• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제6권9호
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• pp.1025-1039
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• 2010

Measuring displacement response for civil structures is very important for assessing their performance, safety and integrity. Recently, video-based techniques that utilize low-cost high-resolution digital cameras have been developed for such an application. These techniques however have relatively low sampling frequency and the results are usually contaminated with noises. In this study, an integrated visual-inertial measurement method that combines a monocular videogrammetric displacement measurement technique and a collocated accelerometer is proposed for displacement and velocity measurement of civil engineering structures. The monocular videogrammetric technique extracts three-dimensional translation and rotation of a planar target from an image sequence recorded by one camera. The obtained displacement is then fused with acceleration measured from a collocated accelerometer using a multi-rate Kalman filter with smoothing technique. This data fusion not only can improve the accuracy and the frequency bandwidth of displacement measurement but also provide estimate for velocity. The proposed measurement technique is illustrated by a shake table test and a pedestrian bridge test. Results show that the fusion of displacement and acceleration can mitigate their respective limitations and produce more accurate displacement and velocity responses with a broader frequency bandwidth.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.74-82
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• 2024

본 연구는 특징점 기반 변위 계측 알고리즘에서 환경 변화 및 타겟의 종류에 따라 특징점 검출 성능을 비교 분석하였고, 특징점 검출 알고리즘에 따른 변위 측정정확도를 비교 분석하기 위해 진행되었다. 성능 평가를 위해 3층 전단 구조물을 설계하였으며, FHD(1920×1080)급 카메라를 활용하여 구조물의 변위 응답을 기록하였다. 촬영거리 증가와 조도 변화에 따른 성능분석을 위해 최초 촬영거리를 10m로 설정하여 10m씩 멀어지면서 최대 40m까지 실험을 수행하였으며, 두 가지 조도 환경(450lux와 120lux)을 조성하였다. 구조물에 설치된 인공 타겟과 자연 타겟(볼트연결부 및 슬래브 단면적)을 관심영역으로 설정하여 Shi-Tomasi corner, SURF, BRISK 및 KAZE 특징점 검출 알고리즘으로 특징점을 검출하였다. 특징점 검출 성능분석 결과 Shi-Tomasi corner와 KAZE 알고리즘이 타겟 종류, 조도변화 및 촬영거리 증가에 강건한 것으로 보여줬으며, 두 알고리즘을 활용한 변위 측정정확도도 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 자연 타겟 활용시 변위 측정정확도는 인공 타겟의 경우보다 낮아지는 것을 보여주며, 밝기 대비가 가장 낮은 슬래브 단면적을 타겟으로 활용시 비전센서 운용거리가 20m로 적용 한계성을 보여줬다. 이는 촬영거리 증가에 따라 자연 타겟의 해상도가 저하되어 특징점을 추출에 한계성을 나타냈다.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2002

The intensity modulated type (reflective method) optical fiber sensor is a well -known method and widely applied to the displacement measurements and other industrial purposes. This type sensor has the advantages of relatively cheap cost, small sensor size and easiness of operation. The sensitivity of the sensor is very dependent of several error terms; the variation in the intensity of the light source and the changes in the surface reflectivity of the object. An optical fiber coupled displacement probe with a new compensation method is presented in this paper. The proposed displacement sensor can measure the displacements of the target surface independent of surface reflectivity error that is caused by the materials and surface processing grade.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2008년도 추계학술대회A
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• pp.368-371
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• 2008

An extensometer system to measure strain and displacement of cylindrical fatigue specimen in a autoclave of high temperature and high pressure environment has been developed by KEPRI. The extensometer reads the displacement caused by fatigue loads at the target length of the specimen installed inside the autoclave. The performance of the extensometer were tested at 15MPa, $315^{\circ}C$ of a operating pressurized water reactor. Two LVDT's of magnet type were connected to the extensometer and used for converting the fatigue displacement to electronic signal. The device is being used for developing environmental fatigue curve of CF8M cast austenitic stainless steel (CASS) in the test condition of low cycle and low strain. This paper introduces the background and results of the development.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.493-513
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• 2013

Direct displacement-based design (DDBD) represents an innovative philosophy for seismic design of structures. When structural considerations are more critical, DDBD design should be carried on the basis of limiting material strains since structural damage is always strain related. In this case, the outcome of DDBD is strongly influenced by the displacement demand of the structural element for the target limit strains. Experimental studies have shown that anchorage slip may contribute significantly to the total displacement capacity of R/C column elements. However, in the previous studies, anchorage slip effect is either ignored or lumped into flexural deformations by applying the equivalent strain penetration length. In the light of the above, an attempt is made in this paper to include explicitly anchorage slip effect in DDBD of R/C column elements. For this purpose, a new computer program named RCCOLA-DBD is developed for the DDBD of single R/C elements for limiting material strains. By applying this program, more than 300 parametric designs are conducted to investigate the influence of anchorage slip effect as well as of numerous other parameters on the seismic design of R/C members according to this methodology.

• 대한건축학회연합논문집
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to verify the long - range measurement performance for practical field application of VDMS. The reliability of the VDMS was verified by comparison with the existing monitoring sensor, GPS, Accelerometer and LDS. It showed the ability to accurately measure the dynamic displacement by tracking a motion of free vibration of target. And using the PSD function of measured data, the results in the frequency domain were also analyzed. We judged that VDMS is able to identify the higher system mode and has sufficient reliability. Based on the reliability verification, we conducted tests for long-distance applicability for actual application of VDMS. The distance from the stationary target model structure was increased by 50m interval, and the maximum distance was set to 400m. From the distance of 150m, the image obtained by the commercial camcorder has an error in the analysis, so the measured displacement comparison was performed between the LDS and the refractor telescope measurement results. In the measurement results of the displacement area of VDMS, the data validity was deteriorated due to the data shift by the external force and the quality degradation of the enlarged image. However, even under the condition that the effectiveness of the displacement measurement data of VDMS is low, the first mode characteristic included in the free vibration of the object is clearly measured. If the influence from the external environment is controlled and stable data is collected, It is judged that reliability of long-distance VDMS can be secured.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2024

본 연구는 대기외란 조건에서 비전센서를 활용하여 구조물의 동적 변위 측정을 위하여 멀티스케일 템플릿 매칭 기법 (TMI: Template Matching with Image pyramids)을 제안하고 제안기법의 변위 측정 성능을 조사하기 위해 진행되었다. 촬영거리에 따른 변위 측정 성능을 평가하기 위해 3층 전단 구조물을 설계하였으며, FHD(1920×1080)급 카메라를 준비하여 변위 계측에 사용하였다. 최초 촬영거리를 10m로 설정하였고, 10m씩 멀어지면서 최대 40m까지 변위 측정 실험을 진행하였다. 실내 조도 조건(450lux)에서 발열 기구를 활용하여 대기외란을 발생시켰으며, 대기외란으로 이미지를 왜곡시켰다. 사전실험을 통해 대기외란시 특징점 기반 변위 측정 방법과 제안기법의 변위 측정 타당성을 비교 검증하였으며, 검증 결과 제안기법의 낮은 측정 에러율을 나타냈다. 대기외란 환경에서 변위 측정 성능평가 결과, 인공 타겟을 활용한 TMI는 대기외란 유무에 따라 변위 측정 성능에 큰 차이가 없었다. 하지만 자연 타겟을 활용하였을 때, 20m 이상의 촬영거리에서 RMSE가 크게 상승하여 제안기법의 운용 한계를 보여줬다. 이는 촬영거리 증가에 따라 자연 타겟의 해상도가 저하되며, 대기외란으로 인한 이미지 왜곡이 템플릿 이미지 추정에 오류가 발생 되어 변위 측정 오차가 높게 발생하는 경향을 나타냈다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.293-315
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• 2016

Seismic isolation is often used in protecting mission-critical structures including hospitals, data centers, telecommunication buildings, etc. Such structures typically house vibration-sensitive equipment which has to provide continued service but may fail in case sustained accelerations during earthquakes exceed threshold limit values. Thus, peak floor acceleration is one of the two main parameters that control the design of such structures while the other one is peak base displacement since the overall safety of the structure depends on the safety of the isolation system. And in case peak base displacement exceeds the design base displacement during an earthquake, rupture and/or buckling of isolators as well as bumping against stops around the seismic gap may occur. Therefore, obtaining accurate peak floor accelerations and peak base displacement is vital. However, although nominal design values for isolation system and superstructure parameters are calculated in order to meet target peak design base displacement and peak floor accelerations, their actual values may potentially deviate from these nominal design values. In this study, the sensitivity of the seismic performance of structures equipped with linear and nonlinear seismic isolation systems to the aforementioned potential deviations is assessed in the context of a benchmark shear building under different earthquake records with near-fault and far-fault characteristics. The results put forth the degree of sensitivity of peak top floor acceleration and peak base displacement to superstructure parameters including mass, stiffness, and damping and isolation system parameters including stiffness, damping, yield strength, yield displacement, and post-yield to pre-yield stiffness ratio.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.573-576
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• 2005

A compact linear and angular displacement measurement device was developed by combining a Michelson interferometer and an autocollimator to characterize the movement of a precision stage. A Michelson interferometer and an autocollimator are typical devices for measuring linear and angular displacement, respectively. By controlling the polarization of reflected beam from the target mirror of the interferometer, some part of light was retro-reflected to the light source and the reflected beam was used for angle measurement. The interferometer and the autocollimator use the same optic axis and the target mirror can be easily and precisely aligned orthogonal to the optic axis by monitoring the autocollimator s signal. The autocollimator was designed for angular resolution of 0.1 arcsec and dynamic range of 60 arcsec. The nonlinearity error of interferometer was minimized by trimming the gain and offset of the photodiode signals. Through the experiments, we evaluate the performance of measurement device and discuss its applications.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.555-562
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• 2010

응력을 받고 있는 사면의 변형 여부를 분석하기 위해 3차원 레이저 스캐너를 이용하여 일정 기간의 차이를 두고 정밀 측량을 수행하였다. 3차원 레이저 스캐너는 비접촉식으로 레이저 빔의 주행시간을 이용하여 대상점의 3차원 좌표를 결정할 수 있는 장비로써, 사면이나 대형 구조물의 변위를 분석하는데 매우 유용한 장비이다. 스캐닝은 약 7개월의 시간차이를 두고 이루어졌으며, 측정간의 비교를 위해 사면의 외부에 기준점을 유지하여 사용하였다. 변형 여부를 판단하기 위해, 평면각 변화, 곡면도 변화, 격자 틀의 각도 변화, 공통 병합점의 편차 등을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 사면의 변형이 특히 많이 발생한 지점을 결정할 수 있었고 이를 보수·보강 방안의 마련에 활용할 수 있었다.