• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.95-106
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• 2008

Objectives : This study is to evaluate Effect of Hong Hua Za acupuncture anti-inflammatory on rheumatoid arthritis that caused by Lipopolysaccharide in mouse. Methods : Hong Hua Za(Carthami Tinctorii Fructus) acupuncture(HA) was prepared and tested for therapeutic potential of rheumatoid arthritis, by measuring the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, nitric oxide(NO) production in vitro experiment, by measuring Tumpr Necrosis Factor-$\alpha$(TNF-$\alpha$) & Nuclear Factor kappa B(NF-$\kappa$B) p65 activation, synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis and fibrosis in synovial membrane of knee joint of mice. Results : HA showed therapeutic effects on Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced rheumatoid arthritis. HA inhibited iNOS mRNA and NO in RAW264.7cell of LPS-induced rheumatoid arthritis in a dose dependent manner. HA also showed significant inhibition of TNF-$\alpha$ & NF-$\kappa$B p65, activation, synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis and fibrosis in synovial membrane of knee joint of mice. Conclusions : These results suggest that HA has an therapeutic effects on LPS induced-rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting TNF-$\alpha$ activation.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.103-115
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• 2006

Objectives : Rheumatoid arthritis(RA) is a systemic & a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease . A chronic , locally destructive inflammmatory reaction in human is examplified by the synovitis present in some connective tissue disorder. The presence of a number of cytokines, $TNF-{\alpha}$, iNOS & expression of nitric oxide, NF-kB p65 activation implies an important role of cellular immune response in RA inflammatory reaction. This study was designed to evaluate on the effects of the Homnis Placenta herbal acupuncture on EX-LE201 & ST 35 reducing expression of LPS-induced arthritis model in mice. Materials and Methods : Homnis Placenta herbal acupuncture was inserted into 10 rats induced rheumatoid arthritis. The acupunctures were injected into the EX-LE201 and ST35 points. Such indexes were measured the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) expression, nitric oxide(NO) production in vitro experiment and Tumor Necrosis $Factor-{\alpha}(TNF-{\alpha})$ & Nuclear Factor kappa $B(NF-{\kappa}B)$ p65 activation, synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis and fibrosis in synovial membrane of knee joint of mice in vivo experiment. Results : 1.Homnis Placenta Herbal acupuncture inhibited iNOS mRNA and NO in RAW 264.7 cell of LPS-induced rheumatoid arthritis in a dose dependent manner. 2.Homnis Placenta Herbal acupuncture also showed significant inhibition of $TNF-{\alpha}$ & $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65, activation, synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis and fibrosis in synovial membrane of knee joint of mice. Conclusion : These results suggest that Homnis Placenta Herbal acupuncture has an therapeutic effects on LPS induced-rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting $TNF-{\alpha}$ activation.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.57-77
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was to investigate the suppression effects of Sopunghwalhyeol-tang(Shufenghuoxie-tang) on the monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis in rats. Methods : Arthritis was induced by injection of monosodium iodoacetate(0.5 mg) into the both knee joints of rats. Arthritic rats were divided into control(n=8) and treated(n=8) group. Control group was taken distilled water for 20 days. Treated group was taken extracts of Sopunghwalhyeol-tang(Shufenghuoxie-tang) by oraly for same duration. Normal group(n=8) was injected with normal saline and was taken distilled water for 20 days. Macroscopic examination and histopathological study on articular cartilage of knee joint were operated at 20 days after injection. Proteoglycan(PG) content of articular cartilages of knee joint was represented by safranine O staining, was measured at 20 days after injection. Tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}(TNF-{\alpha})$, $interleukin-1{\beta}(IL-1{\beta})$, in synovial fluid were measured with enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay(ELISA) kit at 20 days after injection. Immunohistochemical staining of cyclo-oxygenase-2(COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) in knee joints were observed at 20 days after injection. Results : 1. Lymphocytes in peripheral blood the treated group was significantly decreased compared with the control group. 2. PG content in articular cartilage of the treated group was significantly increased compared with the control group. 3. Histopathologically, osteoarthritic scores of the treated group was significantly decreased compared with the control group. 4. $TNF-{\alpha}$ content in synovial fluid of the treated group was significantly decreased compared with the control group. 5. COX-2 revelation index in chondrocytes and synovial membrane of the treated group was significantly decreased compared with the control group. 6. Matrix metalloproteinase-3(MMP-3) revelation index in chondrocytes and synovial membrane of the treated group was significantly decreased compared with the control group. Conclusions : On the basis of these results, we concluded that Sopunghwalhyeol-tang(Shufenghuoxie-tang) has inhibiting effects on the $TNF-{\alpha}$, COX-2 and MMP-3 secretion of chondrocytes and synovial membrane in Monosodium Iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis model of rats.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.70-76
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• 2001

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by a chronic inflammatory process, primarily involving the synovial membrane of peripheral j oints, where T cell activation is found. To address the superantigen stimulation in rheumatoid arthritis, T cell clonality and the expression of activation markers were analyzed. Methods: To detect TCRB V usage, inverse PCR and sequencing were done. Monoclonal antibodies were used for flow cytometric analysis of TCRBV8 or TCRBV5. As results, a restricted usage of TCRBV3 gene was detected in synovial lymphocytes from one rheumatoid arthritis patient. However, preferential usage for TCRB V8, which may be one indicator for stimulation by staphylococcal superantigen, was not obvious although general activation of T cells was found as high DR+ percentage in synovial T cells. These data show specific antigen rather than superantigen might involve the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.308-315
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• 1996

Osteoarthritis is a noninflammatory degenerative disease affecting the articular surfaces and is accompanied by remodeling of the underlying bone. The sympotms of osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint are pain in the joint and muscles of mastication, limitation. Osteoarthritis is generally accepted that several factors can contribute to the trauma, aging process, internal derangement and MPDS. Radiographic features of the osteoarthritis are seen flattening of joint, sclerosis on flattened area and osteophyte or anterior lipping. In the past, osteoarthritis was considered to self-limiting disease. Currently, synovial chondromembrane is part of the process of osteoarthritis secondary to trauma. Synovial chondromatosis is an uncommon disease of cartilaginous transformation of synovial membrane with formation of loose bodies within the joint space. The pathogenesis is more an active metaplastic than a neoplastic process. The cause of synovial chondromatosis is unknown. Although trauma and inflammation have all been cited as possible factors in tis pathogenesis. The clinical sign and symptoms are unilateral swelling of the joint region, pain in the joint area and crepitus seem to be the most reliable signs and symptoms. Radiographic evidence of loose bodies may or may not be present. This is a case report of 66 year old female with synovial chondromatosis, that is advanced disease of the osteoarthrits. We treated patient with surgical excision of lose bodies, diskectomy and synovectomy. The defected articular fossa area was reconstructed with temporalis fascia flap. The result was satisfactory.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.109-113
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• 2000

Synovial chondromatosis is an uncommon disease of cartilage transformation of synovial membrane with formation of loose bodies within the joint space. The knee and elbow are the most commonly involved sites and involvement of temporomandibular joint is very rare. Symtoms include swelling, pain, stiffness of the jaw, and inability to close the jaw. A case involving the temporomandibular joint(TMJ) is presented. A 28-year-old women had experienced pain of the left TMJ area and limitation of mouth opening. Radiographs of the left TMJ revealed calcified mass surrounding over the mandibular condyle and under the glenoid fossa. Treatment consisted of removal of calcified mass, reshaping of affected condyle and reconstruction with a auricular cartilage. After surgery, the patient's range of motion improved although deviation to the affected side. Until present after surgery there have been no recurrence of symtoms. We think that findings of this patitent agree with those of synovial synchondrmatosis in many aspects.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.75-94
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was to investigate the effects of GCP treatment on the monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis in rats. Methods : Arthritis was induced by injection of Monosodium lodoacetate(0.5mg) into knee joints of rats. Arthritic rats were divided into control(n=8) and treated(n=8) group. Control group was taken distilled water for 20 days. Treated group was taken extracts of GCP by oraly for same duration. Normal group(n=8) was injected with normal saline and was taken distilled water for 20 days. Body weight was measured at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 days after injection. Macroscopic examination and histopathological study on articular cartilage of knee joint were operated at 20 days after injection. Proteoglycan(PG) content of articular cartilages of knee joint was represented by safranine O staining, was measured at 20 days injection. Tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, $Interleukin-1{\beta}$, Interleukin-6 in synovial fluid were measured with ELISA kit at 20 days after injection. Immunohistochemical staining of COX-2, iNOS in knee joints were observed at 20 days after injection. Results : 1. Body weight of the treated group increased compare with control group at 20 days after injection. 2. Macroscopically, degree of osteoarthritis in the treated group were evaluated compared with the control group. 3. PG content in articular cartilage of the treated group was significantly increased compared with the control group. 4. Histopathologically, osteoarthritic scores of the treated group was significantly decreased compared with the control group. 5. $TNF-{\alpha}$ content in synovial fluid of the treated group was decreased compared with the control group. 6. $IL-1{\beta}$ content in synovial fluid of the treated group was significantly decreased compared with the control group. 7. Positive reaction of COX-2 in chondrocytes and synovial membrane of the treated group was faint compared with the control group. Conclusions : On the basis of these results, we concluded that GCP has inhibiting effects on the $IL-1{\beta}$ and COX-2 secretion of chondrocytes and synovial membrane in Monosodium lodoacetate-Induced osteoarthritis model of rats.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.9
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• pp.35-49
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• 2000

Purpose: This study is to investigate the alleviation effects of Daebangpoongtang in LPS induced arthritis in mice knee joint. Methods : Daebangpoongtang was chosen to treat the arthritis caused by injecting $300{\mu}g/kg$ LPS to mice knee joint. The control group had no treatment, while the LPS group was injected $300{\mu}g/kg$ LPS to mice knee joint and the DBP group was oral administrated of Daebangpoongtang. After injection of $300{\mu}g/kg$ LPS to mice knee joint, the alteration of synovial lining cell, vessel, fibrosis, distribution of collagen fiber, fibroblast, mast cell, infiltration of inflammation component cell and distribution of ICAM and VCAM was observed by light microscope(BX50). Results : In the DBP extract treatment group, the distribution of vessel, the enlargement of synovial lining cell layer, the synovial lining cells with filopodia, the fibrosis, the distribution of fibroblast in synovial membrane, the distribution of TCAM and VCAM on the knee joint was less than that of LPS group. Infiltrated lymphocyte into the apical surface had not observed in the DBP extract treatment group. The distribution of mast cell was as same as control group(no treatment group) and it showed granulated type. Conclusion: According to the above results, it might be considered that the administration of Daebangpoongtang has a curative effect on synovial membrane injury in arthritis by inhibiting increase of vessel, cell adhesion molecule(ICAM and VCAM) in LPS induced arthritis.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.117-132
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• 2006

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Ulmus davidiana Planch herbal acupuncture solution in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and mouse knee joints, perfom1ed several experimental items: those are MIF mRNA, MIF, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65, iNOS mRNA, iNOS, NO, synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis and fibrosis. Methods : In order to observe mRAN expression of MIF and iNOS in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, RT-PCR was used. NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells was measured by nitrite assay. All the female BALB/c mice were bred and maintained in pathogen-free mouse colonies and were 6 weeks of age on beginning of the experiment. The experimental model of RA was induced by injection of $50{\mu}g/kg$ LPS. Ulmus davidiana Planch herbal acupuncture solution was injected into either S 35 (犢鼻) or EX-LE 202 (內膝眼) of mice in turn daily for 19 days. Immunohistochemical staining was carried out to assess $TNF-{\alpha}$, $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65 and iNOS expression in synovial membrane. Synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis and fibrosis in synovial membrane was observed with a microscope. Results : 1. Ulmus davidiana Planch herbal acupuncture solution inhibited mRNA expression of MIF and iNOS in dependence on a density of it in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. 2. Ulmus davidiana Planch herbal acupuncture solution decreased synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis and fibrosis in LPS-stimulated mouse knee joints. 3. Ulmus davidiana Planch herbal acupuncture solution curtailed production of MIF, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65, iNOS in LPS-stimulated mouse knee joints. Conclusion : On the basis of these results, It was shown that Ulmus davidiana Planch herbal acupuncture solution is significantly able to inhibit the production of MIF as a top in cytokines related to inflammatory or irrlll1une responses. Our results may provide that Ulmus davidiana Planch herbal acupuncture solution has beneficial effect in not only RA but other inflammatory or immune deases.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.100-112
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• 2001

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate the immunological effect of Ramulus Cinnamomum aqua-acupuncture on the cellular immune response in mice with LPS induced arthritis. Methods : All the BALB/C mice used in this study were bred and maintaned in our pathogen-free mouse colony and were 6wk of age at the start of the experiment. The experimental model of arthritis was induced by injeciton of 300${\mu}g$/kg LPS in mice knee joint. Ramulus Cinnamomum aqua-acupuncture was injected into Yangnungchon(Gb34) of mice 2daily for 14days. Immunohistochemical analysis was carried out to assess CD4+, CD8+, CD11b, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-2R and CD106 expression in common iliac lymph nodes and synovial menbrane after stimulation with Ramulus Cinnamomum. Electron microscopy was carried out to assess change of synovial membrane. Ramulus Cinnamomum aqua-acupuncture stimulation group was compared to control group and non stimutated with aqua-acupuncture. Resutts : At day 14 post arthritis onset, Immunohistological studies using monoclonal antibodies showed that Ramulus Cinnamomum aqua-acupuncture goup had decreased expression of CD4+, CD8+, CD11b, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-2R and CD106 at common illiac lymph nodes and synovial membrane compared with control group. Conclusions : Ramulus Cinnamomum aqua-acupuncture stimulation inhibited the development of cellular immunity to LPS-induced arthritis in mice. Thus, aqua-acupuncture stimulation may have preventive effects on autoimmune inflammatory joint diseases. The effects of AA on immune function and disease activity in patients with RA warrant further investigation.