• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.5-16
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• 2009

企业社会责任活动已被认为是提高企业形象和企业竞争力的一个潜在因素. 然而, 先前大部分关于企业社会责任活动的研究是主要针对的是这些活动如何影响影响对产品, 企业以及企业形象的评价的评价. 另外, 一些学者将消费者对企业动机的感知作为企业社会责任和消费者反应之间直接关系中的调解变量. 然而, 动机理论和相关的研究存在一些缺点. 对消费者, 企业社会责任活动只有两个动机, 但最近, Vlachos等人(2008) 认为这些动机应该细分. 因此, 它有可能从原有理论发展为修正理论模型(说服, 个人知识管理(PKM). Vlachos等人(2008) 将企业社会责任动机细分为四种类型, 并尝试发现这些动机在影响顾客种程度方面的作用以及不同. 以前的研究已经证明具有积极动机会对的社会责任活动会有积极的影响. 但并没有实证地解释其心理原因. 因此本研究的目的是双重的. 第一, 本研究试图发现顾客为什么会在他们感受到企业社会活动的积极动机的情况下表达他们的感激. 第二, 本研究试图测试当社会从企业社会责任活动中获得利益时与消费者的回报的效果. 以下是本研究的假设: H1: 企业社会责任活动的价值驱使的动机积极影响认知的对等对于互惠的期待. H2: 企业社会责任活动的参股者驱使的动机消极影响于互惠的期待认知的对等. H3: 企业社会责任活动的利己驱使的动机消极影响于互惠的期待认知的对等. H4: 企业社会责任活动的战略驱使的动机消极影响对于互惠的期待认知的对等. H5: 对企业社会责任活动的互惠的期待认知的对等积极影响消费者忠诚度. 我们选择了一个公司作为研究对象来理解企业社会责任活动的动机是如何影响消费者于互惠的期待认知的对等和顾客忠诚度. 总样本为100名受访者被选为试验测试. 此外, 为了获得一致的回复, 我们保证所有的受访者都超过20岁. 本调查中. 在排除了28份无效问卷以后, 总受访者是172名(82名男性, 90名女性). 基于截至标准, 数据和模型的适配度良好. 在观察结果以后, 企业社会责任活动的价值驱使的动机对于互惠的期待认知的对等有积极的影响(t=6.75, p<.001)，假设1被证明. Morales (2005) 也指出消费者的确感激企业对社会所做出的努力以及对社会所给予的利益. 而且企业社会责任活动的参股者驱使的动机对于互惠的期待认知的对等没有影响(t = ‐.049, p > .05). 因此, 假设2被拒绝. 我们可以用符合论来解释这个结果. 利己驱使动机(t = ‐3.11, p < .05)和战略驱使的动机(t = ‐4.65, p < .05) 对认知的对等有消极影响. 因此H3和H4被证明. 而且认知的对等积极影响消费者的忠诚度(t = 4.24, p < .05)，H5被证明. 从结果中看, 与大众群体相比，大学生更容易受利己驱动动机的影响. 以下是本研究的结论:首先, 数据分析结果显示价值驱使的动机积极影响于互惠的期待认知的对等. 但是参股者驱动的动机对互惠的期待认知的对等没有显著影响. 另外, 利己驱使的动机和战略驱使的动机消极影响互惠的期待认知的对等. 第二, 当企业社会责任活动与消费者的回报关联时, 社会责任活动积极影响顾客忠诚度. 本研究测试了动机的种类是否影响消费者对企业社会责任的反应, 尤其是企业社会责任如何能影响关键的内在因素(认知的对等) 和消费者行为的结果(顾客忠诚度). 而且, 本研究阐述了认知对等在企业社会责任动机和顾客忠诚度的关系中起到媒介的作用. 我们的研究扩展了有关消费者企业社会责任动机方面的研究, 将他们定位为消费者反应的一个直接指标. 另外一个贡献是, 我们成功地鉴定了认知的对等作为一个次级过程在归因于顾客忠诚度的企业社会责任的影响中的中介作用. 今后在研究企业社会责任的最终行为和财务影响时应该考虑源于互惠的期待认知对等的影响. 本研究的结果具有重要的管理意义. 第一, 本研究发现的对等的中心作用表明经理人应该经常考虑这些行为将创造出多少的互惠的期待认知对等. 第二, 理解消费者对企业社会责任的动机, 的认知是如何与互惠的期待认知对等和顾客忠诚度相关, 可以帮助经理人通过营销活动和管理企业社会责任‐感应归因过程来监控和提高这些消费者的结果. 本研究的结果将帮助企业去理解影响互惠的期待认知对等的四个不同的动机的相对重要性.

• 재활간호학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.257-270
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to investigate factors related to the intent of using home nursing of chronic disease patients who got out of a university hospital. For the purpose, the study selected 153 patients who were hospitalized and left K university hospital with diagnoses of cancer, hypertension, diabetes and cerebral vascular accident and ordered to be discharged and performed interviews with them and surveys on their medical records to obtain the following results. For this study a direct-interview survey and medical record review was conducted from June 28 to Aug. 30, 1998. The frequency and mean values were computed to find the characteristics of the study subjects, and $X^2$-test, t-test, factor analysis and multiple logistic regession analysis were applied for the analysis of the data. The following results were obtained. 1) When characteristics of the subjects were examined, men and women occupied for 58.8% and 41.2%, respectively. The subjects were 41.3 years old in aver age and had the monthly aver age earning of 0.99 million won or below, which was the most out of the total subjects at 34.6%. Among the total, 87.6% resided in cities and 12.4 in counties. The most left the hospital with diagnosis of cancer at 51.6%, followed by hyper tension at 24.2%, diabetes at 13.7% and cerebral vascular accident at 7.2%. 2) 93.5% of the selected patients had the intent of using home nursing and 6.5%, didn't. Among those patients having the intent, 85.6% had the intent of paying for home nursing and 14.4%, didn't. The subjects expected that the nursing would be paid 9,143 won in aver age and 47.7% of them preferred national authorities as the main servers. 86.3% of the subjects thought that home nursing business had the main advantage of making it possible to learn nursing methods at home and thereby contributing to improving the ability of patients and their facilities to solve health problems. 3) Relations between the intent of use and characteristics of the subjects such as demography-related social, home environment, disease and physical function characteristics did not show statistically significant differences among one another. Compared to those who had no intent of using home nursing, the group having the intent had more cases of male patients, the age of 39 or below, residence in cities, 5 family member s or more, no existence of home nursing servers, leaving the hospital from a non-hospitalized building, disease development for five months or below, hospitalization for ten days or more, non-hospitalization with in the recent one month, two times or over of hospitalization, leaving the hospital with no demand of special treatment, operation underwent, poor results of treatment, leaving the hospital with demand of rehabilitation services, physical disablement and high evaluation point of daily life. 4) Among those patients having the intent of using home nursing, 47.6% demanded technical nursing and 55.9%, supportive nursing. As technical nursing,' inject into a blood vessel ' and 'treat pustule and teach basic prevention methods occupied for 57.4%, respectively, topping the list. Among demands of supportive nursing, 'observe patients 'status and refer them to hospitals or community resources as available, if necessary' was the most with percent age point of 59.5. Regarding the intent of paying for home nursing, 39.2% of those patients wishing to use the nursing responded paying for technical services and 20.2, supportive services. In detail, 70.0% wanted to pay for a service stated as 'inject into a blood vessel', highest among the former services and 30.7%, a service referred to as 'teaching exercises needed to make the body of patients move', highest among the latter. When this was analyzed in terms of a relation between the need(the need for home nursing) and the demand(the intent of paying for home nursing), The rate of the need to the demand was found two or three times higher in technical nursing(0.82) than in supportive nursing(0.35). In aspects of tech ical nursing, muscle injection(1.26, the 1st rank) was highest in the rate while among aspects of supportive nursing, a service referred to as 'teach exercises needed for making patients move their bodies normally'(0.58, the 1st rank). 5) factors I(satisfaction with hospital services), II(recognition of disease state), III(economy) and IV(period of disease) occupied for 34.4, 13.8, 11.9 and 9.2 percents, respectively among factors related to the intent by the subjects of using home nursing, totaled 59.3%. In conclusion, most of chronic disease patients have the intent of using hospital-based home nursing and satisfaction with hospital services is a factor affecting the intent most. Thus a post-management system is needed to continue providing health management to those patients after they leave the hospital. Further, supportive services should be provided in order that those who are satisfied with hospital services return to their community and live their in dependent lives. Based on these results, the researcher would make the following recommendation. 1) Because home nursing becomes more and more needed due to a sharp increase in chronic disease patients and elderly people, related rules and regulations should be made and implemented. 2) Hospital nurses specializing in home nursing should be cultivated.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.211-232
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• 2014

Recently, there is a growing interest toward social commerce using SNS(Social Networking Service), and the size of its market is also expanding due to popularization of smart phones, tablet PCs and other smart devices. Accordingly, various studies have been attempted but it is shown that most of the previous studies have been conducted from perspectives of the users. The purpose of this study is to derive user-centered CSF(Critical Success Factor) of social commerce from the previous studies and analyze the CSF perception gap between social commerce service providers and users. The CSF perception gap between two groups shows that there is a difference between ideal images the service providers hope for and the actual image the service users have on social commerce companies. This study provides effective improvement directions for social commerce companies by presenting current business problems and its solution plans. For this, This study selected Korea's representative social commerce business Ticket Monster, which is dominant in sales and staff size together with its excellent funding power through M&A by stock exchange with the US social commerce business Living Social with Amazon.com as a shareholder in August, 2011, as a target group of social commerce service provider. we have gathered questionnaires from both service providers and the users from October 22, 2012 until October 31, 2012 to conduct an empirical analysis. We surveyed 160 service providers of Ticket Monster We also surveyed 160 social commerce users who have experienced in using Ticket Monster service. Out of 320 surveys, 20 questionaries which were unfit or undependable were discarded. Consequently the remaining 300(service provider 150, user 150)were used for this empirical study. The statistics were analyzed using SPSS 12.0. Implications of the empirical analysis result of this study are as follows: First of all, There are order differences in the importance of social commerce CSF between two groups. While service providers regard Price Economic as the most important CSF influencing purchasing intention, the users regard 'Trust' as the most important CSF influencing purchasing intention. This means that the service providers have to utilize the unique strong point of social commerce which make the customers be trusted rathe than just focusing on selling product at a discounted price. It means that service Providers need to enhance effective communication skills by using SNS and play a vital role as a trusted adviser who provides curation services and explains the value of products through information filtering. Also, they need to pay attention to preventing consumer damages from deceptive and false advertising. service providers have to create the detailed reward system in case of a consumer damages caused by above problems. It can make strong ties with customers. Second, both service providers and users tend to consider that social commerce CSF influencing purchasing intention are Price Economic, Utility, Trust, and Word of Mouth Effect. Accordingly, it can be learned that users are expecting the benefit from the aspect of prices and economy when using social commerce, and service providers should be able to suggest the individualized discount benefit through diverse methods using social network service. Looking into it from the aspect of usefulness, service providers are required to get users to be cognizant of time-saving, efficiency, and convenience when they are using social commerce. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the usefulness of social commerce through the introduction of a new management strategy, such as intensification of search engine of the Website, facilitation in payment through shopping basket, and package distribution. Trust, as mentioned before, is the most important variable in consumers' mind, so it should definitely be managed for sustainable management. If the trust in social commerce should fall due to consumers' damage case due to false and puffery advertising forgeries, it could have a negative influence on the image of the social commerce industry in general. Instead of advertising with famous celebrities and using a bombastic amount of money on marketing expenses, the social commerce industry should be able to use the word of mouth effect between users by making use of the social network service, the major marketing method of initial social commerce. The word of mouth effect occurring from consumers' spontaneous self-marketer's duty performance can bring not only reduction effect in advertising cost to a service provider but it can also prepare the basis of discounted price suggestion to consumers; in this context, the word of mouth effect should be managed as the CSF of social commerce. Third, Trade safety was not derived as one of the CSF. Recently, with e-commerce like social commerce and Internet shopping increasing in a variety of methods, the importance of trade safety on the Internet also increases, but in this study result, trade safety wasn't evaluated as CSF of social commerce by both groups. This study judges that it's because both service provider groups and user group are perceiving that there is a reliable PG(Payment Gateway) which acts for e-payment of Internet transaction. Accordingly, it is understood that both two groups feel that social commerce can have a corporate identity by website and differentiation in products and services in sales, but don't feel a big difference by business in case of e-payment system. In other words, trade safety should be perceived as natural, basic universal service. Fourth, it's necessary that service providers should intensify the communication with users by making use of social network service which is the major marketing method of social commerce and should be able to use the word of mouth effect between users. The word of mouth effect occurring from consumers' spontaneous self- marketer's duty performance can bring not only reduction effect in advertising cost to a service provider but it can also prepare the basis of discounted price suggestion to consumers. in this context, it is judged that the word of mouth effect should be managed as CSF of social commerce. In this paper, the characteristics of social commerce are limited as five independent variables, however, if an additional study is proceeded with more various independent variables, more in-depth study results will be derived. In addition, this research targets social commerce service providers and the users, however, in the consideration of the fact that social commerce is a two-sided market, drawing CSF through an analysis of perception gap between social commerce service providers and its advertisement clients would be worth to be dealt with in a follow-up study.

• 한국의료질향상학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.138-155
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• 2000

3차 의료기관 응급의료센터의 총 진료소요시간을 단축하여 업무의 효율성을 높이고 환자적체를 해소하는 방안을 마련하기 위하여 l997년 4월 1개월 동안 대구광역시 소재 영남대학교병원 응급의료센터 내원환자 1,742명을 대상으로 환자의 특성, 응급진료와 관련된 내용 및 응급진료시간, 그리고 상호관련성을 분석하였다. 평균 초진소요시간은 83.3분이었고, 남자 83.1분, 여자 84.9분여였으며, 평균 총 진료소요시간은 전체 698분이었고, 남자 718.0분 여자 670.5분이었다. 총 진료소요시간은 고령일수록 증가하였으며 의료보호환자에서 초진 및 퇴실시간이 가장 많이 소요되었고 산재환자는 가장 적게 소요되었다. 전원시 소견서를 구비하지 않은 경우에 초진소요시간어이 많았으며, 총 진료소요시간은 외래어에서 전과된 경우, 타병원으로부터 전원된 경우, 전원시 소견서를 구비한 경우와 OCS를 부분적으로 사용한 경우에 많았다. 약물중독환자, 심폐소생술을 시행한 환자, 내과환자 수혈을 받은 환자 및 복합진료 여부가 3개과 이상이었던 환자에서 총 진료소요시간이 많았으며 당직인턴수가 4명이었던 경우가 총 진료소요 시간이 5명이었던 경우에 비해 더 많이 걸렸다. 입원한 경우, 입원명령후 공실이 없었던 경우에서 역시 총 진료소요시간이 증가하였으며 총 진료소요시간과 유의한 상관관계를 갖는 연속변수로는 환자의 연령, 방사선검사수 및 일반검사수였다. 초진소요시간에 대한 중회귀분석결과, 응급의학과 환자, 응급환자, 내원시 심폐소생술 시행환자유무, 내원시 기관내삽관 여부 등이 유의한 독립변수였다. 총 진료소요시간에 대한 중회귀분석결과, 공실유무, 일반검사수, 최종진료과, 타병원 전원유무, 방사선검사수, 퇴원약 유무, 입원실 종류, 입원유무, 담당전공의 연차, 내원원인, 내원시 심폐소생술 시행환자 유무, 수술여부, 병원직원 지인유무 및 특수검사수가 유의한 독립변수였다. 이상의 결과로 보아 응급의료센터내의 환자적체현상을 해결하기 위한 방안으로는 응급환자와 비응급환자를 분류하는 제도적 장치가 필요하며, 필수적인 경우에 한해 일반검사 및 방사선검사를 실시하도록 하며, 병동내의 과별 지정병상을 유동적으로 운영하여 응급의료센터 환자가 우선적으로 입원될 수 있도록 각과의 협조가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.210-233
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• 1993

The herbicide has become indispensable as much as nitrogen fertilizer in Korean agriculture from 1970 onwards. It is estimated that in 1991 more than 40 herbicides were registered for rice crop and treated to an area 1.41 times the rice acreage ; more than 30 herbicides were registered for field crops and treated to 89% of the crop area ; the treatment acreage of 3 non-selective foliar-applied herbicides reached 2,555 thousand hectares. During the last 25 years herbicides have benefited the Korean farmers substantially in labor, cost and time of farming. Any herbicide which causes crop injury in ordinary uses is not allowed to register in most country. Herbicides, however, can cause crop injury more or less when they are misused, abused or used under adverse environments. The herbicide use more than 100% of crop acreage means an increased probability of which herbicides are used wrong or under adverse situation. This is true as evidenced by that about 25% of farmers have experienced the herbicide caused crop injury more than once during last 10 years on authors' nationwide surveys in 1992 and 1993 ; one-half of the injury incidences were with crop yield loss greater than 10%. Crop injury caused by herbicide had not occurred to a serious extent in the 1960s when the herbicides fewer than 5 were used by farmers to the field less than 12% of total acreage. Farmers ascribed about 53% of the herbicidal injury incidences at their fields to their misuses such as overdose, careless or improper application, off-time application or wrong choice of the herbicide, etc. While 47% of the incidences were mainly due to adverse natural conditions. Such misuses can be reduced to a minimum through enhanced education/extension services for right uses and, although undesirable, increased farmers' experiences of phytotoxicity. The most difficult primary problem arises from lack of countermeasures for farmers to cope with various adverse environmental conditions. At present almost all the herbicides have"Do not use!" instructions on label to avoid crop injury under adverse environments. These "Do not use!" situations Include sandy, highly percolating, or infertile soils, cool water gushing paddy, poorly draining paddy, terraced paddy, too wet or dry soils, days of abnormally cool or high air temperature, etc. Meanwhile, the cultivated lands are under poor conditions : the average organic matter content ranges 2.5 to 2.8% in paddy soil and 2.0 to 2.6% in upland soil ; the canon exchange capacity ranges 8 to 12 m.e. ; approximately 43% of paddy and 56% of upland are of sandy to sandy gravel soil ; only 42% of paddy and 16% of upland fields are on flat land. The present situation would mean that about 40 to 50% of soil applied herbicides are used on the field where the label instructs "Do not use!". Yet no positive effort has been made for 25 years long by government or companies to develop countermeasures. It is a really sophisticated social problem. In the 1960s and 1970s a subside program to incoporate hillside red clayish soil into sandy paddy as well as campaign for increased application of compost to the field had been operating. Yet majority of the sandy soils remains sandy and the program and campaign had been stopped. With regard to this sandy soil problem the authors have developed a method of "split application of a herbicide onto sandy soil field". A model case study has been carried out with success and is introduced with key procedure in this paper. Climate is variable in its nature. Among the climatic components sudden fall or rise in temperature is hardly avoidable for a crop plant. Our spring air temperature fluctuates so much ; for example, the daily mean air temperature of Inchon city varied from 6.31 to $16.81^{\circ}C$ on April 20, early seeding time of crops, within${\times}$2Sd range of 30 year records. Seeding early in season means an increased liability to phytotoxicity, and this will be more evident in direct water-seeding of rice. About 20% of farmers depend on the cold underground-water pumped for rice irrigation. If the well is deep over 70m, the fresh water may be about $10^{\circ}C$ cold. The water should be warmed to about $20^{\circ}C$ before irrigation. This is not so practiced well by farmers. In addition to the forementioned adverse conditions there exist many other aspects to be amended. Among them the worst for liquid spray type herbicides is almost total lacking in proper knowledge of nozzle types and concern with even spray by the administrative, rural extension officers, company and farmers. Even not available in the market are the nozzles and sprayers appropriate for herbicides spray. Most people perceive all the pesticide sprayers same and concern much with the speed and easiness of spray, not with correct spray. There exist many points to be improved to minimize herbicidal phytotoxicity in Korea and many ways to achieve the goal. First of all it is suggested that 1) the present evaluation of a new herbicide at standard and double doses in registration trials is to be an evaluation for standard, double and triple doses to exploit the response slope in making decision for approval and recommendation of different dose for different situation on label, 2) the government is to recognize the facts and nature of the present problem to correct the present misperceptions and to develop an appropriate national program for improvement of soil conditions, spray equipment, extention manpower and services, 3) the researchers are to enhance researches on the countermeasures and 4) the herbicide makers/dealers are to correct their misperceptions and policy for sales, to develop database on the detailed use conditions of consumer one by one and to serve the consumers with direct counsel based on the database.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.35-52
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• 1973

우리나라 전작물(田作物)의 저위생산성의 원인(原因)과 그 대책(對策)을 토양학적(土壤學的)인 면(面)에서 추궁(追窮)함에 있어 우선(于先) 현재경작(現在耕作)이 많이 되여 있고 또 앞으로 개발(開發)의 가능성(可能性)을 가진 저구릉(低丘陵), 산록(山麓) 및 대지(臺地)의 적황색토(赤黃色土)에 대(對)하여 현재(現在)까지 밝혀진 조사(調査) 결과(結果)를 종합(綜合)하였으며 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 적황색토(赤黃色土)는 우리나라 남부(南部)를 비롯하여 중부이북(中部以北)의 저구릉(低丘陵), 산록(山麓) 및 대지(臺地)에 분포(分布)하고 있으며 화강암(花崗岩), 화강편마암(花崗片麻岩)을 비롯한 석회암(石灰岩), 혈암(頁岩) 그리고 홍적층(洪積層) 등(等)을 모재(母材)로 하고 있다. 2. 적황색토(赤黃色土)는 A, Bt, C층(層)으로 되여 있다. A층(層)은 유기물(有機物)이 엷게 덮여서 암색(暗色)을 띄우는 양질(壤質), 식양질(埴壤質)이며 Bt층(層)은 진갈색(眞褐色), 적갈색(赤褐色), 황적색(黃赤色)의 식질(埴質) 혹은 식양질(埴壤質)로서 토괴표면(土塊表面)에 점토피막(粘土皮膜)이 형성(形成)되여 있다. C층(層)은 모재(母材)에 따라 다양다색(多樣多色)하며 Bt층(層)에 비(比)하여 토성(土性)이 거칠고 토양구조(土壤構造)의 발달(發達)이 없다. 토양(土壤)의 깊이는 지형(地形) 모재(母材)에 따라 다르나 대부분(大部分)이 100cm 이내(內外)이다. 3. 적황색토(赤黃色土)의 물리적성질(物理的性質)에 있어 점토함량(粘土含量)은 표토(表土)에서 18~35% 심토(心土)에서 30~90%로서 심토(心土)의 점토함량(粘土含量)은 표토(表土)에 비(比)하여 약(約) 2배(倍) 내외(內外)가 된다. 가비중(假比重)은 표토(表土)에서 1.2~1.3심토(心土)에서 1.3~1.5 그리고 삼상(三相)의 분포(分布)는 표토(表土)에서 고상(固相) 45~50 액상(液相) 30~45, 기상(氣相) 5~25, 심토(心土)에서 고상(固相) 50~60, 액상(液相) 35~45, 기상(氣相) 15미만(未滿)으로 대부분(大部分)이 치밀(緻密)하다, 유효수분범위(有効水分範圍)는 비교적(比較的) 좁아서 표토(表土)에서 10~23%, 심토(心土)에서 5~16% 범위(範圍)이다. 4. 적황색토(赤黃色土)의 화학적성질(化學的性質)에 있어 토양반응(土壤反應)은 모재(母材)에 따라 달라서 석회암(石灰岩) 및 구하해혼성퇴적(舊河海混成堆積)을 모재(母材)로한 토양(土壤)에서는 중성(中性) 급지(及至) 염기성(鹽基性) 그밖의 토양(土壤)에서는 산성(酸性) 급지(及至) 강산성(强酸性)을 띠운다. 표상(表上)의 유기물함량(有機物含量)은 식생(植生), 침식(侵蝕), 경종(耕種) 등(等)에 따라서 차(差)가 크며 1.0~5.0% 범위(範圍)에 있다. 염기치환용량(鹽基置換容量)은 5~40me/100gr이며 이는 유기물(有機物), 점토(粘土), 미사함량(微砂含量) 등(等)과 밀접(密接)한 관계(關係)를 가지고 있다. 치환침출염기(置換浸出鹽基)는 용탈(溶脫)되여서 염기포화도(鹽基飽和度)가 대체(大體)로 낮지만 석회암(石灰岩)에 기인(基因)된 토양(土壤)에서는 석회(石灰), 마구네슘함량(含量)이 높아서 염기포화도(鹽基飽和度)도 높다. 5. 적황색토(赤黃色土)의 점토광물(粘土鑛物)은 대부분(大部分)이 Kaolin 광물중(鑛物中)의 하나인 Halloysite와 운모(雲母)의 풍화생성물(風化生成物)인 Vermiculite, Illite를 주광물(主鑛物)로 하고 있으며 소량(少量)의 Chlorite, Gibbisite, Hematite 혼층광물(混層鑛物)과 1차(次) 광물(鑛物)인 석영(石英) 및 장석(長石)이 존재(存在)한다. 6. 적황색토(赤黃色土)는 미국(美國)의 Red-yellow podzolic Soils 및 Reddish Brown Lateritic Soils의 일부(一部) 그리고 일본(日本)의 적황색토(赤黃色土)와 유사(類似)한 특성(特性)을 가진다. 미(美)7차(次) 시안(試案)에 의(依)하면 적황색토(赤黃色土)는 Udults 및 Udalfs 그리고 FAO 분류안(分類案)에 의(依)하면 Acrisols, Luvisols 그리고 Nitosols로 분류(分類)할 수 있다.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.199-207
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• 2010

"对我们而言, 成为一名负责的公民和一份成功的事业之间没有区别.....他们对今天的沃尔玛是完全一样的." Lee Scott, 沃尔玛的CEO在2005年卡崔琳娜飓风灾难之后(Esty and Winston 2006) Lee Scott的声明标志着可持续发展的一个新的时代. 作为一个被全球生产商和零售商所关注的全世界最大规模的经销商确认了他们的可持续发展的意图. 近十年来, 环保运动不断增长, 并扩展到全世界. 公司已经诞生, 产品已被创造, 学术期刊 已经展开, 政府已经承诺—所有这一切都在追求可持续发展(Peattie and Crane 2005). 虽然进展的确比一些人渴望的慢了一些, 但是很多大规模的经销商已经为环保做出了可持续发展的努力. 为了更好的理解这个运动我们同时提供高管和消费者参与的有包装的消费品产业的角度. 该研究依赖于三个潜在主题: (1)概念和证据表明,公司为很多理由进行可持续发展 (2)在有包装的消费品行业中, 可持续发展活动的数量在持续增长 (3), 因此, 必须探索可持续发展在消费者意识中起的作用. 根据这些主题, 143名大学生和101名企业高管参加了调查来评估一系列的有关可持续发展的变量包括愿意支付, 行为意图, 态度和偏好. 结果显示高层管理者相信可持续发展的三个最主要的原因是(1)盈利能力的机会; (2)以实现对环境的义务; (3)对顾客和股东负责. 大学生的三大原因: (1)对环境的责任; (2)为子孙后代负责, 和(3):一种有效的管理资源. 虽然企业高管和大学生对支持可持续发展的理由不同, 但是企业高管和消费者的报告显示了对剩下大部分的可持续发展问题的相似性. 另外, 当我们要求消费者去评估6个关键问题的重要性时(医疗保健, 经济, 教育, 犯罪, 政府支出, 和环境), 保护环境仅排在第四位(Carlson 2005). 这6个问题都被认为是重要的, 三个最重要的是(1)改善教育;(2)本地区的经济发展,以及(3)卫生保健. 为了可持续发展的持续性, 我们也将预期结果. 反映社会, 企业利益表现的新定义和执行期的延长同样被揭示出来(Ehrenfeld 2005; Hitchcock and Willard 2006). 基于文献我们发现了三个基本范畴的结果:(1)改进组成的满意度, (2)分化的机会, 以及(3)金融奖励. 在每一种分类中, 我们发现从可持续发展活动中导致11种不同结果的几个特定的结果. 我们的调查结果表明,最有可能的结果最高的前五项依序为公司的可持续发展追求的是:(1)绿色的消费者将会更令人满意;(2)公司形象会更好, (3)公司的责任将得到加强, (4)会降低能源成本;(5)产品将会更多的创新. 另外, 为更好的理解消费者的环境 "身份" 和在市场购买中愿意显示出这个 "身份" 的有趣的交集, 我们扩展了以前Experian Research(2008) 的研究. 因此,受访者分为四个不同类型的绿色消费者(行为绿色,想法绿色, 潜在绿色, 或真正褐色)来获得更好的理解绿色消费者. 我们评估这些消费者愿意从事环保行为评估三种选择. (1)购物零售商支持环保措施;(2)支付更多来保护环境, 以及(3)支付更高的税收,政府可以支持环保措施. 想法绿色消费者表示最愿意改变, 紧随其后的是行为绿色消费者, 潜在绿色消费者和褐色消费者. 这些差异都是显著的(p<.01). 结论和启示我们采用描述性研究, 旨在促进我们理解战略领域的可持续性. 确切地说, 该研究以特定的偏好, 意图, 愿意支付, 行为和态度填补了进行比较与对比的持续性的商业管理者和消费者意见的文献的空白, 对从业人员, 能获得一个战略观点. 此外, 许多结果已经说明, 受访者愿意为产品付出更多来保护环境. 其他特定的结果表明, 女性受访者始终比男性强愿意交流, 为这些产品付更多的钱, 在环保的零售商. 了解这些额外的信息, 实践者现在有了更多的特定市场, 对目标和交流他们为可持续发展所做出的努力. 虽然这项研究仅仅是最初的一步了解实践者和消费者对于可持续发展的异同, 我们的结果对实践与研究都有帮助. 未来的研究应向测试其他变量的影响关系, 以及其他特殊行业.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.188-198
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• 2010

此研究旨在考察负口碑(即NWOM)对在线行销的影响, 着重分析服务失败的描述以及通信服务商的意向是如何影响消费者对企业竞争力的评估, 对企业的态度, 以及积极的口碑行销和行为意向. 对通信说服力的研究着重于 "谁说了什么; 对谁;通过何渠道;有何影响(Chiu 2007)". 在此我们研究了电子网络发布, 尤其是 "什么" 的两个方面: 通信服务失败的等级以及个人发布的知觉意向. 电子负口碑看似正在毁掉产品或企业的声誉, 这也就不难理解为什么人们总对它带有偏见, 认为其不可靠. 根据归因理论, 人们总会寻求事件的原因, 尤其是那些消极的意外的事件(Weiner 2006). Hennig-Thurau和Walsh (2003)提出 "既然读者的知识和对在线信息的作者信任度都很有限, 可以把电子口碑当做是表达-行为关系的有效调节. 此据此我们提出以下假设: 假设1. 在衡量(a)企业竞争力, (b)人们对企业的态度, (c)积极的口碑, 以及(d)行为意向时, 面临高等级服务失败电子负口碑的对象得分低于面临低等级服务失败电子负口碑的对象. 假设2. 在衡量(a)企业竞争力, (b)人们对企业的态度, (c)积极的口碑, 以及(d)行为意向时, 面临警告意向电子负口碑的对象得分低于面临报复意向电子负口碑的对象假设3. 在电子负口碑中, 服务失败的等级和知觉意向互相影响, 因此在衡量(a)企业竞争力, (b)人们对企业的态度, (c)积极的口碑, 以及(d)行为意向时, 警告意向的电子负口碑的平均反应值大于报复意向的电子负口碑. 主要研究包括一个2 (服务失败的严重性) x 2(警告意向VS报复意向的负口碑)的析因实验. 将通过模拟的在线网络发布信息刺激在线对象. 这一方案描述的服务失败是在传统的零售机构不接受礼物卡, 通过一家在线的研究公司从全国抽样. 共有113个对象参与此研究, 共分析了104份调查问卷. 研究对象认为该方案很现实, 92.3%对此反应强烈. 方案的运作相当令人满意, 所有的措施都经预先的测试验证, 各个项目也经分析证实可靠并有效. 多变量方差分析结果显示多变量间无明显的互相影响, 因此我们只研究主要影响-后倾向和服务失败的严重性. 后倾向主要影响对企业的态度, 积极的口碑和行为意向. 服务失败的严重性主要影响4个因变量: 企业的竞争力, 对企业的态度, 积极的口碑和行为意向. 需特别指出的是, 当电子负口碑描述为严重的服务失败时, 企业的竞争力低于电子负口碑描述为较轻的服务失败时. 当电子负口碑描述为严重的服务失败时, 对企业的态度差于电子负口碑描述为较轻的服务失败时. 当电子负口碑描述为严重的服务失败时, 企业的口碑差于电子负口碑描述为较轻的服务失败时. 当电子负口碑描述为严重的服务失败时, 行为意向低于电子负口碑描述为较轻的服务失败时. 因此, 假设1中的abcd都得到了支持. 另外, 衡量对企业的态度时, 警告意向的电子负口碑得分低于报复意向的电子负口碑. 衡量企业的口碑时, 警告意向的电子负口碑得分低于报复意向的电子负口碑. 衡量行为意向时, 警告意向的电子负口碑得分低于报复意向的电子负口碑. 因此与假设2中的a项不符, 尽管结果指向的是假设方向. 除此之外, 在假设的三个变量中, 后倾向对服务失败的严重性无明显的多变量或单变量影响. 因此, 假设3被推翻. 此研究有研究和管理的双重蕴涵, 如之前的研究一样, 此研究结果证实了服务失败的严重性影响消费者知觉, 态度, 积极的口碑以及行为意向(Weun et al. 2004). 关于进一步的相关性, 在线内容证实了该反应, 这意味着企业需要努力进行服务补救. 至于电子负口碑的知觉意向, 如之前的研究一样, 此研究结果意味着读者对原始资料的意向影响其对知觉, 态度, 积极口碑和行为意向的作用大小. 对管理者的蕴涵在于, 当消费者发现在线交流可靠且有影响力时, 不是所有的交流都同等重要. 电子口碑的好处在于它可以监测潜在的问题并提供纠正的可能性, 即使有潜在的危害.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제89권5호
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• pp.618-629
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• 2000

난대림(暖帶林) 육림(育林)에 필요한 기초 자료를 제공(提供)하고자 붉가시나무군락(群落)이 가장 발달되어 있는 보길도(甫吉島)에서 1998년 7월부터 1998년 10월에 걸쳐 붉가시나무가 우점(擾古)하는 임분(林分)을 대상으로 군락생태(群落生態)를 조사하였으며, 본 연구(硏究)에 의해 얻어진 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 붉가시나무군락지(群落地)의 종구성(種構成)은 54과(科) 91속(屬) 113종(種) 9변종(變種) 1품종(品種) 등 모두 123종류(種類)가 출현(出現)하였고, 이중 상록성(常綠性) 식물종(植物種)은 모두 45종(種)이었으며, 모든 조사구(調査區)에서 공통(共通)으로 출현(出現)한 종(種)으로는 동백나무, 광나무, 사스레피나무, 청미래덩굴, 마삭줄 및 그늘사초의 6종(種)이었고, 생달나무, 자금우, 보춘화, 족제비고사리, 덜꿩나무 등 5종(種)의 출현빈도(出現頻度)가 80% 이상으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 2. 임관(林冠) 상층(上層)의 교목층(喬木層) 식피율(植被率)은 85% 이상으로 붉가시나무, 잣밤나무류(類), 참가시나무, 곰솔, 산벚나무의 순(順)으로, 아교목층(亞喬木層)에서는 동백나무, 광나무, 붉가시나무, 사스레피나무, 잣밤나무류(類)의 순(順)으로, 하층(下層)의 관목층(灌木層) 식피율(植被率)은 20% 내외로 동백나무, 광나무, 청미래덩굴, 생달나무, 덜꿩나무의 순(順)으로, 초본층(草本層)에서는 마삭줄, 자금우, 그늘사초, 동백나무(치수(稚樹)), 붉가시나무(치수(稚樹))의 순(順)으로 각각 중요치(重要値)가 높게 나타났다. 3. 붉가시나무군락(群落)은 평균(平均) 토양산도(土壤酸度)(pH) 5.00, 평균(平均) 유기물함량(有機物含量) 6.42%인 토양환경에서 군락이 발달하고 있었으며, 본(本) 도(島)의 남사면(南斜面), 서사면(西斜面), 북사면(北斜面) 및 동사면(東斜面)의 분포(分布) 순(順)으로 생장(生長)이 양호하게 나타난 것으로 보아 양수(陽樹)의 특성(特性)을 갖고있는 것으로 사료(思料)된다. 4. 임내(林內)의 평균(平均) 상대조도(相對照度)(RI)는 0.89%로서 미명(未明)의 상태를 유지하고 있는 것으로 나타났는데, 이는 붉가시나무의 엽면적(葉面積)이 다른 상록활엽수(常綠闊葉樹)들에 비해 크고, 분지(分技)된 맹아(萌芽)의 발달로 임관(林冠) 상층(上層)의 피복율(被覆率) 높아짐에 따라 임내(林內) 수광량(受光量)이 현저히 낮아져 나타난 결과이며, 지표층(地表層) 식생(植生)의 분포(分布)를 결정하는 가장 중요한 요인(要因)으로 작용하고 있는 것으로 사료(思料)된다. 5. 군락(群落) 내(內) 붉가시나무의 흉고직경(胸高直徑) 분포(分布)를 분석한 결과 교목층(喬木層), 아교목층(亞喬木層)모두 역J자형(逆J字形)의 분포(分布)를 보이고 있어 군락의 유지가능성(維持可能性)이 불투명(不透明)한 것으로 판단(判斷)된다. 6. 붉가시나무의 연륜폭(年輪幅)을 분석한 결과 년평균(年平均) 직경생장량(直徑生長量)은 2.44mm로, 맹아지(萌芽枝)의 발생초기(發生初期)인 1~12년 사이에는 완만하게 생장(2.04mm)하다 맹아지가 임관(林冠) 상층(上層)에 도달하는 13년 이후부터 22년까지 가장 높은 생장량(2.95mm)을 기록하였고, 이후부터는 생장량이 완만하게 감소(減少)하거나 정체(停滯)되는 경향(2.41mm)을 나타냈다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.25-53
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• 2013

This study analyzes the effect of Computer Aided Innovation (CAI) to improve R&D Capabilities empirically. Survey was distributed by e-mail and Google Docs, targeting CTO of 235 SMEs. 142 surveys were returned back (rate of return 60.4%) from companies. Survey results from 119 companies (83.8%) which are effective samples except no-response, insincere response, estimated value, etc. were used for statistics analysis. Companies with less than 50billion KRW sales of entire researched companies occupy 76.5% in terms of sample traits. Companies with less than 300 employees occupy 83.2%. In terms of the type of company business Partners (called 'partners with big companies' hereunder) who work with big companies for business occupy 68.1%. SMEs based on their own business (called 'independent small companies') appear to occupy 31.9%. The present status of holding IT system according to traits of company business was classified into partners with big companies versus independent SMEs. The present status of ERP is 18.5% to 34.5%. QMS is 11.8% to 9.2%. And PLM (Product Life-cycle Management) is 6.7% to 2.5%. The holding of 3D CAD is 47.1% to 21%. IT system-holding and its application of independent SMEs seemed very vulnerable, compared with partner companies of big companies. This study is comprised of IT infra and IT Utilization as CAI capacity factors which are independent variables. factors of R&D capabilities which are independent variables are organization capability, process capability, HR capability, technology-accumulating capability, and internal/external collaboration capability. The highest average value of variables was 4.24 in organization capability 2. The lowest average value was 3.01 in IT infra which makes users access to data and information in other areas and use them with ease when required during new product development. It seems that the inferior environment of IT infra of general SMEs is reflected in CAI itself. In order to review the validity used to measure variables, Factors have been analyzed. 7 factors which have over 1.0 pure value of their dependent and independent variables were extracted. These factors appear to explain 71.167% in total of total variances. From the result of factor analysis about measurable variables in this study, reliability of each item was checked by Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. All measurable factors at least over 0.611 seemed to acquire reliability. Next, correlation has been done to explain certain phenomenon by correlation analysis between variables. As R&D capabilities factors which are arranged as dependent variables, organization capability, process capability, HR capability, technology-accumulating capability, and internal/external collaboration capability turned out that they acquire significant correlation at 99% reliability level in all variables of IT infra and IT Utilization which are independent variables. In addition, correlation coefficient between each factor is less than 0.8, which proves that the validity of this study judgement has been acquired. The pair with the highest coefficient had 0.628 for IT utilization and technology-accumulating capability. Regression model which can estimate independent variables was used in this study under the hypothesis that there is linear relation between independent variables and dependent variables so as to identify CAI capability's impact factors on R&D. The total explanations of IT infra among CAI capability for independent variables such as organization capability, process capability, human resources capability, technology-accumulating capability, and collaboration capability are 10.3%, 7%, 11.9%, 30.9%, and 10.5% respectively. IT Utilization exposes comprehensively low explanatory capability with 12.4%, 5.9%, 11.1%, 38.9%, and 13.4% for organization capability, process capability, human resources capability, technology-accumulating capability, and collaboration capability respectively. However, both factors of independent variables expose very high explanatory capability relatively for technology-accumulating capability among independent variable. Regression formula which is comprised of independent variables and dependent variables are all significant (P<0.005). The suitability of regression model seems high. When the results of test for dependent variables and independent variables are estimated, the hypothesis of 10 different factors appeared all significant in regression analysis model coefficient (P<0.01) which is estimated to affect in the hypothesis. As a result of liner regression analysis between two independent variables drawn by influence factor analysis for R&D capability and R&D capability. IT infra and IT Utilization which are CAI capability factors has positive correlation to organization capability, process capability, human resources capability, technology-accumulating capability, and collaboration capability with inside and outside which are dependent variables, R&D capability factors. It was identified as a significant factor which affects R&D capability. However, considering adjustable variables, a big gap is found, compared to entire company. First of all, in case of partner companies with big companies, in IT infra as CAI capability, organization capability, process capability, human resources capability, and technology capability out of R&D capacities seems to have positive correlation. However, collaboration capability appeared insignificance. IT utilization which is a CAI capability factor seemed to have positive relation to organization capability, process capability, human resources capability, and internal/external collaboration capability just as those of entire companies. Next, by analyzing independent types of SMEs as an adjustable variable, very different results were found from those of entire companies or partner companies with big companies. First of all, all factors in IT infra except technology-accumulating capability were rejected. IT utilization was rejected except technology-accumulating capability and collaboration capability. Comprehending the above adjustable variables, the following results were drawn in this study. First, in case of big companies or partner companies with big companies, IT infra and IT utilization affect improving R&D Capabilities positively. It was because most of big companies encourage innovation by using IT utilization and IT infra building over certain level to their partner companies. Second, in all companies, IT infra and IT utilization as CAI capability affect improving technology-accumulating capability positively at least as R&D capability factor. The most of factor explanation is low at around 10%. However, technology-accumulating capability is rather high around 25.6% to 38.4%. It was found that CAI capability contributes to technology-accumulating capability highly. Companies shouldn't consider IT infra and IT utilization as a simple product developing tool in R&D section. However, they have to consider to use them as a management innovating strategy tool which proceeds entire-company management innovation centered in new product development. Not only the improvement of technology-accumulating capability in department of R&D. Centered in new product development, it has to be used as original management innovative strategy which proceeds entire company management innovation. It suggests that it can be a method to improve technology-accumulating capability in R&D section and Dynamic capability to acquire sustainable competitive advantage.