• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.527-546
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• 2016

This paper discusses improvements of compressibility, permeability, static and liquefaction strengths of in-situ soils by grouting. Both field testing and laboratory evaluation of the on-site samples were conducted. The improvement of soils was influenced by two main factors, i.e., the grout materials and the injection mechanisms introduced by the field grouting. On-site grout mapping revealed the major mechanism was fracturing accompanied with some permeation at deeper zones of sandy soils, where long-gel time suspension grout and solution grout were applied. The study found the compressibility and swelling potential of CL soils at a 0.5 m distance to grout hole could be reduced by 25% and 50%, respectively, due to the grouting. The effect on hydraulic conductivity of the CL soils appeared insignificant. The grouting slightly improved the cohesion of the CL soils by 10~15 kPa, and the friction angle appeared unaffected. The grouting had also improved the cohesion of the on-site SM soils by 10~90 kPa, while influences on the friction angle of soils were uncertain. Liquefaction resistances could be enhanced for the sandy soils within a 2~3 m extent to the grout hole. Average improvements of 40% and 20% on the liquefaction resistance were achievable for the sandy soils for earthquake magnitudes of 6 and ${\geq}7.5$, respectively, by the grouting.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 재33권6호
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• pp.625-633
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• 2023

The volume changes associated with moisture or suction variation in expansive soils are of geotechnical and geoenvironmental design concern. These changes can impact the performance of infrastructure projects and lightweight structures. Assessment of unsaturated function for these materials leads to better interpretation and understanding, as well as providing accurate and economic design. In this study, expansive soils from different regions of Saudi Arabia were studied for their basic properties including gradation, plasticity and shrinkage, swelling, and consolidation characteristics. The unsaturated soil functions of saturated water content, air-entry values, and residual states were determined by conducting the tests for the entire soil water characteristic curves (SWCC) using different techniques. An attempt has been made to provide a prediction model for unsaturated properties based on the basic properties of these soils. Once the profile of SWCC has been predicted the time and cost for many tests can be saved. These predictions can be utilized in practice for the application of unsaturated soil mechanics on geotechnical and geoenvironmental projects.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2019

Use of cement in stabilizing the sulfate-bearing clay soils forms ettringite/ thaumasite in the presence of moisture leads to excessive swelling and causes damages to structures built on them. The development and use of non-traditional stabilisers such as alkali activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag (AGGBS) and enzyme for soil stabilisation is recommended because of its lower cost and the non detrimental effects on the environment. The objective of the study is to investigate the effectiveness of AGGBS and enzyme on improving the volume change properties of sulfate bearing soil as compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The soil for present study has been collected from Tilda, Chhattisgarh, India and 5000 ppm of sodium sulfate has been added. Various dosages of the selected stabilizers have been used and the effect on plasticity index, differential swell index and swelling pressure has been evaluated. XRD, SEM and EDX were also done on the untreated and treated soil for identifying the mineralogical and microstructural changes. The tests results show that the AGGBS and enzyme treated soil reduces swelling and plasticity characteristics whereas OPC treated soil shows an increase in swelling behaviour. It is observed that the swell pressure of the OPC-treated sulfate bearing soil became 1.5 times higher than that of the OPC treated non-sulfate soil.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.52-61
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• 2000

Permeability is important factor in the geotechnical problems, such as seepage discharge and dissipation of excess pore water pressure. The Kozeny-Carman equation works well for graded soils but serious discrepancies are found in clays. Major factor for these discrepancies is the tortuous flow path and unequal pore size. To estimate the permeability of fine grained soils, a permeability equation in which swelling potential is coupled with Kozeny-Carman equation is proposed in this study. To verify proposed equation, a series of variable head permeability test was carried out for steel making slag and sludge mixed with bentonite. The coefficients of permeability which is measured in the laboratory is compared with the values by the proposed equation. From the comparison, it is shown that the proposed equation can predict the coefficient of permeability of clays with satisfaction. As steel making slag and sludge is industry waste, it is reused as material of road foundation and cement but the rate of use is low. It mixed sodium-bentonite with high swelling property and permeability decrease effect. Then, Admixture investigates reuse possibility as liner of waste fill.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2008년도 춘계 학술발표회 초청강연 및 논문집
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• pp.848-857
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• 2008

In September 2007, the collapses of slopes and landslides are happened at Jeonlanamdo due to heavy rains accompanied with Typoon "Nari". The study area is the tunnel portal slope in new road construction site. This slope consists of pyroclastic rocks and has lots of faults. Particularly, the residual soils of the slope is deteriorated with yellowish mudstone layer as a results of chemical and physical weathering. This has a variety of swelling clay minerals and might be moved easily down at the gentle terrain. The inner factor of $\bigcirc\bigcirc$tunnel portal slope's collapse is the geological weak zone, the convergent topography, the inferiority of drainage and the heavy rain act on the failure as direct trigger.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.143-157
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• 2021

Expansive soil is the most predominant geologic hazard which shows a large amount of shrinkage and swelling with changes in their moisture content. This study investigates the macro-mechanical and micro-structural behaviours of dredged natural expansive clay from coal mining treated with ordinary Portland cement or hydrated lime addition. The stabilised expansive soil aims for possible reuse as pavement materials. Mechanical testing determined geotechnical engineering properties, including free swelling potential, California bearing ratio, unconfined compressive strength, resilient modulus, and shear wave velocity. The microstructures of treated soils are observed by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive spectroscopy to understand the behaviour of the expansive clay blended with cement and lime. Test results confirmed that cement and lime are effective agents for improving the swelling behaviour and other engineering properties of natural expansive clay. In general, chemical treatments reduce the swelling and increase the strength and modulus of expansive clay, subjected to chemical content and curing time. Scanning electron microscopy analysis can observe the increase in formation of particle clusters with curing period, and x-ray diffraction patterns display hydration and pozzolanic products from chemical particles. The correlations of mechanical properties and microstructures for chemical stabilised expansive clay are recommended.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.38-51
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• 2019

Barcelona Basic Model(BBM)은 응력의 변화에 따른 부피변화뿐만 아니라 흡입력의 변화에 따른 팽윤거동을 설명할 수 있으며, 흡입력 변화에 따른 점착력과 선행압밀응력의 변화와 온도변화에 따른 선행압밀응력의 변화를 고려할 수 있다. 따라서, 고준위방사성폐기물 처분시스템에서 공학적방벽재로 고려되고 있는 벤토나이트 완충재의 열-수리-역학적 복합거동을 예측 및 분석하는 것에 많이 활용되고 있다. 그러나 우리나라의 암반 및 지반 공학자들에게 잘 알려져 있지 않기 때문에 BBM을 소개하고자 한다. BBM은 불포화 토질의 역학적 거동을 모사하기 위해 Modified Cam Clay(MCC) 모델을 확장하여 만들어 졌기 때문에 본 고에서는 먼저 MCC 모델을 간략하게 소개하고, 열-탄소성 모델인 BBM을 상세히 소개하였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.209-216
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• 1987

최근(最近) 국내(國內)에서 개발(開發)된 수팽윤성(水膨潤性) 고분자(高分子) 유기화합물(有機化合物)(K-Sorb)의 농업적(農業的) 이용(利用)을 위하여 토성(土性)이 다른 6개(個) 밭토양(土壤)에 대하여 K-Sorb 시용수준별(施用水準別) 토양특성(土壤特性) 변화(變化)와 대두생육(大豆生育) 및 수량(收量)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같았다. 1. 고흡수(高吸水) 화합물(化合物)을 토양(土壤)에 시용(施用)했을 때 시용량(施用量)이 증가(增加)할수록 토양(土壤)의 유효수분(有效水分)이 직선적(直線的)으로 증가(增加)하였으며 증가율(增加率)은 조립질토양(粗粒質土壤)에서 높은 경향(傾向)이었다. 2. 고흡수(高吸水) 화합물(化合物)을 토양(土壤)과 혼합(混合)하여 물로 포화(飽和)시키면 화합물(化合物)의 혼합비율(混合比率)이 증가(增加)할수록 체적팽창율(體積膨脹率)이 높아졌는데 특히 세립질토양(細粒質土壤)일수록 큰 경향(傾向)이었다. 3. 대두(大豆)를 재배(栽培)한 후 토양(土壤)의 물리적(物理的) 특성(特性) 변화(變化)는 고흡수(高吸水) 화합물(化合物)의 시용량(施用量)이 증가(增加)할수록 개선(改善)되었으나 조립질토양(粗粒質土壤)일수록 투수력(透水力)이 감소(減少)되는 경향(傾向)이었고 중립질토양(中粒質土壤)에서는 증가(增加)하다가 미사질토(微砂質土)에서는 K-Sorb 시용량(施用量)이 높은 수준(水準)(0.5%)에서 급감(急減)하였고 식질토양(埴質土壤)은 큰 변동(變動)이 없었지만 미사질(微砂質)과 같은 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 4. 고흡수(高吸水) 화합물(化合物)의 시용량(施用量) 수준별(水準別) 대두생육(大豆生育) 및 수량(收量)은 각(各) 토양(土壤) 공(供)히 0.3% 수준(水準)에서 가장 높았으며 토양(土壤)에 따라 무시용(無施用)에 비하여 약(約) 1.2배(倍)~1.8배((倍))의 증수(增收)를 보였으며 토양(土壤) 평균간(平均間)에는 가장 낮은 사질토양(砂質土壤)에 비하여 약(約) 2.1배(倍)~4.0배(倍)의 수량(收量) 차이(差異)를 나타내어 토양조건(土壤條件)에 따른 수량차이(收量差異)가 현저(顯著)하였다. 5. 회귀식(回歸式)에 의한 고흡수(高吸水) 화합물(化合物)의 시용(施用) 최적량(最適量)은 작토(作土) 건토중량(乾土重量)의 0.20~0.35% 범위(範圍)로 추정(推定)되었다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2011

항로유지 준설과 해안건설 현장에서 채취된 해양준설토는 일반적으로 점토 성분 내에 다량의 염분을 함유하고 있다. 본 논문은 염분이 포함된 고화준설토(S-SDS)와 염분이 포함되지 않은 고화준설토(N-SDS)의 역학적 특성에 대한 염분의 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 염분이 포함된 준설토와 염분이 포함되지 않은 준설토에 각각 동일한 양의 시멘트를 혼합하여 여러 개의 시편을 제작하였다. 7일 혹은 28일 양생된 N-SDS와 S-SDS 시편에 대하여 전자현미경 분석, 일축압축시험 및 구속압축시험을 수행함으로써 고화준설토의 미세 흙구조, 강도 및 압축 특성을 비교 및 분석하였다. 실험결과 점토에 포함된 염분은 고화준설토의 미세 흙구조 형성 뿐만 아니라 고화토의 강도발현에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 S-SDS의 압축지수와 팽창지수는 N-SDS 보다 크게 나왔다. 이것으로부터 염분은 고화토의 압축성을 증가시킨다는 것을 알 수 있다. 염분은 고결화된 준설토의 강도발현 및 압축성에 악영향을 주었다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.523-539
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• 2017

Clay soils are typical for their swelling properties upon absorption of water during rains and development of cracks during summer time owing to the profile desorption of water through the inter-connected soil pores by water vapour diffusion leading to evaporation. This type of unstable soil phenomenon by and large poses a serious threat to the strength and stability of structures when rest on such type of soils. Even as lime and cement are extensively used for stabilization of clay soils it has become imperative to find relatively cheaper alternative materials to bring out the desired properties within the clay soil domain. In the present era of catastrophic environmental degradation as a side effect to modernized manufacturing processes, industrialization and urbanization the creative idea would be treating the waste products in a beneficial way for reuse and recycling. Bottom ash and ecosand are construed as a waste product from cement industry. An optimal combination of bottom ash-eco sand can be thought of as a viable alternative to stabilize the clay soils by means of an effective dispersion dynamics associated with the inter connected network of pore spaces. A CATIA model was created and imported to ANSYS Fluent to study the dispersion dynamics. Ion migration from the bottom ash-ecosand pile was facilitated through natural formation of cracks in clay soil subjected to atmospheric conditions. Treated samples collected at different curing days from inner and outer zones at different depths were tested for, plasticity index, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), free swell index, water content, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), pH and ion concentration to show the effectiveness of the method in improving the clay soil.