• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2007

Purpose: Previous studies have suggested that BDNF has a role in plasticity and survival following spinal cord injury and treadmill exercise increases BDNF levels in the normal brain and spinal cord. We attempted to determine whether swimming exercise improve motor function following experimental contusive spinal cord injury and whether motor outcome is associated with BDNF expression. Methods: Thirty six Sprague-Dawley rats (weight, 250 to 300 g) were divided into control (n=18) and experimental swimming group (n=18). Spinal cord injury was produced using NYU-spinal impactor at the eleven thoracic levels in both groups. Swimming exercise started $7^{th}$ day from SCI operation, lasted 5 min per day, 5 days a week for 4 weeks and then exercise times a day were increased in one number to each week. Motor functional recovery was determined by the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale, modified inclined board plane test, histological findings, H&E and BDNF expression observed at $1^{th}$, $3^{rd}$, $7^{th}$, $14^{th}$, $21^{st}$ and $28^{th}$day after injury. Results: 1. The BBB scores were higher in experimental group than control group at $14^{th}$, $21^{st}$ day (left hind limb) and at $21^{th}$ day (right hind limb) (p<0.05) after injury. 2. The inclined board plane test were significantly greater in experimental group than control group at $7^{th}$ day (p<0.05), $14^{th}$ and $28^{th}$ day (p<0.01) after injury. 3. The BDNF expression was severe revealed in experimental group than control group at $7^{th}$, $14^{th}$ and $28^{th}$ day after injury. Conclusion: This study suggests that swimming applied from the early phase after spinal cord injury be beneficial effects in motor functional recovery.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.525-532
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• 2013

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different loading swimming exercises on muscle recovery after sciatic nerve crush injury in rats. METHODS: For this study, thirty-one Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into five groups. There were the negative control group (NCG, n=5), the positive control group (PCG, n=7), the low intensity swimming exercise group (LISEG, n=7), the moderate intensity swimming exercise group (MISEG, n=7) and the high intensity swimming exercise group (HISEG, n=5). Each rat was weighed to determine the lead weight to be attached to the base of its tail. Subsequently, the PCG, the LISEG, the MISEG and the HISEG were underwent standard unilateral sciatic nerve crush. The LISEG (no load), the MISEG (lead weight equivalent to 2% average body mass) and the HISEG (lead weight equivalent to 4% average body mass) were received the 10 minute swimming exercise in a day for 10 days. The NCG and PCG were not received with any therapeutic intervention. The diameter of the calf muscle and the level of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured to detect the effects of the swimming exercise. RESULT: The maximum diameter of the calf muscles was significantly increased after seventh swimming exercise in the LISEG, the MISEG and the HISEG compared with the PCG (p<0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the LISEG, the MISEG and the HISEG. Also, the level of the serum LDH was significantly decreased in the LISEG, the MISEG and the HISEG compared with the PCG (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Taken together, these results suggest that swimming exercise could accelerate muscle recovery processes after crush injury, but the different intensity of the swimming exercise does not affect healing processes.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제9권12호
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• pp.391-399
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• 2009

본 연구의 목적은 중추신경계 손상의 쥐에 운동강도에 따른 신경계 회복을 알아보기 위해 부하수영과 무부하수영이 혈청 BDNF 농도와 행동학적 변화에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 확인하고자 하였다. 실험동물로는 Sprague-Dawley 수컷 흰쥐를 사용하였으며, Ketamine을 복강 내에 주사하여 마취한 뒤 제 1-2요추의 척수에 6-OHDA를 $100{\mu}{\ell}$ 주입하여 척수손상을 유발시켰다. 척수 손상으로 유발된 행동학적 변화를 알아보기 위해 BBB와 경사판 검사를 기록하였다. 혈청 BDNF는 수술 후 14일에 혈액을 채취해 흡광도를 측정하였다. 척수 손상 후 무부하군에서는 행동변화가 대조군에 비해 유의하게 증가하였고, 혈청 BDNF 농도는 다른 군에 비해 무부하군에서 증가하였다. 이러한 결과로 보아 저강도 수영운동을 중추신경 손상 후 초기에 적용하면 신경조직의 회복에 영향을 주리라 생각된다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.161-168
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• 1995

It has been found that various stress challenges induce the myocardial antioxidant enzymes and produce an acquisition of the cellular resistance to the ischemic injury in animal hearts. Most of the stresses, however, seem to be guite dangerous to an animal's life. In the present study, therefore, we tried to search for safely applicable stress modalities which could lead to the induction of antioxidant enzymes and the production of myocardial tolerance to the ischemia-reperfusion injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) were exposed to various non-fatal stress conditions, i.e., hyperthermia (environmental temperature of $42^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, non-anesthetized animal), iramobilization (60 min), treadmill exercise (20 m/min, 30min), swimming (30 min), and hyperbaric oxyflenation (3 atm, 60 min), once a day for 5 days. The activities of myocardial antioxidant enzymes and the ischemia-reperfusion injury of isolated hearts were evaluated at 24 hr after the last application of the stresses. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), were assayed in the freshly excised ventricular tissues. The ischemia-reperfusion injury was produced by 20 min-global ischemia followed by 30 min-reperfusion using a Langendorff perfusion system. In swimming and hyperbaric oxygenation groups, the activities of SOD and G6PD increased significantly and in the hyperthermia group, the catalase activity was elevated by 63% compared to the control. The percentile recoveries of cardiac function at 30 min of the post-ischemic reperfusion were 55.4%, 73.4%, and 74.2% in swimming, the hyperbaric oxygenation and the hyperthermia groups, respectively. The values were significantly higher than that of the control (38.6%). In additions, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and lactate dehydrogenase release were significantly reduced in the stress groups. The results suggest that the antioxidant enzymes in the heart could be induced by the apparently safe in vivo-stresses and this may be involved in the myocardial protection from the ischemia-reperfusion injury.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.1489-1494
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• 2009

본 연구는 척수 앞뿔의 세포손상을 준 흰쥐를 대상으로 수영운동과 미노싸이클린의 치료적 중재를 통해 운동기능과 신경계의 회복을 알아보고 운동에 의한 척수손상의 신경학적 회복기전을 밝히는 것의 목적이 있다. 본 연구의 진행은 Sprague-Dawley계 흰쥐 28마리의 허리뼈 1-2번 사이에 6-OHDA로 척수손상을 일으킨 다음 3일 후에 치료를 시작하였다. 수영은 주 5회 15분간 운동을 실시하고 미노싸이클린은 척수손상을 유발한 후 12시간마다 복강내 주입하였다. 척수손상을 유발한 후 치료를 시작하기 전에 운동기능의 평가를 시행하며 2주 동안 4번의 검사가 이루어졌으며, Bcl-2 발현에 관한 측정은 2주간 치료 후 검사하였다. BBB 척도에서 대조군에 비해 실험군에서 7일에 차이가 있었으며, 14일에는 II, III군에 비해 실험군 Ⅳ군에서 증가하였다. Bcl-2의 면역학적 소견에서 실험군 모두 대조군에 비해 척수 앞뿔에서 Bcl-2의 발현이 증가되었으며, 실험군 Ⅳ에서 가장 많은 Bcl-2의 발현이 관찰되었다. 척수손상 후 미노싸이클린과 수영은 행동학적, 면역학적 소견을 긍정적으로 개선시키는 것으로 나타났으며, 수영과 미노싸이클린을 함께 실시한 경우 세포사멸의 감소와 운동기능의 회복에 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.325-330
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• 2022

수영은 육상과 더불어 대표적인 기초 종목으로 손, 발을 사용하여 물속에서 헤엄치는 종목이기 때문에 기술적 훈련과 더불어 물의 압력에 따른 신체적 적응이 매우 중요하게 고려된다. 수영은 지상의 운동과는 다르게 물속에서 손과 발을 이용해 나아가고, 물의 저항으로 인해 근육을 움직이는 전신운동으로 높게 평가되고 있으며, 비만의 예방과 혈관질환의 치료에 많이 사용되는 운동 중 하나이다. 비교적 안전한 종목에 속하지만 다른 스포츠 종목들과 비슷하게 크고 적은 스포츠 상해가 발생 한다. 하지만 현재까지 수영 종목에서 유발되는 상해와 재활에 관한 연구 자료는 부족한 상황이다. 수영 선수의 상해는 일반적으로 고강도의 훈련, 많은 훈련 량 등으로 인해 발생하며, 수영 선수들에게 가장 많이 발생하는 상해와 질환으로는 극상근건염(supraspinatus tendinitis), 이두근건염(biceps tendinitis), 슬관절의 내측 활액막염(synovitis), 발등의 신근 건염(extensor tendinitis), 요통(low back pain)을 동반하는 척추분리증(spondylolysis), 척주전방전위증(spondylolisthesis) 등이 있다고 보고되고 있다. 또한 수영 경영 선수의 스포츠상해 부위 및 빈도조사 연구분석에 의하면 상해부위는 어깨관절(50%), 허리(23%), 하지(22%) 등의 순으로 높게 나타났으며, 상해종류로는 근육 손상과 인대손상이 대부분을 차지한다. 본 연구결과 수영 종목의 상해 부위는 상지(목, 어깨, 팔, 손목), 하지상해(무릎, 발목), 및 허리상해 순으로 나타났다. 그리고 영법별 상해분석으로 자유형, 배영, 접영 영법에서는 어깨 부위 상해가 많이 발생하였고 회전근개손상, 충돌증후군, SLAP (superior labral tear from anterior to posterior) 병변 순으로 나타났다. 평영 영법은 하지손상인 무릎손상, 평영과 접영은 척수상해, 접영은 허리상해 순서로 나타났다. 따라서 지도자는 선수들이 부상을 당하지 않도록 충분한 준비운동과 정리운동을 실시하도록 하고, 응급처치를 숙지하여 부상 발생 시 빠른 응급처치로 2차 손상을 예방할 수 있도록 해야 한다. 아울러 코치 및 지도자는 선수들에게 알맞는 재활 방법들을 처치하고, 선수들의 상해 예방과 처치에 대한 이해와 교육이 수반되어야 할 것이다. 추후 수영 영법 별 상해 예방과 상해 처치 그리고 재활방법에 관한 구체적인 기전적 연구들이 수행 되어져야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.74-91
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• 2002

This studies to investigate the effects of ultrasound and swimming on the changes of the serum creatine kinase, latate dehydrogenase, aspatate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, in peripheral nerve and muscle injury rats. The forty Sprague-Dawley adult male rats were assigned to the 4 groups: the experimental groups(3), and the peripheral nerve and muscle injury control group(1). There was made artificial injured by ischial nerve and muscle of each rats the each experimental ultrasound group and swimming group were treated from 3 days after being injuried for the 5 minutes and 10 minutes every day during the 10 days and 16 days respectively. The results were as follows: 1. The activities of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase were significantly decreased on of the ultrasound and swimming groups for 10 days. All experimental group were significantly decreased for 16 days. there were significantly decreased the swimming group and ultrasound group were to the 10 days group. 2. The activities of asparatate aminotransferase, alalnine aminotransferase on the ultrasound group were significantly increased to the injured control group, there were significantly decreased the ultrasound group for 16 days group were to the 10 days group and there were significantly increased the swimming group for 16 days group were to the 10 days group. 3. The activities of alkaline phosphatase changes were no difference all experimental groups, there were significantly increased for 16 days group to the 10 days group. From these results it may be concluded that the effects of the ultrasound and swimming, the changes of the serum activities creatine kinase , lactate dehydrogenase of (; the objective indicates) to the muscle regeneration process of the nerve and muscle injured rats.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.215-220
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• 2009

Purpose：This study was to analyze the electrolyte such as blood Na+, K+, Ca2+ of aerobic exercise on spinal cord injured rats. Methods：SCI model rats were damaged in L1-L2 injected with 6-hydroxydopamine(6-OHDA). For this study went on classifying the control group without aerobic exercise, experimental group with aerobic exercise. Experimental groups were applied as swimming for 15minutes. Results：The results of this study were follows. 1) The body weight of the experimental group increased significantly after aerobic exercise(p<.05). 2) In the case of sodium(has been decreased significantly after 2 weeks(p<.05). 3) In the case of potassium has been increased significantly after 2 weeks(p<.05). 4) In the case of calcium has been increased significantly after 2 weeks(p<.05). Conclusion：Aerobic exercise were positive effect in body weight and electrolyte of the spinal cord injury. Continued swimming exercise can be recommended as an effective intervention for the spinal cord injury.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.198-202
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• 2003

국내 소아에서는 아직 화학 물질 흡입화상에 대한 보고가 없는 상태로 저자들은 수영장 창고에서 수영장 물의 살균, 소독제인 이염화이소시안산 나트륨과 차아염소산 칼슘을 잘못 혼합하던 중 발생한 소독제 분말 가스 폭발 반응에 노출되어 급격한 호흡 곤란증이 있었던 증례 2례를 경험하였기에 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.283-289
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• 2008

Lepidium meyenii, known as Maca, is traditionally employed in the Andean region for its supposed properties to improve energy and fertility. In the present study, we investigated the effects of gelatinized and fermented Maca on improvement of physical stamina and epididymal sperm counts, and on blood biochemical parameters related to fatigue and tissue injury: creatine phosphokinase, aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, total cholesterol and total proteins. Adult male mice was divided at random into two main groups (resting and excercise groups). The excercise group was separated into three subgroups (exercise only, exercise with gelatinized Maca and fermented Maca-treatment groups). Gelatinized or fermented Maca (800 mg/kg) were orally administered for 30 days. All animals in exercise groups were subjected to daily 30-min swimming for 28 days 30 min after Maca treatment. Daily exercise decreased the body weight gain, and fermented Maca further attenuated the body weight increase. Gelatinized and fermented Maca significantly increased the maximum swimming time on 14 and 28 days of treatment (p<0.05), respectively, suggestive of a long-term stamina-enhancing effect of fermented Maca. Both Maca fully or significantly recovered blood parameters of energy as well as muscular and hepatocytic injuries changed by repeated exercise and maximum swimming performance (p<0.01). Moreover, gelatinized and fermented Maca increased epididymal sperm counts 22.0% and 32.0%, respectively. In conclusion, the results indicate potential benefits of Maca for improving both physical stamina by minimizing muscular and hepatic damage and preserving energy during swimming exercise and male reproductive function by increasing epididymal sperm counts.