• 제목/요약/키워드: surging

검색결과 103건 처리시간 0.02초

중국의 해외 석유자원 개발 전략에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Development Strategy of Offshore Oil Resource in China)

  • 이충배;노진호
    • 통상정보연구
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    • 제13권3호
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    • pp.119-142
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    • 2011
  • 제한된 석유자원으로 인해 세계적으로 석유를 확보하기 위한 경쟁이 치열하게 전개되고 있다. 급속한 경제성장과 정체된 국내석유 생산으로 인해 중국은 1993년 이후 석유 순수입국으로 전환되었다. 따라서 중국은 급속히 증가하는 수요에 대응하기 위해 해외석유자원의 안정적이고 장기적인 확보에 우선순위를 두고 있다. 이를 위해 다양한 전략 예를 들어 해외석유자원개발, 석유수입국의 다변화 등을 취해 왔다. 예를 들어 세계 최고의 외환보유고 2010년 기준으로 3조달러를 보유하고 있는 중국은 이를 활용하여 해외 석유자원 개발을 적극적으로 추진하고 있다. 이 논문은 중국의 해외석유자원개발전략을 분석하고 정책적 시사점을 제시하는 데 있다. 중국은 안정적인 석유확보를 위해 석유 생산국에 차관 공여, 해외 석유개발에 대한 해외직접투자, 석유탐사 및 생산업체의 인수합병 그리고 석유수입국의 지리적 다변화 등의 다양한 정책을 추진해 오고 있다. 또한 중국은 석유자원 확보를 위해 다른 국가와 협력보다는 공격적인 전략을 추진해 왔는데 이는 주변 국가와의 갈등과 자원개발에 대한 비용 급증을 가져왔다. 이제 중국은 장기적으로 협력적 관계를 모색해야 할 뿐만 아니라 재생에너지에 대한 투자를 확대함으로써 미래 지향적인 에너지 자원의 확보를 추진해 나갈 필요가 있다.

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교정과영역의 의료사고 및 분쟁의 성격분석 (Analysis of Characteristics of Medical Accidents and Disputes in Orthodontic Area)

  • 황충주
    • 대한치과교정학회지
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    • 제29권1호
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    • pp.1-22
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    • 1999
  • 건강과 의료에 관심 이 높아지면서 의료수요는 날로 증가하게 되었고 이에 따르는 의료분쟁 또한 증가하는 추세이다. 교정치료와 관련하여 현재 급증하고 있는 의료사고 및 의료분쟁 사항을 조사하여 예방 및 대응책을 마련하고자 대한 치과교정학회주관으로 인정의위원회에서는 30항의 설문지를 작성하였고 1998년 7월에 교정학회 회원 2,200명을 대상으로 교정치료시 의료사고 유형 파악 및 예방을 위한 설문조사를 시행하였다. 그 내용은 의료사고나 분쟁을 경험한 회원들의 인적사항을 포함한 관련사항, 의료사고와 관련된 환자의 인적사항 및 의료사고 원인 및 해결방법, 회원들의 교정치료와 관련된 주의사항, 의무기록 작성 및 보관 등에 관한 사항이었으며 그 결과를 바탕으로 교정과 영역에서의 의료사고 및 의료분쟁의 성격 분석을 하였다. 현재의 상황에서 언제 어디서 일어날지 모르는 의료사고나 의료분쟁을 예방하거나 방지하는 것이 의료분쟁이 발생한 후 해결하는 것보다 더 중요하다. 이를 위해서는 환자와 의사간의 신뢰를 바탕으로 진료기술의 숙련도를 높이고 발전하는 새로운 의학 정보를 얻는데 게으르지 말아야하며 진단, 치료과정, 치료의 후유증, 위험성에 관한 자세한 설명을 통하여 환자 스스로 치료여부를 결정할 수 있는 의료환경을 만들어 나가야할것이며 환자를 대하는데 주의를 기울이며 가장 기본적인 진료기록부 작성과 관리에 관심을 가져야 할 것이다. 교정학회차원에서도 의료사고와 분쟁의 예방과 대응책에 관한 교육프로그램과 의료사고와 분쟁이 발생할 경우 도움을 줄 수 있는 대책이나 기구 등을 마련하여야할 것이다.

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지리산 왕등재늪의 식생변천사 연구 (Vegetation History of Wangdeungjae Moor, Mt. Jiri in Korean Peninsula)

  • 장병오;신성욱;최기룡
    • Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • 제29권3호
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    • pp.287-293
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    • 2006
  • 지리산 냉온대 낙엽활엽수립대의 식생변천사를 밝히기 위하여 왕등재늪(960 m a.s.l.) 퇴적물을 대상으로 화분 분석과 방사성 탄소 연대 측정을 실시하였다. 그 결과 주요한 화분 포자의 출현율의 변화로부터 다음과 같이 3개의 화분대(Pollen zone)와 2개의 아대(Subzone)로 구분하였다. I. Quercus zone($l50{\sim}114cm$), II. Quercus-Pinus zone($114{\sim}43cm$): IIa. Quercus-Pinus subzone($114{\sim}83cm$), IIb. Quercus-Pinus-Herbs subzone($83{\sim}43cm$), Ill. Pinus-Quercus zone($43{\sim}27cm$) 퇴적물 깊이 $111{\sim}116cm$층의 방사성탄소연대는 $1,160{\pm}40yr$ B.P.로 측정되었다. 이들로부터 지리산 왕등재 일대의 삼림은 크게 신갈나무를 우점으로 하는 시대, 신갈나무의 점진적인 감소와 소나무의 증가 시대, 소나무의 급격한 증가 시대로 변천하여 왔음을 알 수 있었다. 'Medieval Warm Period (MWP)'와 'Little Ice Age (LIA)'는 적어도 지리산주변 식생변화에 큰 영향을 미치지는 못하였고, LIA가 최성기에 이른 시기에 습지 주변의 초지의 확장과 소나무 속의 점진적인 증가가 확인 되었다. 그 이후 소나무의 갑작스런 증가는 산지 하부 지역에 대한 인간 간섭의 급증에 의한 식생변화의 반영으로 보인다.

객체기반 CAD 시스템의 건축설계적 효용에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Architectural Design Utility of Object-based CAD System)

  • 유창균
    • 한국디지털건축인테리어학회논문집
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    • 제2권1호
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    • pp.9-15
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    • 2002
  • As architectural forms tend to be large-scaled, high-storied and complicated, use of computer for processing design information has been generalized. However, CAD use in the process of developing architectural design has been neglected greatly in the educational field of architectural field due to the surging of recognition that it may limit the essential property of architectural design. It may be resulted from the limitation of CAD system, that is, it is because of tardy speed of application development for the related areas with the lack of simplicity and clarity of flexibility to be secured on the drawing and user interface. Recent CAD systems, however, overcome such a limitation, convert into object-based design from entity-based drawing, drafting and modeling for implementing design concept of architects and it connects with internet linked to superspeed information communication network and changes process and stream of architectural design. Therefore, this study deals with utility of object based CAD system with products of Autodesk Co. and consequently obtain the following conclusions. First, it expands architect's design areas by supporting cooperative design system based on model-based architectural design and internet. Second, it reduces consumption of personal and material resources and time in the process of drawing production for improving architectural design works. Third, it can reduce the frequent design changes by improving understanding of architectural space with visualization of immediate 3D information, escaping from traditional methods to deliver design information to building owner through 2D drawing or model and perspective drawing requiring much cost and time. Fourth, it keeps exactness without omission or duplication of design information and generate and renew information of all related drawings on a drawing. Fifth, it is possible to change difficult and boring architectural design work into a pleasure owing to immediate modeling and drawing of design idea. In addition, digital drawing generated by using object-based CAD system can playa role of establishing Urban Information System to be used for protecting from building in disaster and urban disasters in connection with GIS numerical map and be used for reference of all kinds of information required fro post-management of buildings. However, what is more important is that surplus time from introduction of object-based CAD system should be used for consideration to be recognized as a good space and building built as a product of this project for comfort to urban people.

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Profile of Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors Among Employees at a Saudi University

  • Amin, Tarek Tawfik;Al Sultan, Ali Ibrahim;Mostafa, Ola Abdelmoniem;Darwish, Amr Ahmed;Al-Naboli, Mohamed Rashad
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제15권18호
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    • pp.7897-7907
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    • 2014
  • Background: There is paucity of studies defining the prevalence of non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors in Saudi Arabia despite the surging epidemic of obesity, change in dietary habits and sedentary lifestyle. Objectives: This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence of NCDs risk factors among employees at King Faisal University in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia and to determine the possible correlates for clustering of NCDs risk factors among them. Materials and Methods: All employees were invited to participate; the World Health Organization STEPwise approach was used for data collection which consisted of a personal interview to collect socio-demographic characteristics, NCD history, tobacco use, vegetables and fruit consumption, and physical activity (PA), followed by anthropometric measurements namely weight, height and waist circumference and blood pressure measurements, subjects were finally subjected to biochemical tests with determination of fasting plasma glucose, serum triglycerides, cholesterol and high density lipoproteins. Results: Of the surveyed employees (n=691), daily current smokers accounted for 22.7%. 94.9%, 95.1% and 86% consumed < 5 servings per day of vegetables, fruits and both fruits and vegetables respectively, 73% were physically inactive, 64% were overweight or obese, 22.1% had hypertension, and 21.5% were diabetics. Elevated cholesterol levels were found in 36.6%, low high density lipoproteins in 36.8%, and elevated triglycerides in 36.1%. Only 3% had no NCD risk factors, and 57.6% had ${\geq}3$ factors. Multivariate logistic regression showed that gender (being male, adjusted odds ratio 'aOR'=1.51), aged ${\geq}50$ years (aOR=3.06), < college education (aOR=1.75), current smokers (aOR=2.37), being obese (aOR=6.96) and having a low PA level (aOR=4.59) were the significant positive predictors for clustering of NCD risk factors. Conclusions: Over fifty percent of the studied university's employees had multiple (${\geq}3$) NCD risk factors. Screening and health promotion initiatives should be launched at least targeting the modifiable factors to avert the excessive risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and several types of cancers.

저비용항공사 체계적 안전관리 활동을 통한 경영활성화 방안에 대한 연구 (A Study on the Revitalization Method of National Carrier(Low cost carrier) Safety Management System)

  • 민경창;황호원
    • 산경연구논집
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    • 제9권6호
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    • pp.37-47
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    • 2018
  • Purpose - In this study, the safety related tasks for low cost carriers' were examined and measures to improve them were suggested. As the air demand increases rapidly, number of passenger has mushroomed in Korea and in order to keep with the demand low cost carriers have played a role. However, low cost carriers' safety related tasks are not reliable level so far. Thus, in this study, the low cost carriers' current situations in terms of safety are investigated, especially regarding how well the ICAO's new safety policies are applied. Research design, data, and methodology - The results of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation' investigation are introduced and field study results are analysed. Current status of retaining experts, staffs, administrators in terms of aviation safety tasks of low cost carriers is compared to those of major airliner and low cost carriers' aviation safety culture is also analyzed by examining the systems and questioning staffs. Especially the culture regarding aviation safety is very important because the culture surrounding the safety tasks plays a major role in every respect of conducting the tasks. Results - Overall the current status of low cost carriers' aviation safety tasks is below standard. Especially retaining experts and staffs is basically below the required level. Also, system and organization to conduct safety tasks are not satisfactory. In particular, aviation safety culture is not settled to operate appropriately. Conclusions - The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and member states are continuing to launch new safety policies in response to the surging demand for air travel worldwide. The most urgent and important issue among the various safety policies is to reduce air accidents. In order to reduce the number of accidents, ICAO decided to reduce the number of accidents by using the Reactive Safety Management. ICAO has to ensure that each member country can implement proactive safety management for aviation safety. A safety management system (Safety Management System) is a system in which each member state implements a fulfillment standard. The current situation and problems of the safety management system for each airline are suggested and proposed for improvements.

Arshile Gorky와 Jackson Pollock의 Painting이 현대의상 직물 문양에 미친 영향 (The Influence of Arshile Gorky's & Jackson Pollock's Painting on Modern Fashion)

  • 정흥숙
    • 한국의류학회지
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    • 제16권3호
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    • pp.197-207
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    • 1992
  • Expressionism, is as diverse as the artists invo)ved, in a very broad sense two main tendencies may be noted. The first is that of the Action painters, concerned in different ways with the gesture of the brush and the texture of the paint. It included such major artists as Arshile Gorky, Jackson Pollock, Willem De Keening, and Franz Kline. The other group consisted of the Color Field painters, concerned with the statement of an abstract sign or tranquil image in terms of a large, unified color shape or area. Here must be included Mark Rothko, Barnett Newman, Ad Rdinhardt, as well as, to a degree, Adolph Gottlieb, Robert Motherwell, and Clyf(ord Still. In this paper, 1 selected two artists Arshile Gorky and Jackson Pollock independent charac-teristics and studied the influence of their Action painting on the fabrics of modern fashion. However, it should be noted it was never the intention of the critic Harold Rosenberg, in coining this term, to imply that Action painting was a kind of athletic exercise. Nor is it true that the furious and seemingly haphazard scattering of the paint involved a completely uncontrolled, intuitive act. There is no question that, in the paintings of Jackson Pollock, Arshile Gorky and many of the other Abstract Expressionists, the element of intuition or the accidental plays a large and deliberate part; this was indeed one of the principal contributions of Abstract Expressionism which had found its own inspiration in surrealism's 'psychic automaton'. However, nothing that an experienced and accomplished artist does can be completely accidental. Aside from their intrinsic quality, the spun-out skeins of poured pigments contributed other elements that changed the course of modern painting. There was the concept of the all-over painting, the painting seemingly without beginning or end, extending to the very limits of the canvas and implying an extension even beyond. The feeling of absorption or participation is heightened by the ambiguity of the picture space. The colors and lines, although never punctur-ing deep perspective holes in the surface, still create an illusion of continuous movement, a billowing, a surging back and forth, within a limited depth. To study the influence of Abstract Expressionism on the fabric of modern fashion, 1 selected and examined four fashion magazines: Collezioni published in France, Bazaar in Italy, Gap in Japan and Vogue in the U.S.a. froim January 1989 to June 1991. As a result of this review I found that some fabrics used in modern clothing are printed in a dripping, pouring and splashing style without any meaning or form. Slides included in the presentation show that modern fabrics which are printed in such a style were influenced by Abstract Expressionism. The slides also show that these abstract prints are well suited to modern fashion design.

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간호의 질 평가에 관한 국내 간호연구 분석 (The Analysis of Nursing Research in Korea in relation to the Evaluation of Quality of Nursing)

  • 김남영;장금성;류세앙;김윤민
    • 간호행정학회지
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    • 제9권3호
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    • pp.337-352
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    • 2003
  • Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyse research trends related to the evaluation of quality of nursing, thereby obtaining basic data relating to the identification of current situation of instrument development of quality of nursing, and of future research orientation and to the development of performance index of nursing organization. Method: The data were collected from June to December, 2002 through the review of total of 32 research papers which had evaluated quality of nursing among published papers in Korea from 1976 to August 2002. The analysis was done in terms of research period, the periodicals in which research papers were published, domains and the approaches of evaluation of nursing quality. The content analysis of lowest-level items amounting was performed using NIC developed by McCloskey & Bulecheck(1998) and consequential indices of quality of nursing developed by Chi(1995). Results: Twenty-three of 32 papers(71.8%) turned out to be published after 1995, indicating surging interest in the evaluation of quality of nursing from the mid 1990s. Also, ten of 12 research papers dealing with subjects' diseases were published after 1995. In content analysis of lowest-level items of the process-oriented evaluation of quality of nursing, the highest nursing intervention was patient education about procedure and treatment; followed in descending order by patient education about disease process, strengthening of communication, managing environment, infection control, admission care, defecation and urination care. In content analysis of lowest-level items of the outcome-oriented evaluation of quality of nursing, items of physical and psychological state, of patient and family satisfaction, of knowledge and home care, of change of patients' state, of addressing nursing issues, and of patient recovery were the outcome indicators in more than 60 percent research papers. Conclusion: The findings provided the foundation for their effective use in nursing practice with comparing and presenting various core evaluation items representing process and outcome domains.

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3 방향 절환밸브의 공동현상 저감을 위한 형상최적화 (Shape Optimization of Three-Way Reversing Valve for Cavitation Reduction)

  • 이명곤;임채석;한승호
    • 대한기계학회논문집A
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    • 제39권11호
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    • pp.1123-1129
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    • 2015
  • 자동차부품 세척장비는 엔진과 변속기 블록 등의 가공과정에서 잔류하는 기름때를 제거하며, 잦은 수류방향 전환과 고압수의 분사를 위해 한 쌍의 2 방향 밸브를 사용한다. 그러나 정교한 밸브제어장치 없이 2 방향 밸브를 사용하는 경우 급격한 수류방향 전환에 따른 맥동현상이 발생하여 사용에 어려움이 따른다. 대안으로 하나의 3 방향 절환밸브를 사용하는 방법은 정교한 제어장치 없이도 정확한 수류방향 절환이 원활히 이루어져 이러한 문제점을 해결할 수 있다. 그러나 복잡한 유로 및 바텀플러그 형상으로 인해 유속변화가 심하게 발생하여 공동현상이 나타날 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 3 방향 절환밸브 내의 유동특성을 해석적으로 평가하였으며, 바텀플러그 하부에서 나타나는 공동현상을 공동화지표와 POC(Percent of cavitation)를 도입하여 정량화하였다. 공동현상의 저감을 위해 바텀플러그 형상을 매개변수화하고, 해석의 수렴성 개선과 해석시간을 단축시킬 수 있는 단순 유한요소모델을 이용하여 유동해석을 통한 형상최적설계를 실시하였다. 완전요인배치법을 통한 실험계획법과 인공신경망 기반 반응표면모델을 적용하여 공동현상이 발생하지 않는 POC 가 30% 미만인 바텀플러그의 형상을 제시하였다. 얻어진 최적해는 POC 27%에 대하여 바텀플러그의 허리길이와 꼬리길이가 각각 6.42mm 및 6.96mm 이다.

온도감응 및 생분해성 폴리에틸렌 글리콜-폴리카프로락톤과 폴리에틸렌 글리콜-폴리락타이드 공중합체의 합성 (Synthesis of Thermosensitive and Biodegradable Methoxy Poly(ethylene glycol)-Polycaprolactone and Methoxy Poly(ethylene glycol)-Poly(lactic acid) Block Copolymers)

  • 서광수;박종수;김문석;조선행;이해방;강길선
    • 폴리머
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    • 제28권3호
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    • pp.211-217
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    • 2004
  • 메톡시 폴리(에털렌 글러콜)과 생분해성 폴리에스테르 계열의 카프로락톤 그러고 락타이드로 구성된 블록 공중합체를 수용액 상에서 온도에 따른 솔-젤 전이 현상을 연구하였다. 폴러(에틸렌 글리콜)-폴리카프로락톤 (MPEG-PCL)은 HCI${\cdot}Et_{2}O$촉매 존재 하에서 실온에서 반응 용매로서 메틸렌클로라이드를 사용하여 카프로락톤기 개환을 통하여 합성되었다. 또한, 폴리(에틸렌 글리콜)-폴리(락틱 에시드) (MPEG-PLLA)는 촉매로서 stannous octoate를 사용하여 톨루엔에서 115${\circ}C$에서 중합을 실시하였다. 합성된 블록 고분자는 $^1$H-NMR, IR 그리고 GPC 뿐만 아니라 수용액상에서의 온도 감응성 상전이 형상을 관찰함으로써 그 특성을 분석하였다. 소수기의 사슬길이가 증가함에 따라 솔-젤 전이 온도가 증가하였고 상전이 곡선은 낮은 농도로 급격한 기울기의 증가가 일어났다. 인체온도에서 젤 형성을 확인하기 위하여, 각각의 블록 공중합체 MPEG-PCL과 MPEG-PLLA를 수용액에 20 wt% 농도로 준비하여 쥐에 주입한 후 신체에서의 젤 형성을 확인하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 블록 공중합체가 약물과 단백질의 주사형 이식형제제 등의 생체용 재료로서 가능성을 가지고 있음을 확인하였다.