• BMB Reports
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• 제45권10호
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• pp.589-594
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• 2012

Paclitaxel is produced by various species of yew trees and has been extensively used to treat tumors. In our research, a taxadiene synthase (TS) gene from Taxus brevifolia was used to transform the roots of cultured ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) to produce taxadiene, the unique skeletal precursor to taxol. The TS gene was successfully introduced into the ginseng genome, and the de novo formation of taxadiene was identified by mass spectroscopy profiling. Without any change in phenotypes or growth difference in a TS-transgenic ginseng line, the transgenic TSS3-2 line accumulated $9.1{\mu}g$ taxadiene per gram of dry weight. In response to the treatment of methyl jasmonate for 3 or 6 days, the accumulation was 14.6 and $15.9{\mu}g$ per g of dry weight, respectively. This is the first report of the production of taxadiene by engineering ginseng roots with a taxadiene synthase gene.

• 식물병연구
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.243-248
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• 2016

As preventive measures for bonsai exports, nematodes were isolated from 55 bonsai samples of five coniferous species (Chamaecyparis pisifera, Juniperus chinensis, Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii, and Taxus cuspidate) from all 15 bonsai gardens in Korea. Nematodes belonging to 21 genera in 7 orders were isolated from the 55 bonsai samples. Among plant-parasitic nematodes, Tylenchus spp. was the most frequently isolated (14.9%), followed by Ditylenchus spp. (10.5%), Aphelenchoides spp. (9.5%), Aphelenchus sp. (5.5%), Criconemoides sp. (4.0%), Helicotylenchus sp. (0.7%), Hemicycliophora sp. (0.7%), Mesocriconema sp. (0.7%), Tylenchorhynchus sp. (0.7%), and Paratylenchus sp. (0.4%). Among nonparasitic nematodes, Cephalobina was the most frequently isolated nematodes (26.5%), followed by Rhabditida (19.3%), Dorylaimida (17.8%), Pangrolaimida (14.5%), Plectida (6.5%), Tryphylida (6.2%), Mononchida (3.3%), Alaimida (2.9%), Monhysterida (2.5%), and Triplonchida (0.4%). Based on these results, we conclude that there is no problematic plant-parasitic nematode in bonsai gardens of Korea.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.93-118
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• 2013

In this study, the forest vegetation of Jirisan National Park were classified into 20 communities, 3 subcommunities by the Z-M method. In the analysis of environmental factors, the organic matter and total nitrogen had the highest correlation on the subalpine forests. among them Picea jezoensis community showed the highest, Betula ermanii community, Taxus cuspidata community, Pinus koraiensis community, Abies nephrolepis community and Abies koreana community were represented in order. the K, Mg, Ca had correlation on th montane forests; Quercus mongolica community, Quercus serrata community, Stewartia pseudocamellia community, Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis community were in order. the total nitrogen, electrical conductivity and organic matter had the highest correlation of the montane ravine forests; Fraxinus mandshurica community, Abies holophylla community, Betula costata community, Cornus controversa community and Carpinus laxiflora community were in order.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제76권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 1987

강원도(江原道) 원주시(原州市) 우산동(牛山洞)에 소재(所在)한 상지대학(尙志大學) 구내(構內)에 생육중(生育中)인 8종(種)의 조경수목(造景樹木)을 대상(對象)으로 기공형질(氣孔形質)(기공형(氣孔型), 밀도(密度) 및 기공장(氣孔長))을 조사(調査)하였다. 개나리, 수수꽃다리, 느티나무 및 모과나무의 기공(氣孔)은 irregular-celled type(anomocytic)이며, 백당나무, 튜울립나무 및 목련의 기공(氣孔)은 parallel-celled type(paracytic)이었다. 개나리의 경우, 엽신장(葉伸長)에 따른 기공장(氣孔長)의 변화(變化)는 거의 없었고, 단위엽면적당(單位葉面積當) 기공수(氣孔數)는 크게 감소(減少)했으며, 개체엽당(個體葉當) 기공수(氣孔數)는 증가(增加)하였다. 주목의 경우, 침엽신장(針葉伸長)에 따라 기공장(氣孔長)은 계속 증가(增加)했으며, 단위엽면적당(單位葉面積當) 기공수(氣孔數)는 감소(減少)하였다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.330-343
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• 2002

백두대간상의 피재-도래기재구간 능선부에서 43개소 조사지(면적 500$m^2$)를 설정하여 식생구조를 파악하였다. TWINSPAN분석에 의하여 조사지의 식물군집을 분류한 결과, 아고산대 혼효림, 신갈나무-당단풍군집, 신갈나무-소나무군집, 신갈나무군집, 일본잎갈나무림으로 분리되었다. 백두대간 피재-도래기재구간의 능선부는 대부분 신갈나무가 우점하고 있었으며, 국지적으로 분비나무, 주목 등의 한대 기후대 침엽수와 낙엽수종들이 혼효하고 있었다. 조사지의 산림군집의 종다양성지수(면적 1,000$m^2$)는 2.0149~3.0139로서 백두대간에 위치한 국립 공원들의 능선부 식생구조와 유사하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.490-498
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• 2022

The current study aimed to verify the image segmentation ability of rays in tangential thin sections of conifers using artificial intelligence technology. The applied model was Mask region-based convolutional neural network (Mask R-CNN) and softwoods (viz. Picea jezoensis, Larix gmelinii, Abies nephrolepis, Abies koreana, Ginkgo biloba, Taxus cuspidata, Cryptomeria japonica, Cedrus deodara, Pinus koraiensis) were selected for the study. To take digital pictures, thin sections of thickness 10-15 ㎛ were cut using a microtome, and then stained using a 1:1 mixture of 0.5% astra blue and 1% safranin. In the digital images, rays were selected as detection objects, and Computer Vision Annotation Tool was used to annotate the rays in the training images taken from the tangential sections of the woods. The performance of the Mask R-CNN applied to select rays was as high as 0.837 mean average precision and saving the time more than half of that required for Ground Truth. During the image analysis process, however, division of the rays into two or more rays occurred. This caused some errors in the measurement of the ray height. To improve the image processing algorithms, further work on combining the fragments of a ray into one ray segment, and increasing the precision of the boundary between rays and the neighboring tissues is required.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.281-284
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 식물세포배양액에서 회수한 식물세포인 biomass로부터 항암제 paclitaxel을 효율적으로 회수하기 위해, microwave를 이용한 추출 (MAE) 방법을 도입하여 기존의 유기용매 추출 (CSE) 방법과 추출효율을 비교하였다. CSE 방법에서 추출온도 25, $30^{\circ}C$에서는 추출시간 (3, 6, 10 min)에 대해 추출효율이 온도에 영향을 받지 않은 반면, 40, $50^{\circ}C$에서는 추출시간 10 min에서 paclitaxel 수율이 감소하는 경향을 보여 온도에 영향을 받음을 알 수 있었다. CSE 방법의 경우 총 4회의 추출로 식물세포 내 대부분의 paclitaxel을 회수 (>99%) 가능한 반면 MAE 방법의 경우 1회의 추출로 식물세포 내 대부분의 paclitaxel을 회수 (>99%) 가능하였다. MAE 방법이 CSE 방법보다 paclitaxel를 회수하는데 있어서 높은 추출효율, 공정시간 단축, 에너지 절감 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 MAE 공정에서 최적의 biomass/methanol의 비율은 1/1 (w/v)임을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.241-247
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• 2008

Paclitaxel is a taxane diterpene amide, which was first extracted from the stem bark of the western yew, Taxus brevifolia. This natural product has proven to be useful in the treatment of a variety of human neoplastic disorders, including ovarian cancer, breast and lung cancer. Paclitaxel is a highly hydrophobic drug that is poorly soluble in water. It is mainly given by intravenous administration. Therefore, The pharmaceutical formulation of paclitaxel ($Taxol^{(R)}$; Bristol-Myers Squibb) contains 50% $Cremophor^{(R)}$ EL and 50% dehydrated ethanol. However the ethanol/Cremophor EL vehicle required to solubilize paclitaxel in $Taxol^{(R)}$ has a pharmacological and pharmaceutical problems. To overcome these problems, new formulations for paclitaxel that do not require solubilization by $Cremophor^{(R)}$ EL are currently being developed. Therefore this study utilized a supercritical fluid antisolvent (SAS) process for cremophor-free formulation. To select hydrophilic polymers that require solubilization for paclitaxel, we evaluated polymers and the ratio of paclitaxel/polymers. HP-${\beta}$-CD was used as a hydrophilic polymer in the preparation of the paclitaxel solid dispersion. Although solubility of paclitaxel by polymers was increased, physical stability of solution after paclitaxel/polymer powder soluble in saline was unstable. To overcome this problem, we investigated the use of surfactants. At 1/20/40 of paclitaxel/hydrophilic polymer/ surfactant weight ratio, about 10 mg/mL of paclitaxel can be solubilized in this system. Compared with the solubility of paclitaxel in water ($1\;{\mu}g/mL$), the paclitaxel solid dispersion prepared by SAS process increased the solubility of paclitaxel by near 10,000 folds. The physicochemical properties was also evaluated. The particle size distribution, melting point and amophorization and shape of the powder particles were fully characterized by particle size distribution analyzer, DSC, SEM and XRD. In summary, through the SAS process, uniform nano-scale paclitaxel solid dispersion powders were obtained with excellent results compared with $Taxol^{(R)}$ for the physicochemical properties, solubility and pharmacokinetic behavior.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.1307-1320
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• 2012

The purpose of this paper is to provide information on planting construction for healthy plant growth. To achieve this purpose, this study analyzed the planting type, planting density, withering rate, soil characteristics, and cambium electrical resistance (CER) of withered trees in an apartment complex with a high withering rate. The major plant groups examined consisted of native broad-leaved tree species (39.3%), native narrow-leaved tree species (24.2%), and native broad-leaved - exotic narrow-leaved tree species (16.4%). The planting density of the green area, where trees were planted from 0.0 to 0.3 trees per unit area, was measured as 98.4%. Withered trees were found in 19 of the 20 planted species, and the withering rate was 41.8% (610 withered/1,461 planted). Withering rates for tree species were measured as follows: Sophora japonica and Salix babylonica (100.0%), Magmolia denudata (84.3%), Lindera obtusiloba (74.7%), cornus kousa (69.3%), acer triflorum (69.2%), diospyros kaki (66.7%), Prunus yedoensis (62.8%), Acer palmatum (52.6%), Prunus armeniaca (51.1%), Chaenomeles sinensis (43.7%), Ginkgo biloba (40.9%), Zelkova serrata (31.0%), Cornus officinalis (28.6%), Taxus cuspidata (25.6%), Pinus densiflora (21.4%), Pinus parviflora (15.2%), Pinus strobus (14.6%), and Abies holophylla (10.3%). Soil chemical analyses for 18 samples revealed that as the withering rate increased, the following occurred: (a) the ratio of silt and clay in soil increased; (b) the soil pH, organic matter rate, nitrogen, available phosphorus, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) in samples were graded as "inadequate," based on the plant grading evaluation; and (c) the NaCl and cation exchange capacity were evaluated as "somewhat satisfactory." The measurement of CER for withering rate shows electrical resistance for higher withering rate are higher, which could predict that a tree will not grow well.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.197-204
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• 2014

본 연구는 제주도 한라산국립공원 굴거리나무 식생구조를 파악하는 것이 목적이다. 그러기 위해 영실 성판악지역을 중심으로 26개의 조사구($(20m{\times}20m)$)를 설정하고 조사하였다. 위 지역의 식생군집은 TWINSPAN을 이용한 Classification 분석과 DCA Ordination 분석을 활용하였다. 분석결과는 총 3개 군집으로 나타났다. 군집 I은 소나무-서어나무 군집, 군집 II는 서어나무-졸참나무 군집, 군집 III은 개서어나무 군집이었다. 이러한 식생구조 분석 결과, 모든 군집의 하층에서는 굴거리나무가 출현하였다. 추후 굴거리나무는 아교목층 및 관목층에서 주요종이 될 것으로 판단되었다. 또한 이러한 군집분류결과는 해발고 차이와 동반출현종에 의한 영향 때문인 것으로 판단되었다. 동반출현종은 굴거리나무 생육환경과 유사한 환경에서 자라는 종이다. 동반출현종으로는 아교목층에서 때죽나무, 졸참나무 등이었고, 관목층에서는 꽝꽝나무, 주목 등이었다.