• 복식문화연구
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.961-966
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• 2013

Being one of the most important textile and apparel producers for years, Turkey began to become active in terms of retailing. Although retailing industry is in its growing phase, the social and economic influences caused the customers' tastes and demands to be more distinctive and segmented in parallel with the advancement of the retail industry. Therefore, the retail industry began to develop in more fragmented way where clear boundaries between different types of retailers were established. In this study, the apparel retail market is overviewed and analyzed within the context for determination of the current situation and future prospective. To this aim, the textile and apparel companies that are active in Turkey were classified into groups based on the type of distribution channels they used. Then, the performances of the groups were established using the secondary type of resources. Finally, the findings were summarized, by showing the similarities and differences between different channels.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2001년도 추계학술발표논문집
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• pp.42-42
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• 2001

The rate of coating consolidation influences the operation of several coating methods and the final quality of the coating layer. The rate of coating consolidation is characterized with a dynamic gloss meter at short times for a thin coating layer applied to the base sheet of interest. During the coating consolidation process, the laser gloss meter response curve exhibits two critical turning points that indicate the two coating immobilization points defined by the traditional methods. Five base sheets with several different coating suspensions are characterized. A model is proposed to estimate the rate of consolidation based on physical properties of the coating suspension, the base paper, and the liquid phase of the coating. The paper properties, especially the contact angle, are found to be an important factor in determining rate of consolidation. The model predicts the correct trends for the different coating suspensions and base sheets. The test method, along the model, can be used to determine the filtercake resistance of the coating layer for a thin and rapidly formed filtercake.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2013

The influences of heat treatment and surface sizing on coating penetration were studied using two types of commercial base papers. Dry oven was used for heat treatment and laboratory rod draw down coater was used for surface sizing and coating application. Coating penetration was evaluated by measuring the roughness of the backside of coating layer. The backside of the coating was exposed by dissolving the fibers in a cupriethylenedimine(CED) solution. The results showed that both heat treatment and surface sizing were the effective methods to increase sizing degree and to reduce coating penetration.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.24-29
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• 1998

This study was carried out in order to elucidate the deterioration mechanism of paper according to various sizing chemicals. No additive paper and four kinds of papers containing rosin-alum, alum only, alkylketene dimer(AKD)-cation polymer and cation polymer only were treated by UV light to study changes of water-resistant, optical and mechanical properties from the view points of natural deterioration of paper. Since rosin chemicals have UV absorption at the relatively long wavelength region, rosins are degraded to form hydrophilic groups such as carboxylic acid from their double bonds by UV treatments. These phenomena caused the decreasing of sizing degree and wetting time in case of rosin-sized paper, while the UV treatments brought about the slight increase of wetting time in rosin-free papers such as no additive, alum and kymene only paper owing to the auto-sizing effect. Optical properties were primarily influenced by sizing chemicals. Rosin-sized paper showed lower brightness after UV and near UV treatment because of its UV instability.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.58-63
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• 1999

Three kinds of papers were prepared from different beating degree of pulps. Physical and optical properties were examined to elucidate the deterioration mechanism of paper according to beating degrees. Changes of double folds, elongation, water retention value, DP, K/S value and visible, UV region light absorption spectra of those papers treated by UV light were studied. Double folds and brightness were decreased more rapidly by UV treatment with increasing of beating degree. The light absorption rates of pulps in visible and UV region were also increased with change of beating level. The formation of new hydrogen bonds and higher light absorption rate of pulps according to beating induced to absorb and interact with much UV light. These phenomena maybe brought about to accelerate paper deteriortion by UV treatment both optical and physical properties.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.52-60
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• 1999

Drainage rate in wet-end, which has significant influences on the production capacity, product quality and process economics in papermaking, becomes an important factor in the modern high speed papermaking processes owing to increased level of fines contained in today's pulp materials and increased papermaking system closure. A study was carred out to investigate the influence of beating and fines content on natural and vacuum dewatering using a vacuum drainage tester. Increase in beating and accumulation of fines in the stock decreased natural dewatering, Vacuum dewatering effect, however, increased substantially as beating and fines content were increased. But this increase in vacuum dewatering decreased again when a stock is severely beaten or fines content is greater than 35%. Above this level of fines content, mobile fines migrates to the interstices of the forming web to cause sealing or plugging which restrict fluid movement through the web.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2006년도 PAN PACIFIC CONFERENCE vol.2
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• pp.391-394
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• 2006

Studied that the relationship between the charge density of PAC and its alkalinity, as well as the influences of PAC in paper sizing. Study results showed that PAC with higher charge density brought higher sizing degree when the same amount of $Al_{2}O_{3}$ content was dosed. However, there was no direct relationship between PAC charge density and its alkalinity, and higher PAC alkalinity can't improve its charge density. It was also found that the admixture (PPAC) of polyamine and PAC had higher charge density than PAC. The effects of PPAC on DRS and RAKD sizing were better than PAC sizing, when dosage and other sizing condition were the same.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.6-11
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• 2003

Refining process is of critical importance unit process for papermaking that influences freeness as well as many mechanical and physical properties of paper. Refining is the process that requires extensive amount of electrical energy. Thus it is required to evaluate the refining process in terms of its influence on fiber and paper properties as well as its effect on energy consumption. In this study, to evaluate the efficiency of refining process the theory of inch contacts has been employed, and the influence of refining processes on fiber and paper properties has been determined and discussed.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.26-35
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• 1997

A study was carried out to investigate such optical properties of coated papers as brightness, opacity and gloss affected by the coating pigment composition and coat weight using clay, ground calcium carbonate, precipitated calcium carbonate, and plastic pigment as pigments. The effects of drying methods and supercalendering on optical properties were also evaluated. Gloss increased abruptly while brightness and opacity decreased slightly by supercalendering due to surface smoothing and consolidating effects of the coating layers. Optical properties changed little by drying methods. Pigment composition showed significant influences on optical properties. Brightness of coated papers decreased or increased linearly as the coat weight was increased depending on the pigment composition, while opacity increased linearly for all formulations. Gloss increased abruptly at low coat weights for all formulations and approached a plateau value at coat weight of 15-20g/$m^2$. Third order polynomial regression equations relating the coat weight with gloss have been derived and tabulated.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2009년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1347-1350
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• 2009

Rail human factors research has grown rapidly in both quantity and quality of output over the past few years. The continual influences of safety concerns, new technical system opportunities, reorganisation of the business, needs to increase effective, reliable and safe use of capacity, and increased society, media and government interest have now accelerated rail human factors research programmes in several countries. In this paper we review international standards and guidelines on rail human factors, covering driving, signalling and control, maintenance, reporting systems, passenger interests, management, planning and technical systems change. The purpose of this study is to define the criteria regarding human factors for managing railway system safety. Therefore, some rail human factors suggested in this study may be used as basic data for supporting the Korean railway system safety.