• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.791-803
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• 2016

최근 기상변동성이 증가함에 따라 지난 30년 동안 극한강우의 발생 빈도는 점차 증가하고 있다. 우리나라는 지리적으로 단시간에 매우 높은 강우강도를 유발하는 강우사상이 빈번하게 발생하여 홍수사상이 유발되기 쉽다. 본 연구에서는 장기간의 강우자료를 활용하여 극치강우사상의 발생을 고려한 강우빈도해석을 수행하였다. 이를 위해 극치강우사상을 분석하는데 있어 서로 다른 절점기준을 사용하여 극치강우의 발생횟수를 반영한 포아송-GPD 강우빈도해석 기법을 개발하였다. 빈도해석을 수행함에 있어서 확률분포 매개변수의 불확실성을 보다 정량적으로 산정할 수 있는 Bayesian 기법을 적용하였으며, 또한 각각의 절점기준에 따라서 분류된 강우사상의 종관기후학적 분석을 수행하였다. 연구결과 우리나라의 극치강우 발생이 증가하는 지점에서 기존의 Gumbel 분포를 통한 확률강우량보다 상향된 결과를 도출하였다. 이는 포아송-GPD 모형이 치수안정성 측면에서 유리한 모형으로 판단된다. 또한 동중국해 지역의 저기압 특성과 북태평양 고기압 특성이 우리나라 극치강우현상에 주로 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제23권10호
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• pp.1673-1691
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• 2014

Although most natural disaster related studies conducted in Korea recently have been related to typhoons or severe rainstorms, the occurrence frequency of disasters due to windstorms or rainstorms is also high. To reduce the strong wind damage caused by strong windstorms due to climate change, basic studies of strong winds are necessary. Therefore, in this study, the types and representative cases of windstorms that were observed to have been higher than 14 m/s, which is the criterion for strong-wind warnings from the Korea Meteorological Administration, were selected from among those windstorm cases that occurred on the Korean Peninsula for 10 years to conduct a statistical analysis of them and determine their synoptic meteorological characteristics. The cases of windstorms occurring on the Korean Peninsula were divided into six weather patterns according to the locations of the anticyclones/cyclones. Among these types, the SH type, which occurs when Siberian Highs expand into the Korean Peninsula, showed the highest occurrence frequency, accounting for at least the majority of the entire occurrence frequency of windstorms together with that of the EC type, which occurs when cyclones develop on the East Sea, and there was no clear yearly trend of the occurrence frequencies of windstorms. The monthly occurrence frequencies of windstorms were formed mainly by typhoons in the summer and the Siberian Highs in the winter, and the months with the highest windstorm occurrence frequencies were December and January, in which mainly the SH and EC type windstorms occurred. March showed the next highest occurrence frequency with10 times, and SH windstorms occurred the most frequently in March, followed by the CC, SC, and EC types of windstorms, in order of precedence. Therefore, attention to these types of windstorms is required. Countermeasures against storm and flood damage in Korea targeting the summer should be re-reviewed together with pre-disaster prevention plans, because cases of storm and flood damage due to windstorms occur more frequently than those due to typhoons, and they occur throughout the year.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.43-56
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• 1998

본 연구는 한국에 있어서 춘계한발시 기후요소의 분포특성과 지상기압장 및 500hPa등압면의 종관기후학적 특성을 평년과 비교분석한 연구이다. 춘계한발시 한국에 있어서의 일최저기온편차의 지역적 분포는 양의 편차역과 음의 편차역이 혼재하고 있으나 3월은 음의 편차역이 넓게 분포하여 한반도 주변에 서고동저형의 기압배치의 출현빈도가 높음을 반영하고 있다. 일최고기온은 양의 편차를 나타내어 강수일과 운량 및 습도가 감소하여 일사량이 많고 따라서 증발량이 증대됨을 나타낸다. 춘계 한발시 지상기압장의 기압편차가 3월은 한반도를 경계로 동쪽은 음의 편차 서쪽은 양의 전차를 나타내어 서고동저형의 기압배치의 출현빈도가 높고 5월은 한반도와 그 주변은 대상의 정편차역에 속하여 이동성 고기압의 출현빈도가 높음을 반영하고 있다. 500hPa등압면의 고도편차에서 3월은 지상기압장과 유사하게 한반도를 경계로 동쪽은 음의 편차 서쪽은 양의 편차역이 분포하며 4월은 3월과 유사하지만 음의 편차역이 서쪽으로 확장되어 있다. 5월은 한반도와 그 주변이 대상의 양의 편차역에 속하며 캄차카반도 주변 오호츠크 해상에 발달한 저지고기압(blocking high)이 지상 고기압의 동진을 지연시켜 이동성 고기압이 한반도주변에 장기간 정체됨을 나타낸다. 따라서 한발시에는 동서지수는 저지수를 나타내어 동서류가 약한 반면 한반도는 북태평양서안에 형성된 trough의 서쪽에 위치하여 건조한 북서기류의 유입이 빈번함을 나타내고 3원의 한발시에는 3 4월과는 다르게 동서지수가 고지수를 나타내어 건조한 동서류가 강할 때 한발이 출현하여 조춘의 한발시와 만춘의 한발시의 메카니즘이 상이함을 밝혔다.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.447-458
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 K-means 군집 분석을 통하여 최근 5년간(2014-2018) 한반도 남동 지역의 고농도 미세먼지 발생에 영향을 미치는 주요 종관 기상 패턴을 분류하였다. 또한 고농도 미세먼지 사례일의 발생과 관련된 지역적 차이를 살펴보기 위하여 NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction)/FNL (Final Operational Global Analysis) 재해석 기상자료를 이용하여 부산, 울산, 경남 지역의 미세먼지 발생 특성과 관련된 종관 규모 기상의 특성에 대한 비교 연구도 수행하였다. 한반도 남동 지역의 고농도 미세먼지 사례일과 관련된 종관 기상 패턴은 총 5개(C1-C5)로 분류된다. 각 군집의 발생빈도는 24.8% (C1), 21.3% (C2), 20.4% (C3), 17.3% (C4), 16.2% (C5)이다. 기상 패턴 분석을 통하여 제시된 남동 지역의 고농도 미세먼지를 유발하는 요인에는 지역 외부에서 장·단거리 수송(C1, C3, C5)에 의한 영향과 지역내 배출(C2, C4)에 의한 것임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 고농도 미세먼지 발생일에 대해 부산, 울산, 경남 세 지역의 기상장을 분석하였을 때, 500 hPa 지위 고도 및 풍속 등의 기상학적 특성이 지역별로 다르게 나타났다. 그리고 고기압의 작은 위치 변화가 각 지역의 미세먼지 발원과 장거리 이동 경향성에 영향을 미치고 있었다.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.93-102
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• 1996

본 연구는 한국에 있어서 1994년 하계한발의 지역적 분포특성과 지상기압장 및 500hPa면의 종관적 특성을 평년과 비교분석한 연구이다. 평년강수량에 대한 1994년 강수량의 백분율을 기준한 6월의 한발은 여수 중심의 남부지방, 7월은 한국 전역, 8월은 소백산맥 이동의 남동안에 심한 한발을 초래하여 강수와 시간적 공간적 변동성을 반영하고 있다. 6 8월의 한반도와 그 주변의 지상기압장의 기압편차가 정편차, 전국적인 한발이 나타난 7월은 부편차역에 속하여 대조를 이룬다. 1994년 하계에 한반도를 통과한 온대저기압은 그 통과 빈도가 낮을 뿐만 아니라 한반도로부터 남편, 혹은 북편되어 통과하여서 온대저기합성 강수의 출현빈도가 낮음을 알 수 있다. 6월의 한발시 500hPa면의 trough의 중심이 평년보다 동편되어 한반도는 이 trough의 서쪽에 위치하고 7 8월은 한반도와 그 주변이 ridge에 속한다. 따라서 한반도와 그 주변의 500hPa면 고도편차는 정편차를 나타내며 이때 동서지수는 높아서 평년에 비해 동서류가 강할 때 한발이 출현함을 밝혔다.

• 대기
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.19-33
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• 2016

Water vapor in the atmosphere is an important element that generates various meteorological phenomena and modifies a hydrological cycle. In general, the Yeongdong region has a lot of snow compared to the other regions in winter due to the complex topography and an adjacent East Sea. However, the phase change from water vapor to ice cloud and further snowfall has little been examined in detail. Therefore, in this study, we investigated phase change of liquid water in terms of a quantitative budget as well as time lag of water vapor conversion to snowfall in the ESSAY (Experiment on Snow Storms At Yeongdong) campaign that had been carried out from 2012 to 2015. First, we classified 3 distinctive synoptic patterns such as Low Crossing, Low Passing, and Stagnation. In general, the amount of water vapor of Low Crossing is highest, and Low Passing, Stagnation in order. The snowfall intensity of Stagnation is highest, whereas that of Low Crossing is the lowest, when a sharp increase in water vapor and accordingly a following increase in precipitation are shown with the remarkable time lag. Interestingly, the conversion rate of water vapor to snowfall seems to be higher (about 10%) in case of the Stagnation type in comparison with the other types at Bukgangneung, which appears to be attributable to significant cooling caused by cold surge in the lower atmosphere. Although the snowfall is generally preceded by an increase in water vapor, its amount converted into the snowfall is also controlled by the atmosphere condition such as temperature, super-saturation, etc. These results would be a fundamental resource for an improvement of snowfall forecast in the Yeongdong region and the successful experiment of weather modification in the near future.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.183-200
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• 2017

The classification of airflow patterns during high ozone ($O_3$) and $PM_{10}$ episodes on Jeju Island in recent years (2009-2015), as well as their correlation with meteorological conditions according to classified airflow patterns were investigated in this study. The airflow patterns for $O_3$ and $PM_{10}$ were classified into four types (Types A-D) and three types (Types E-G), respectively, using the HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model and synoptic weather charts. Type A was the most dominant airflow pattern for $O_3$ episodes, being characterized by the transport of airflows from urban and industrial areas in China with the highest frequency (about 69%, with a mean of 67 ppb). With regard to the $PM_{10}$ episodes, Type E was the most dominant airflow pattern, and was mostly associated with long distance transport from Asian dust source regions along northwesterly winds, having the highest frequency (about 92%, with a mean of $136{\mu}g/m^3$). The variations in the concentration of $O_3$ and $PM_{10}$ during the study period were clarified in correlation with two pollutant and meteorological variables; for example, the high (low) $O_3$ and $PM_{10}$ concentrations with high (low) air temperature and/or wind speed and vice versa for precipitation. The contribution of long-range transport to the observed $PM_{10}$ levels in urban sites for different airflow patterns (Types E-F), if estimated in comparison to the data from the Gosan background site, was found to account for approximately 87-93% (on average) of its input. The overall results of the present study suggest that the variations in $O_3$ and $PM_{10}$ concentrations on Jeju Island are mainly influenced by the transport effect, as well as the contribution of local emissions.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.215-220
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• 2005

The atmospheric transportation and dispersion processes of air pollutants are important issues in dealing with air pollution problems. Air pollutants originated from biological and anthropogenic activities are not only limited to the local emission sources, but could also be transported and dispersed to other regions by synoptic weather systems. Besides, the complexity of topography of central Taiwan helps accumulating air pollutants to promote high-concentration episodes. The techniques of tethersonding were applied to monitor the vertical profiles of winds, air temperatures and humidity, as well as to collect air samples, to be analyzed for pollutants $(O_3,\;NO_2,\;NO\;and\; NMHC)$ from the ground up to 1000m. A time period of about one week, 19-26 October 2002, was chosen as the sampling period due to the high frequency of episode occurrence in autumn based on the past records. Associating with the analysis of weather patterns, the atmospheric characteristics over high-concentration areas can be resolved in more detail. The result of the tethersonding studies showed that weak northerly sea breeze (with thickness about 300m) with low wind speed (about 1 to 2 m/sec) could help develop high ozone concentrations in the down-wind areas. It is also important to have a built-up aloft of precursors and ozone to develop high concentration on the previous day.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2005년도 국제학술대회
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• pp.184-210
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• 2005

The atmospheric transportation and dispersion processes of air pollutants are important issues in dealing with air pollution problems. Air pollutants originated from biological and anthropogenic activities are not only limited to the local emission sources, but could also be transported and dispersed to other regions by synoptic weather systems. Besides, the complexity of topography of central Taiwan helps accumulating air pollutants to promote high-concentration episodes. The techniques of tethersonding were applied to monitor the vertical profiles of winds, air temperatures and humidity, as well as to collect air samples, to be analyzed for pollutants ($O_3,\;NO_2$, NO and NMHC) from the ground up to 1000 m. A time period of about one week, 19 -26 October 2002, was chosen as the sampling period due to the high frequency of episode occurrence in autumn based on the past records. Associating with the analysis of weather patterns, the atmospheric characteristics over high-concentration areas can be resolved in more detail. The result of the tethersonding studies showed that weak northerly sea breeze (with thickness about 300 m) with now wind speed (about 1 to 2 m/sec) could help develop high ozone concentrations in the down-wind areas. It is also important to have a built-up aloft of precursors and ozone to develop high concentration on the previous day.

• 대기
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.565-576
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• 2016

The yellow dust events in Korea are often associated with extratropical cyclones (ETCs) that travel across the source regions of yellow dusts. Although such synoptic patterns are well documented, climatic features of ETCs themselves during the yellow dust events are not well understood. The present study reports climatic features of spring-time ETCs, which accompany the yellow dust events in Korea, by tracking individual ETCs with an automated tracking algorithm. By analyzing Lagrangian tracks of ETCs from 1979 to 2014, it is found that, during yellow dust events, ETCs are located around Vladivostok, Russia. They are typically originated from the leeside of Altai-Sayan mountains about three days before the onset of the yellow dust events, and travel either eastward or southeastward in time. While their tracks are not unusual, they grow faster over the source regions of the yellow dusts, possibly lifting desert dusts above the planetary boundary layer, and further develop slowly as they travel eastward.