a study and control area with and without a midwife. An active intervention program (FP/MCH minimum 'package' program) was conducted for a 2 year period from June 1982-July 1984 in Seosan County and 'before and after' surveys were conducted to measure the change. Service input; This study was undertaken by the Soonchunhyang University in collaboration with WHO. After a baseline survery in 1981, trained nurses/midwives were introduced into two health sub-centers in a rural setting (Seosan county) for a 2 year period from 1982 to 1984. A major service input was the establishment of midwifery services in the existing health delivery system with emphasis on nurse/midwife's role as the link between health workers (nurse aids) and village health workers, and the referral of risk patients to the private physician (OBGY specialist). An evaluation survey was made in August 1984 to assess the effectiveness of this alternative integrated approach in the study areas in comparison with the control area which had normal government services. Method of evaluation; a. In this study, the primary objective was first to examine to what extent the FP/MCH package program brought about changes in the pre-determined eight indicators (outcome and impact measures) and the following relationship was first analyzed; b. Nevertheless, this project did not automatically accept the assumption that if two or more activities were integrated, the results would automatically be better than a non-integrated or categorical program. There is a need to assess the 'integration process' itself within the package program. The process of integration was measured in terms of interactive linkages, or the quantity & quality of contacts between workers & clients and among workers. Intergrative linkages were hypothesized to be influenced by organizational factors at the HSC clinic level including HSC goals, sltrurture, authority, leadership style, resources, and personal characteristics of HSC staff. The extent or degree of integration, as measured by the intensity of integrative linkages, was in turn presumed to influence programme performance. Thus as indicated diagrammatically below, organizational factors constituted the independent variables, integration as the intervening variable and programme performance with respect to family planning and health services as the dependent variable: Concerning organizational factors, however, due to the limited number of HSCs (2 in the study area and 3 in the control area), they were studied by participatory observation of an anthropologist who was independent of the project. In this observation, we examined whether the assumed integration process actually occurred or not. If not, what were the constraints in producing an effective integration process. Summary of Findings; A) Program effects and impact 1. Effects on FP use: During this 2 year action period, FP acceptance increased from 58% in 1981 to 78% in 1984 in both the study and control areas. This increase in both areas was mainly due to the new family planning campaign driven by the Government for the same study period. Therefore, there was no increment of FP acceptance rate due to additional input of MW to the on-going FP program. But in the study area, quality aspects of FP were somewhat improved, having a better continuation rate of IUDs & pills and more use of effective Contraceptive methods in comparison with the control area. 2. Effects of use of MCH services: Between the study and control areas, however, there was a significant difference in maternal and child health care. For example, the coverage of prenatal care was increased from 53% for 1981 birth cohort to 75% for 1984 birth cohort in the study area. In the control area, the same increased from 41% (1981) to 65% (1984). It is noteworthy that almost two thirds of the recent birth cohort received prenatal care even in the control area, indicating that there is a growing demand of MCH care as the size of family norm becomes smaller 3. There has been a substantive increase in delivery care by medical professions in the study area, with an annual increase rate of 10% due to midwives input in the study areas. The project had about two times greater effect on postnatal care (68% vs. 33%) at delivery care(45.2% vs. 26.1%). 4. The study area had better reproductive efficiency (wanted pregancies with FP practice & healthy live births survived by one year old) than the control area, especially among women under 30 (14.1% vs. 9.6%). The proportion of women who preferred the 1st trimester for their first prenatal care rose significantly in the study area as compared to the control area (24% vs 13%). B) Effects on Interactive Linkage 1. This project made a contribution in making several useful steps in the direction of service integration, namely; i) The health workers have become familiar with procedures on how to work together with each other (especially with a midwife) in carrying out their work in FP/MCH and, ii) The health workers have gotten a feeling of the usefulness of family health records (statistical integration) in identifying targets in their own work and their usefulness in caring for family health. 2. On the other hand, because of a lack of required organizational factors, complete linkage was not obtained as the project intended. i) In regards to the government health worker's activities in terms of home visiting there was not much difference between the study & control areas though the MW did more home visiting than Government health workers. ii) In assessing the service performance of MW & health workers, the midwives balanced their workload between 40% FP, 40% MCH & 20% other activities (mainly immunization). However, $85{\sim}90%$ of the services provided by the health workers were other than FP/MCH, mainly for immunizations such as the encephalitis campaign. In the control area, a similar pattern was observed. Over 75% of their service was other than FP/MCH. Therefore, the pattern shows the health workers are a long way from becoming multipurpose workers even though the government is pushing in this direction. 3. Villagers were much more likely to visit the health sub-center clinic in the study area than in the control area (58% vs.31%) and for more combined care (45% vs.23%). C) Organization factors (admistrative integrative issues) 1. When MW (new workers with higher qualification) were introduced to HSC, it was noted that there were conflicts between the existing HSC workers (Nurse aids with less qualification than MW) and the MW for the beginning period of the project. The cause of the conflict was studied by an anthropologist and it was pointed out that these functional integration problems stemmed from the structural inadequacies of the health subcenter organization as indicated below; i) There is still no general consensus about the objectives and goals of the project between the project staff and the existing health workers. ii) There is no formal linkage between the responsibility of each member's job in the health sub-center. iii) There is still little chance for midwives to play a catalytic role or to establish communicative networks between workers in order to link various knowledge and skills to provide better FP/MCH services in the health sub-center. 2. Based on the above findings the project recommended to the County Chief (who has power to control the administrative staff and the technical staff in his county) the following ; i) In order to solve the conflicts between the individual roles and functions in performing health care activities, there must be goals agreed upon by both. ii) The health sub·center must function as an autonomous organization to undertake the integration health project. In order to do that, it is necessary to support administrative considerations, and to establish a communication system for supervision and to control of the health sub-centers. iii) The administrative organization, tentatively, must be organized to bind the health worker's midwive's and director's jobs by an organic relationship in order to achieve the integrative system under the leadership of health sub-center director. After submitting this observation report, there has been better understanding from frequent meetings & communication between HW/MW in FP/MCH work as the program developed. Lessons learned from the Seosan Project (on issues of FP/MCH integration in Korea); 1) A majority or about 80% of the couples are now practicing FP. As indicated by the study, there is a growing demand from clients for the health system to provide more MCH services than FP in order to maintain the achieved small size of family through FP practice. It is fortunate to see that the government is now formulating a MCH policy for the year 2,000 and revising MCH laws and regulations to emphasize more MCH care for achieving a small size family through family planning practice. 2) Goal consensus in FP/MCH shouBd be made among the health workers It administrators, especially to emphasize the need of care of 'wanted' child. But there is a long way to go to realize the 'real' integration of FP into MCH in Korea, unless there is a structural integration FP/MCH because a categorical FP is still first priority to reduce the rate of population growth for economic reasons but not yet for health/welfare reasons in practice. 3) There should be more financial allocation: (i) a midwife should be made available to help to promote the MCH program and coordinate services, (in) there should be a health sub·center director who can provide leadership training for managing the integrated program. There is a need for 'organizational support', if the decision of integration is made to obtain benefit from both FP & MCH. In other words, costs should be paid equally to both FP/MCH. The integration slogan itself, without the commitment of paying such costs, is powerless to advocate it. 4) Need of management training for middle level health personnel is more acute as the Government has already constructed 90 MCH centers attached to the County Health Center but without adequate manpower, facilities, and guidelines for integrating the work of both FP and MCH. 5) The local government still considers these MCH centers only as delivery centers to take care only of those visiting maternity cases. The MCH center should be a center for the managment of all pregnancies occurring in the community and the promotion of FP with a systematic and effective linkage of resources available in the county such as i.e. Village Health Worker, Community Health Practitioner, Health Sub-center Physicians & Health workers, Doctors and Midwives in MCH center, OBGY Specialists in clinics & hospitals as practiced by the Seosan project at primary health care level.