• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.283-293
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• 2023

Objectives : Native to East Asia, Japan, and Korea, Cinnamomum japonicum Siebold (CJ) is renowned for its aromatic leaves and bark. We previously assessed the antioxidant activity of fractionated CJ branches (CJB:70% EtOH extract), including hexane (CJB1), chloroform (CJB2), ethyl acetate (CJB3), butanol (CJB4), and water (CJB5). Our findings revealed that CJB3 exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. Here, we aimed to investigate whether CJB3 possesses cytoprotective effects and induces the activity of antioxidant enzymes in hepatocytes. Methods : As HepG2 cells were the first to exhibit the key characteristics of hepatocytes, we investigated the hepatoprotective effects of CJB3 on HepG2 cells. Results : Before conducting the cell experiment, we checked that CJB3, up to a concentration of 100 ㎍/mL, did not exhibit cytotoxicity toward HepG2 cells. ROS production increased because of t-BHP treatment decreased in a concentration-dependent manner upon CJB3 treatment. We confirmed that CJB3 inhibited t-BHP-induced cell death. CJB3 was found to reverse the expression of proteins associated with t-BHP-induced apoptosis. We also observed that CJB3 induced Nrf2 phosphorylation and the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. And, CJB3 treatment caused a time-dependent enhancement of GCL and NQO1 protein expression. We further confirmed that CJB3 increased the expression of Nrf2 target genes, and this effect was associated with the activation of JNK, p38, and AMPK. Conclusion : CJB3 prevents t-BHP-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis and enhances the expression of Nrf2 target genes via JNK, p38, and AMPK activation. These results suggest that CJB3 is a promising candidate for the treatment of liver diseases.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.285-290
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• 2011

The rhizome of Alisma orientale Juzep (Alismataceae) has been used as a crude drug for diabetes, edema, inflammation and urinary disturbances in oriental medicine. Recent animal studies have shown that the extract of Alisma orientale rhizome (AOR) can potently lower high levels of serum lipids and improve insulin resistance, which are usually detected in patients and animals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. So, we studied the antioxidative effects of AOR extracts and fraction in vitro and their protective effects against acute hepatotoxicity induced by $CCl_4$ in vivo.. We then investigated the effects of each fraction on hepatotoxicity induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). DAOR (dichloromethane fraction of the Alisma orientale rhizome) scavenged free radicals and superoxide anions. DAOR protected against $CCl_4$ induced hepatotoxicity. DAOR had hepatoprotective and antioxidative effects against t-BHP-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells and in rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and protective effect of extracts from the stems and leaves of Chrysanthemum boreale (CBSL) on t-BHP induced oxidative stress in human liver cells (Chang cells). Antioxidant activities in the extracts were determined for various radical scavenging activities including ferric reducing antioxidant power, 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). CBSL showed a very good scavenging effect of DPPH radical ($IC_{50}$ $0.009{\pm}0.002$ mg/mL), alkyl radical ($IC_{50}$ $0.004{\pm}0.001$ mg/mL), and hydroxyl radical ($IC_{50}$ $6.742{\pm}0.152$ mg/mL). CBSL also showed a strong antioxidant effect in the ORAC assay. In the MTT assay on human liver cells (Chang cells), the extracts showed protective effects by increasing cell viability, decreasing ROS, and restoring mitochondria membrane potential upon t-BHP induced oxidative stress. Our findings suggest that CBSL extracts are a potential therapeutic with protective antioxidant effects upon oxidative stress.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.338-345
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• 2021

Zizania latifolia has long been used as a tea for both edible and medicinal purposes. However, research into the use of Z. latifolia as a high value-added edible material is lacking. In a previous study, we confirmed that tricin is the major component in Z. latifolia. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of a Z. latifolia extract (ZLE). Toxicity tests of ZLE or tricin on HepG2 cells revealed no toxicity due to ZLE or tricin at all concentrations used. The reduction in cell viability by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) was suppressed by treatment with ZLE or tricin. In addition, ZLE or tricin effectively inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species (generation of hydrogen peroxide, alkoxy free radicals, and peroxyl free radicals by t-BHP) and oxidative damage. ZLE or tricin treatments also increased the protein expression of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), catalase, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which are known as antioxidant enzymes, suggesting that the protective effect of ZLE is related to activation of tricin. Taken together, the results indicate that Z. latifolia can be developed as a functional food material for improving liver function.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.107-118
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• 2005

Objectives : Peroxynitrite $(ONOO^-)$, fonned from the reaction of $O_2^-$ and NO, is a cytotoxic species that can oxidize several cellular components such as proteins, lipids and DNA. It has been implicated in the aging process and age-related disease such as Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer and atherosclerosis. Due to the lack of endogenous enzymes to thwart $ONOO^-$ activation, developing a specific $ONOO^-$ scavenger is remarkably important. The aim of this study was to investigate scavenging activities of $ONOO^-$ and its precursors, NO and $O_2^-$ and its scavenging mechanism of Ojawhan. Methods : To investigate scavenging activities of $ONOO^-$, NO, $O_2^-$ and its scavenging mechanism using fluorescent probes, DCFDA, DAF-2 and DHR 123. The $ONOO^-$ scavenging activity on Ojawhan was assayed by measuring oxidized dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) by fluorometry. Oxidative stress was induced by strong oxidants t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). Endothelial cell (YPEN-1) was used for detection of intracellular oxidative stress. Results : Ojawhan markedly scavenged authentic $ONOO^-$, $O_2^-$ and NO. It also inhibited $ONOO^-$ induced by $O_2^-$ and NO which are derived from SIN-1. Furthennore, ${\underline{Ojawhan}}$ blocked lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced $ONOO^-$, $O_2^-$ and NO generation utilizing kidney homogenates of LPS-injected mouse and inhibited t-BHP-induced ROS and $ONOO^-$ in endothelial cell culture system. Conclusions : These results suggest that Ojawhan be developed as an effective $ONOO^-$ scavenger for the prevention of $ONOO^-$ involved diseases and age-related diseases.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1 s.31
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• pp.465-477
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• 1996

Inhibitory effects of Hyeulbuchuckeutang(H.B.T) On the peroxidations of lecithin-liposomes by active oxygens, hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion, derived from hydrogen $peroxidase-Fe^{2+}$ system and xanthine- xanthine oxidase system. These effects were similar to and stronger than those of catalase, mannitol, superoxide dismutase or $dl-{\alpha}-tocopherol$ as a scavenger or an antioxidant. H.B.T. inhibited the peroxidation of lecithin-liposome and active oxygens in concentration-dependent manner. H.B.T. also dose-dependently protected the cell death mduced by tert-butvlhydroperoxide(tBHP) and significantly increased cell viability in the rat normal liver cell (Ac2F). These results suggested that H.B.T might playa protective role in lipid peroxidation by free radicals and tBHP.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.163-176
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• 1997

This study was undertaken to determine whether Juglandis Semen extraction(JS) has a protective effect against the lung cell injury caused by oxidant, t-butythydroperoxide(t-BHP) and $H_2O_2$ in rabbit lung slices. JS significantly prevented an increase in water content induced by t-BHP. Similarly, JS significantly prevented the lipid peroxidation induced by t-BHP. Cellular concentration of glutathione, and the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase were significantly not altered by 5% JS. However, JS at 5% concentration significantly increased the glutathione peroxidase activity in oxidant-treated and control tissues. JS decreased directly the production of superoxide or hydroxyl radical. These results indicate that JS prevents the cell injury and lipid peroxidation induced by oxidants in the lung. Such an antioxidant effect is attributed to enhancement of major endogenous antioxidant defence systems such as glutathione peroxidase and direct inhibition of oxygen free radical production.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.1386-1392
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• 2006

Kahweol and cafestol significantly reduced t-BHP-induced oxidative injuries in cultured rat hepatocytes, as determined by cell cytotoxicity, intracellular glutathione (GSH) content and lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, kahweol and cafestol provided good protection from the t-BHPinduced production of intracellular reactive oxygen species and DNA damage. The in vivo study showed that pretreatment with kahweol and cafestol prior to the administration of t-BHP significantly prevented the increase in serum levels of hepatic enzyme markers (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) and reduced oxidative stress, such as GSH content and lipid peroxidation, in the liver in a dose-dependent manner. The histopathological evaluation of the livers also revealed that kahweol and cafestol reduced the incidence of liver lesions induced by t-BHP. Taken together, these results support the anti-oxidative role of kahweol and cafestol and demonstrate that kahweol and cafestol can protect hepatocytes from oxidative stress.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1499-1505
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• 2007

Peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$) is a reactive oxidant formed from superoxide anion radical (${\cdot}\;O_2-$) and nitric oxide (NO), which can oxidize cellular components such as essential protein, non-protein thiols, DNA, low-density lipoproteins and membrane phospholipids. ${\cdot}\;O_2-$ and $ONOO^-$ have contributed to the pathogenesis of diseases such as stroke, heart disease, Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis. Because of damaging effects of ${\cdot}\;O_2-$ and $ONOO^-$ oxidants, Vespae Nidus, which has been known to strengthen the kidneys to preserve the vital energy. was tested as a potential specific scavenger of those oxidants. In this study, the viability of Vespae Nidus (1, 10, 50 g/ml) to scavenge ${\cdot}\;O_2-$, NO, $ONOO^-$ and so to protect cells against tert-butylhydroxyperoxide (t-BHP) induced cell death was tested. The levels of ${\cdot}\;O_2-$ and $ONOO^-$ were detected by staining with DCFH-DA and DHR 123, respectively. Protein expression levels of COX-2, iNOS and $NF{-\kappa}B$ were assayed by western blot. Vespae Nidus blocked t-BHP-induced cell death in a dose-dependent fashion. Vespae Nidus inhibited t-BHP-induced production of ${\cdot}\;O_2-$, NO and $ONOO^-$ in YPEN cells. The lipid peroxide level was increased and glutathione level was decreased in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated ICR mouse, whereas the ones in the Vespae Nidus-administered group were regulated beneficially. Vespae Nidus inhibited the expression of COX-2, iNOS and NF-κB (p65 and p50) genes in LPS-treated ICR mouse. The present study suggests that Vespae Nidus is a powerful antioxidant and promotes cellular defense activity by scavenging the toxic oxidants such as ${\cdot}\;O_2-$ and $ONOO^-$.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.475-483
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• 2000

Normally, aerobic cells are protected from the damage of free radicals by antioxidative enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) peroxidase and GSH-S-transferase. In this study, we have investigate the effect of egg yolk protein hydrolysates on antioxidative activity and the activity of antioxidative enzyme in cultured hepatocytes (Chang). Without the pretreatment with hydrolysate, about 50% of the hepatocytes were killed within 2h by 225$\mu$M tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). By contrast, fewer than 20% of the 5 K hydrolysate (permeate from 5 kDa membrane and not passed through 1 kDa membrane)-pretreated hepatocytes were killed by the same concentrations of t-BHP. In addition, the activities of catalase, GSH peroxidase and GSH-transferase were significantly increasing with the treatment of 5 K hydrolysate. These results suggest that 5 K hydrolysate exerts antioxidative effect by increasing activity of antioxidative enzymes.