• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.274-277
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• 2016

To determine the concentrations of commercial milks and the effect of different teat dipping methods on iodine concentrations of bulk tank milk, iodine concentration was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The 59 bulk tank milk samples were collected. The 8 brands of commercial whole milk and 5 brands of commercial organic milk were purchased. The iodine concentrations of bulk tank milks of 59 dairy farms were in the range from 42.7 to $562.5{\mu}g/L$. The iodine levels of 4 different teat dipping methods with pre-dipping, post-dipping, pre & post-dipping, and non-dipping were $138.9{\pm}41.1$, $200.6{\pm}106.9$, $205.1{\pm}93.2$, and $110.9{\pm}70.4{\mu}g/L$, respectively. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed among 4 different teat dipping methods. Iodine concentrations of commercial whole milks were in the range from 149.1 to $210.4(178.8{\pm}22.0){\mu}g/L$, and iodine concentrations of commercial organic milks were in the range from 85.0 to $356.9(214.2{\pm}123.3){\mu}g/L$. Iodine concentrations of commercial milk in Korea are relatively low comparing with those of other countries.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.1517-1522
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• 2002

The effect of post milking teat dipping on somatic cell count (SCC) of milk was determined in 20 Crossbred cows and 20 Murrah buffaloes selected from institute's herd. The animals were divided into two groups of 10 each. Animals of Group I (control) were teat washed with water before the milking while Group II animals were applied teat dipping solution after the completion of milking. The cows were milked 3 times a day while buffaloes were milked twice a day. The milk samples were collected from control and treated animals on day 0, 5, 10, 15, respectively. The milk samples were analyzed for milk constituents like fat, protein, lactose, chloride, IgG, NEFA, pH and EC and total and differential somatic cell counts. The changes in milk composition and somatic cell counts were significantly different (p<0.01) between the animals and between the breeds. However SCC, chloride content (p<0.05) and epithelial cells (p<0.01) varied during different days of study. The alterations in SCC, epithelial cells, TLC, lymphocyte, neutrophil, IgG, and protein content were significantly different (p<0.01) between control and treated groups. The pH, EC, protein, SCC, epithelial cells, lymphocyte and neutrophil cells of milk declined significantly (p<0.05) after the application of teat dipping, the respective values were 6.5 vs 6.40, 2.28 vs 2.37 mhos, 3.33 vs 4.04%, 1.00 vs $0.87{\times}10^5cells/ml$, 0.39 vs 0$0.34{\times}10^5cells/ml$, 0.36 vs $0.31{\times}1,000cells/ml$ and 0.17 vs $0.14{\times}1,000cells/ml$ in cows. However in buffaloes, epithelial cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, EC and SCC declined (p<0.05) after application of teat dipping, the values being 0.37 vs $0.29{\times}10^5cells/ml$, 0.37 vs $0.25{\times}1,000cells/ml$, 0.14 vs $0.11{\times}1,000cells/ml$, 2.56 vs 2.37 mhos and 0.94 vs $0.73{\times}10^5cells/ml$, respectively. The study indicated that post milking teat dipping could be used as an effective method for the lowering of SCC in milk of crossbred cows and buffaloes.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.113-120
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• 2004

1% iodophor loaded microspheres of PLGA (Poly[DL-Lactide-co-Glycolide]) were prepared by solvent evaporation method and were applied to the cows on dry period for evaluating it's preventive effects on intramammary infections. The morphology of the microspheres were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and their releasing patterns were investigated. On investigating idophor releasing patterns of the microsphere, burst releasing pattern was detected until 2 days after in vitro incubation and sustained releasing was observed until 4 weeks. In field trial of teat dipping solution containing idophor loaded microspheres in dry cows showed significant preventive effects of intramammary infection caused by S. aureus, S. agalactiae, coagulase negative Staphylococci and coliform bacteria (p<0.05).

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.285-300
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• 1998

1. The number of average milking cows, clinical forms of mastitis, mastitis-developing cows, and cows killed by mastitis a year were 25.7, 1.8(7%), 6.3(26%), and 2.7(10.1%)heads, respectively. The annual grade changes of standard plate counts(SPC) and somatic cell counts(SCC) showed the grade 1A of SPC diminished sharply from April to August, we think it was due to the lack of proper management in farming season and the grade 3 of SCC indirectly influenced increased in huge during August. 2. The average number of parturitions of farms was 2.3, but 50% of below 1 parturition were 22 farms(31%), 50% of above 3 parturitions were 16(23%) out of 71 farms. According to grades of the number of parturitions of milking cows per each farm, the farms' grades recording 3 parturitions and 50% were little bit excellent. 3. The actual situation research of foremilking CMT revealed 35 out of 74 farmer didn't do CMT Among them(35 out of 74 farmers), 80% did not test thanks to the troublesome process of the CMT. SCC grade 3, among farms who did foremilking CMT once or twice a month and who did not were 29% and 40% respectively and SPC grade 1A were 55% and 9%, respectively. 4. The research of actual situation on milking management let us know 29 farms(39%) did not do lastmilking, 37 farms(49%) usually did overmilking, and 34 farms(46%) did milking for 4 or 5 minutes. Grades according to average requiring times of milking showed SCC grade 1 of farms milking within 7 minutes was 11% and SPC grade 1A was 34%, on the other side, farms milking more than 7 minutes were 0% in SCC grade 1 and 13% in SPC grade 1A. Grades according to the starting time of milking after rubbing teats showed SPC grade 1A of farms starting milking at about 1 minute and over 2 minutes were 50% and 20%, respectively. 5. The research of actual situation on hygienic milking management uncovered 65 farms(88%) were using one towel which was used in washing teats and udders to wash more than 3 to 4 cows, and 53 farms(72%) were using one dried towel to dry udders not for each cow but for more than 3 to 4 cows after washing. Also, on milking turns disclosed 30 farms(40%) were milking cows in the order of incoming without isolation of a dominant group. According to grades of towels used in washing teats and udders, farms using a towel for each cow were 56% and a towel for over 3 cows were 31% in SPC grade 1A. According to using-or-not grades of dried towels after washing udders, farms using a towel for each cow were 79% and a towel for over 3 cows were 21% in SPC grade 1A. 6. Farms doing teat-dipping before milking were 7(10%), not doing teat-dipping after milking, or doing sometimes were 9(12%), and doing right after milking were 57(77%). And farms doing teat-dipping after dry cows and before delivery were 21(28a ). Farms using bethadine as an antiseptic solution were 70(95%), 40 farms(59%) diluted it with water as weak as 5 to 10 times, and on drying cows 64 farms(87%) slowly did it more than 2 days. Grade 1A of SPC of farms doing teat-dipping at every milking was 38%, farms doing occasionally or not was 33%, and farms doing it right after milking was 37% and doing after milking more than 5 cows was 20%. Grade 1A of SPC among farms diluting bethadine 5 times and diluting 5 to 10 times with water were 36% and 33%, respectively, and Grade 3 of SCC were 35% and 32%, respectively. 7. Studies on nonlactating period medical treatment, as the cows were on dry, 54 farms treated with their own hands.73 farms(98%) had bovine mastitis treated for themselves. And on applying medicines against mastitis, 55 farmers chose them on the basis of their own experience, 42 farms(57%) were treated more than 3 days. 41 farms(55%) dumped away the mastitis infected milk separately, 24 farms(32%) were feeding and milking at the same time. 8. Fifty-six farms(76%) always washed and disinfected milking machines after milking. Farms using the milking machines at low, or variable vacuum pressures, or at the vacuum pressure, set at the moment of its installation were 31(42%), and farms that did not know pulsation ratio were 27(37%). Farms changing liners when they were torn 8(11%), 58 farms(78%) said they checked milking system when there were wrong with them, 31 farms(42%) changed milking hoses when they found out problems, and 42 farms(57%) cleaned vacuum and milking systems when they felt dirty. The SPC grade 1A of farms washing and sterilizing milking machines was 38% and farms only washing was 28%.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.47-52
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• 1991

A total of 2,024 quarters of 515 dairy cattle in Kangweon area were examined for incidence of subclinical mastitis. Milk samples from cattle infected with subclinical mastitis were studied bacteriologically and the bacterial strains isolated were further examined for sensitivity to 12 antibacterial agents. And the status of carrying out the mastitis control program in 28 dairy farms was examined. The results obtained were summerized as follows ; 1. A total of 308(59.8%) of 515 cattle and 656(32.4%) of 2,024 quarters were found to be infected with subclinical mastitis. 2. The 277 strains of etiological agents were isolated from 358 subclinical quarters. These were identified as Staphylococcus aureus(14.4%), other staphylococci(36.5%), Streptoccus agalatiae(8.7%), other streptococci(30.7%), Bacillus spp.(1.8%), Corynebacterium spp.(1.4%) and coliform(0.7%). 3. The 109 strains of streptococci and 141 strains of staphylococci were examined for sensitivity to 12 antibacterial agents. All the strains of streptococci were sensitive to penicillin, ampicillin and cephalothin, and they were also sensitive to erythromycin(88.1%), clindamycin(83.5%), enrofloxacin(75.2%), trimethoprim＋sulfamethoxazole(67.9%), The strains of staphylococci were sensitive to cephalothin(97.2%), gentamicin(83.0%). enroflozacin(80.9%), trimethoprim＋sulfamethoxazole(78.0%), erythromycin(71.6%) and clindamycin(71.6%). But all the strains resisted to colistin. 4. In the 28 dairy farms examined, condition of udder before washing was dirty in most of the farms (89.7%). Hygiene of milking equipment was only good in the 5 farms(17.9%). Teat preparation before milking was good in the 6 farms(21.4%). The farms in which teat dipping after milking was conducted were 46.4%. Dry cow treatment for the complete herd was carried out in most of the farms(89.3%) but mastitis checking was only carried out in the 8 farms(28.6%) irregularly.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.41-54
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• 1985

This study was conducted for the improvement of milk quality and milk hygiene in public health point of view. Investigation of mastiris infection rate, isolation and identification of causative microorganisms in CMT positive milk, investigation of milk contamination level by measuring the bacteria and soma tic cell counts and investigation of dairy management in farms were performed on 1.605 quarters milk of 434 cows of 20 dairy farms in Gyunggi-area from September 1983 to March 1984. The results were summarized as follows 1. Sixteen (3.7%) of 434 cows were found to be infected with clinical mastiris. 234 (53.9%) of 434 cows and 608(37.9%) of 1, 605 quarters were found to be infected with subclinical mastiris. 2. The causative microorganisms isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (38.3%), Staphylococcus epidermidis(21.0%), Micrococci(13.6%), Streptococcus spp. (12.3%), E. coli (7.4%), Fungus & Yeast (1.6%) and others (5.8%). 3. Total numbers of bacteria were $9.2{\times}10^6$ to $1.21{\times}10^7/ml$(av. $1.805{\times} 10^7/ml$), numbers of coliform bacteria were $4.1{\times} 10^5$ to $9.4{\times} 10^5$/ml(av. $7.05{\times} 10^5$/ml) and somatic cell counts were $4.8{\times} 10^5$ to $1.52{\times} 10^6$ cells/ml (av. $9.5{\times} 10^5$cells/ml) in bulk milk. 4. As comparing with CMT score of +, ++ and +++, somatic cell counts were $3.4{\times} 10^5$ to $1.64{\times} 10^6$ cells/ml (av. $6.41{\times} 10^5$cells/ml), $5.4{\times} 10^5$ to $2.75{\times} 10^6$ cells/ml(av. $1.762{\times} 10^6$cells/ml) and $1.97{\times} 10^6$ to $9.75{\times} 10^6$ cells/ml(av. $7.781{\times} 10^6$cells/ml), respectively. 5. In investigation on dairy management, performance of dry cow therapy, teat dipping after milking, disinfection of milking machine at every milking, replacement of milk liner within 6months and opportunity of acquirement for the mastiris control techniques by dairy education were 65%, 40%, 45%, 55% and 50% in 20 dairy farms, respectively.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.379-388
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• 2011

Survey of mastitis management and incidence of mastitis in the Gyeongnam was started in May to September 2009 to solve mastitis problem statistically valid data for use in estimating mastitis management, isolation and antimicrobial drug susceptibility in 30 dairy farms having over 350,000/ml somatic cell count. In investigation on recognition of farmer about bovine mastitis, the ratio of understanding of differences between infectious and environmental origin, understanding of correlation between superbacteria and using indiscriminate, necessity of pathogen identification, and necessity of antimicrobial sensitivity tests were 80.0%, 73.3%, 33.3%, and 53.3%, respectively. In survey of mastitis management type, regular california mastitis test (CMT), conducting CMT test and empirical self-treatment, when detecting suspected cows, were 30.0%, 40.0%, and 46.7%, respectively. Checking and cleaning pulsators biweekly, cleaning vacuum system and replacing liners every 3~6 month, and getting milking system checked by engineers showed 80.0%, 76.7%, and 76.7% in the questionnaires, respectively. In recognition of farmer about milking hygiene for prevention of bovine mastitis, using individual towels, separated milking (milking order of cows), and teat-dipping disinfection after milking exhibited 13.3%, 86.7%, and 93.3%, respectively. In conclusion, through the questionnaires and laboratory test, we suggest that recognition of farmer about management and incidence of mastitis was very low, thus systemic educational program and public relations about mastitis management were need for dairy farmers.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.109-119
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• 1987

본 연구는 유질향상을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 1986년 5월부터 1987년 4월 까지 경기도 일부지역의 234개 목장을 대상으로 목장별 집합원유에 대해 유지방검사, 세균수시험 (MBRT), 체세포수시험을 실시하여 유질을 평가하였고, 목장의 낙농위생관리실태를 조사하여 유질과의 관련성을 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 유지방율검사, 평균 유지방율은 3.56%였고, 월별로는 1월 3.67%, 4월 3.64%, 7월 3.43%, 10월 3.48%였으며, 월별 유지방율의 차이는 총계학적으로 유의성이 인정되었다(p<0.005). 2. 세균수시험 (MBRT) 결과, 집합원유의 세균수가 200만/ ml 이하인 I급 목장이 평균 132개(56.4%)였고, 월별로는 1월 153개(65.4%), 4월 150개(64.1%), 7월 76개(32.5%), 10월 141개(60.2%)였으며, 월별 MBRT등급의 차이는 총계학적으로 유의성이 인정되었다(p<0.005). 또한 납유량이 많은 목장구가 적은 목장구보다, 냉각기를 보유하고 있는 목장구가 보유하지 않은 목장구보다, 탱크집유목장구가 통집유목장구보다, 집합원유 MBRT I 등급의 비율이 더 높았으며, 납유량이 다소 (p<0.05), 냉각기 보유여부(p<0.01), 집유수단(p<0.05) 등과 MBRT 등급간에는 유의한 관련성이 인정되었다. 3. 체세포수시험 결과, 집합원유 체세포수가 50만 cells/ ml 이하인 I급 평균 223개(95.3%)였고, 월별로는 1월이 227개(97.0%), 4월 222개(94.9%), 7월 218개(93.2%), 10월 223개(95.3%)였으며, 월별 체세포수 등급의 차이는 유의성이 인정 되지 않았다. 한편, 착유후 유두침지소독 및 건유기유방염 치료를 병행실시한 목장구가 이의 단일실시 목장구보다, 유방세척용수건을 개체별로 사용한 목장구가 여러개체에 공동으로 사용한 목장구보다 체세포수가 더 낮았으며, 착유후 유두침지소독 및 건유기유방염 치료여부(p<0.01), 유방세척용 수건사용방법(p<0.01) 등과 체세포수간에는 유의한 관련성이 인정되었다.