• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2002

This study was intended to observe the relationship of pain alleviation between the group with needle electrode electrical stimulation applied on bach of head, lung, nasalis internae, shen-men, pharynx & larynx, and internal secretion which are the pants to regulate smoking and that, with no treatment of the kind among smokers and con-smokers with chronic low back pain. It also aimed to conduct a research of applying different treatment methods according to smoking, thus ultimately providing basic data needed by clinic therapists and to help achieve appropriate treatment effects considering the characteristics of each patient. The subject criteria were men who were in their 40's or 50's, smoking or non-smoking and came to the physical therapy of the hospital to cure the chronic low back pain which had lasted more than three months. The total 24 subjects were randomly divided into four groups according to smoking; the group of smokers with needle electrode electrical stimulation applied, that of smokers with no application of such treatment, that of non-smokers with the action of such treatment, and that of non-smokers with no application of such treatment Each group was measured in terms of four pain assessment methods of visual analogue scale(VAS), verbal rating scale(VRS), McGil pain questionnaire(MPQ), endorphin. And the results were as follows: 1. In terms of the effects of the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy on pain had by the smokers with low back pain, there was a statistical significance in VAS, VRS, and endorphin 1 between before and after the treatment. 2. In terms of the pain effects had by the smokers with low back pain when no needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy was applied, there was a statistical significance in VRS and MPQ between before and after the treatment. 3. In terms of the effects of the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy on pain had by the non-smokers with low back pain, there was a statistical significance in VAS, VRS, and MPQ between before and after the treatment. In terms of the pain effects had by the non-smokers with low back pain when no needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular was applied, there was a statistical significance in VAS, VRS, and MPQ between before and after the treatment. 5. The smokers with low back pain were given the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy to see how it affected their pain. There was found pain reduction in number, but no statistical significance. 6. The subject suffering from low back pain were given the needle electrode electrical stimulation to see how it affected their pain according to smoking. There was found pain reduction in number, but no statistical significance. Based upon the results, it can be concluded that smokers with low back pain received the more effects of pain alleviation from the application of the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy compared to the rest of the groups who suffered from low back pain.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.39-51
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the dental health and physical & psychological health status of the aged. The subjects were 61 old persons, women who were over 65, living at Sahagu in Pusan. The data for this study were collected by using direct interviewing method from October 22th, 2004. The data were analysed by using a computerized program named statistical package for social science including frequency, percentage, ANOVA. The results of the study were summarized as follows: 1. The dental status and the use of dental care institute 1) In status of denture use, it was found to be no denture(45.2%), full denture(35.5%), partial denture(19.4%). 2) In the questionaire of "when did you go to the dental care institute recently?", it was found to be uncertain(41.9%), less than one year(38.8%), 2~3years(16.1%), 1~2years(3.2%). 3) In the questionaire of "what type of the dental care institute did you use?", it was found to be in the dental clinic(80.6%), others(9.7%), dental hospital(6.5%), department of dentistry in general hospital(3.2%). 4) In the questionaire of "why did you select the dental care institute?", it was found to be in the nearly distance(80.6%), relative advice(16.1%), advertisement(3.2%). 5) In the questionaire of "how did you go to the dental care institute?", it was found to be walking(71.0%), bus & subway(22.6%), car(3.2%) and others(3.2%). 6) In the questionaire of "how long did it take to the dental care institute?", it was found to be 10~30min(48.4%), less than 10min(38.7%), 30min~1h(6.5%), 1~2h(3.2%), more than 2h(3.2%). 7) In the questionaire of "what kind of dental care did you take?", it was found to be denture making(45.2%), extraction of tooth, dental surgery, general exam(12.9%), caries(9.7%), denture repair(6.5%), others(3.2%). 8) In the questionaire of "how much did you pay for dental care recently?", it was found to be less than 5,000won(35.5%), 20,000~100,000won(19.4%), 1~3million won(16.1%), 5,000~20,000won, 100,000~300,000won, 500,000~1million won, more than 3million(6.5%), 300,000~500,000won(3.2%). 9) Average score of the subject's physical health status was 4.11 and psychological health status, 4.01 in a 5 point Likert scale. 10) The physical and psychological health status showed the significant differences according to the frequency of eating snack(pE0.05) and snack type(pE0.01). Above findings suggest that geriatric oral health program is necessary in improving the dental health & health status of the aged.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.228-234
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• 1997

Squamous cell carcinoma originating in the parotid gland has rare occurrence. The primary squamous cell carcinoma of the parotid gland comprise about 0.3% and 9.8% of all parotid malignant tumor. We investigated the clinical behavior and treatment outcome of patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the parotid gland. We reviewed all cases of possible primary squamous cell carcinoma of the parotid gland treated at Yonsei Cancer Center, Seoul, Korea, from 1981 through 1995. A total of 128 had primary parotid malignancy. Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma were excluded in this study. Ten cases of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the parotid gland were identified. 6 cases of them are men & 4 cases are women. The age of patients ranged from 31 to 68 years with median age of 55 years. On physical examination, 5 cases had palpated cervical neck node and 6 cases had facial nerve palsy. Staging was done according to the current guidelines established by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (1992). Two cases were stage I, 1 in stage III, and 7 in stage IV. Six cases were performed operation and postoperative radiation therapy. Four cases were treated by curative radiation therapy, dose of more than 65 Gy on parotid gland region. The 5 year actual survival rate and the 5 year disease free survival rate were 30.8%, and 40.0%. Initial complete response rate was 70% for all patients. Local failure were occurred 3 of 7 patients with local controlled cases, failure sites were primary site, ipsilateral cervical neck node, contralateral supraclavicular node. Most recurrences developed within 1 year of initial treatment. Distant metastasis was appeared 2 of 3 patients who did not achieved local control. Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the parotid gland occured infrequently. A retrospective study at the Yonsei Cancer Center indicates incidence of 7.8%. At diagnosis, advanced stage, neck node presentation, facial nerve paralysis were associated with a poor prognosis. These results may suggested that radical surgical excision may be treatment of choice and that planned postoperative radiotherapy may be bendicial for reducing locoregional recurrence rates.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.169-179
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• 1997

서론 : Laminin의 수용기로 알려진 Integrin $\alpha6\beta4$의 세포내 표현 정도는 편평상피암을 위시한 여러 악성종양의 전이능력 및 예후와 밀접한 상관관계가 없다고 알려져 있다. 이 Integrin은 Laminin과 같은 세포와 리간드와 결합하면 상피세포의 기저막 지주 구조물인 hemidesmosome의 세포체질 요소(cytoskeletal element)와 연관되어 그 결과 세포의 기저막과 세포내 케라틴을 연결하는 역할을 한다. Integrin $\alpha6\beta4$는 구조적으로 다른 많은 integrin들과 달리 $\beta$4의 세포질내 영역(cytoplasmic domain)이 특징적으로 크다. 이 세포질내 영역 $\beta$4 integrin의 기능은 아직 밝혀지지 않고 있으나 아마 세포 성장의 신호전달 및 악성종양의 특징인 침윤 전이에 관련할 것으로 보아지고 있다. 재료 및 방법: 저자들은 우선 $\beta$4 integrin의 wild type s-DNA와 $\beta$4 세포질내 영역(cytoplasmic domain) 및 $\beta$4의 tyrosine 인산화 반응 부위가 각각 결손된 c-DNA를 PCR을 통하여 합성하여 pRc/CMV 벡터에 삽입한 후 원래 $\beta$4 integrin의 발현이 결집된 인간 방광암 세포에 Calcium phosphate precipitation 방법으로 주입(transfection)시켜 형질변환된 세포를 면역형광법, Flow cytometry 및 Immunoprecipitation 방법으로 클로닝하여 wild type $\beta$4-full length(Clone FL), truncated $\beta$4-cytoplasmic domain(C1one CD), 및 mutated $\beta$4-tyrosine phosphorylation site (Clone M)을 얻었다. 암 세포의 부착 및 침투 능력의 기능적 연구로 모노 클로날 항체와 fibronectin, laminin, Matrigel을 단백질 기질로 사용하였으며 결과 비교를 위하여 pRc/CMV 벡터만 주입시켰던 클로운과 방광암 세포주를 $\beta$4 integrin 음성 대조군으로 또한 이 Integrin의 높은 발현을 보이는 두경부 편평상피암 세포주를 양성 대조군으로 이용하였다. 결과 : 세포부착능력에 있어서 온전한 $\beta$4 cytoplasmic domain이 존재하는 클로운이 laminin에 강한 부착능력을 보였으나 fibronectin의 부착정도는 $\beta$4 integrin의 표현정도와 관계없이 모든 클로운에서 비슷하였다. Matrigel을 투과하는 암세포 침윤 능력에서는 $\beta$4 integrin의 표현이 존재하는 클로운들이 투과 능력이 높았으나 세포외 리간드가 없는 control membrane을 사용하였을 때와 비교하여 투과능력의 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결론 : 유전자 주입(transfection) 방법으로 integrin의 다양한 클로운의 합성이 가능하여 이 Integrin의 암 세포의 부착 및 침투 능력에서의 기능을 규명 할 수 있게 한다. $\beta$4 integrin은 편평상피 암세포의 부착에 있어서 세포외 리간드 laminin과 특이 결합하여 부착 능력을 높이는 중요한 역할을 하며 편평상피 암세포의 침투에 있어서는 $\beta$4 integrin의 표현이 침투 능력을 높이는 역할을 하나 이때에는 laminin과 같은 리간드와의 특이 결합에 의존하지는 않는 것으로 사료된다.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.74-78
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• 2014

갑상선 암 진단과 치료기술이 발전하면서 최근 그 수술 건 수가 급격하게 증가하고 있다. 하지만이와 관련된 합병증과 부작용을 면밀하게 평가해야 할 필요 역시 점차 늘어나고 있다. 갑상선 암 수술 후 발생할 수 있는 드문 합병증의 하나로 횡격막 신경마비(phrenic nerve paralysis)가 있다. 이러한 횡격막신경마비는 대부분 증상이 경미하고 쉽게 호전되어 임상적으로 크게 중요하게 다루어지지 않았다. 하지만, 갑상선 수술 후 갑작스런 호흡곤란이 발생한다면 횡격막 신경마비에 의한 횡격막 마비(diaphragmatic paralysis)와 관련되었을 가능성을 놓치지 말아야 한다. 저자들은 최근 갑상선암 수술 후 발생한 호흡곤란으로 2년 동안 심각한 호흡곤란을 호소하던 73세 여자환자에서 투시촬영(fluoroscopy) 상 편측으로 상승되고 운동성이 저하된 횡격막을 확인하여 일측성 횡격막신경마비(Unilateral phrenic nerve paralysis)를 확진 하였다. 갑상선수술 후 발생하는 일측 횡경막 신경마비는 임상에서 드물게 관찰되는 수술 합병증이기에 환자는 상당기간 이에 대한 감별이 제대로 이루어지지 않았다. 우리는 횡격막 마비의 조기 진단과 적극적인 치료를 통하여 심한 호흡곤란을 호소하는 환자의 증상 및 병의 경과를 호전 시킬 수 있었다.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.29-48
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze medical expenses by decedents in their last year of life and compare them with those by survivors during the year 2008. This study is conducted firstly in Korea, except some studies focusing on medical cost of decedents from specific diseases. To study this, national health insurance(NHI) claims data was used with medicaid claims data. The study group(decedents) was selected from the insurance entitlement file who were dropped out from January to December of 2008. The control group(survivors) was selected from the entitlement file by stratified sampling with keeping age-sex composition of the study group. The medical expenses of decedents during one year before death were measured and compared with those of survivors by sex and age. And the medical expenses were analyzed by causes of death, and also the expenses were examined by each item of medical services. On average, the medical expense amounted to 11 million Korean Won per decedent during their last year of life in 2008. The medical expense per decedent was 9.3 higher than that of survivor. The death-related expense of under the age 35 was about 16 million Won, compared with 4 million Won in the case of over the age 95, in average. The death-related expense is higher in younger ages. This means that more medical resources are put in to save life in younger ages. Total death-related expenditure took 8.3 percent in total NHI expenditures. Of the death-related medical expenses, the largest one was injection-related cost which shares twenty five percent, and the second largest one was hospitalization charges, and then the third one was surgery cost. The results of this study suggested that we should pay attention to the medical expenses in the last of year of life when we study health care expenditure in Korea. In addition, we have to deliberate health care policy to cope with medical expenditures before death in more efficient way.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.469-481
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• 2019

Background: As South Korea is becoming an aged society very rapidly, the increase in osteoarthritis prevalence raises various public health issues in this country. This study aimed to explore the socio-demographic factors associated with osteoarthritis in the current Korean elderlies. Methods: Using the National Survey of Korean Elderly data (2014, 2017), we analyzed 20,326 elderlies (males, 8,248; females, 12,078) and conducted multivariate logistic regression analyses by sex. The dependent variable is whether a participant was diagnosed with osteoarthritis or not. Independent variables of interest is socio-demographic factors such as age, marital status, household type, residential area, household income, religion, the longest job, the number of close relatives, the number of close friends, and survey year. Control variables are various health behavioral factors and disease-related factors. Results: Prevalence of osteoarthritis was 19.2% in male elderlies and 47.0% in female elderlies. According to the results of the multivariate logistic regression adjusted for all studied control variables, the odds ratio (OR) for having osteoarthritis of under-elementary school graduates (their counterpart was college graduate group) was 1.81 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29-2.52) in males and 1.67 (95% CI, 1.12-2.47) in females. The OR of those having a job in agriculture & forestry fishery as their longest job (their counterpart was those who had never participated in labor force during their lifetime) was 5.07 (95% CI, 1.46-17.58) in males and 1.49 (95% CI, 1.27-1.74) in females. In males, the second-low quartile group in household yearly income (their counterpart was the highest quartile group) had the OR of 1.22 (95% CI, 0.98-1.53). In females, the OR of those having a religion of Buddhism (their counterpart was those having no religion) was 1.20 (95% CI, 1.07-1.35) and the OR of those who had no relatives (their counterpart was those having more than 3 close relatives) was 1.31 (95% CI, 1.10-1.56). Conclusion: This study found that in Korean elderlies, education, the longest job, household income, religion, and the number of close relatives are associated with their suffering from osteoarthritis. Further study and designing appropriate interventions are needed to alleviate current and future individual and socioeconomic burdens of osteoarthritis in an aged society like South Korea.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.5508-5512
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• 2015

Objective.: Sparganosis locations in humans are usually presented with a subcutaneous tissue of abdominal wall, chest, abdominal vicera and brain, but are rarely found in the breast. Methods. A case of sparganosis was confirmed by surgical excision of two parasites in a 76-year-old female patient present to a palpable mass in the right breast (presumed to have been sparganosis approximately 3 years ago). She had no history to direct ingestion of snakes or frogs, but had the history of drinking contaminated water. Mammography, ultrasonography, MRI, and FDG PET/CT imaging findings for patient were characteristic of sparganosis due to suspicion of breast cancer. Conclusions: The first route of infection in humans is drinking contaminated water. The second route is the ingestion of raw or partially cooked snakes or frogs. The third route is infected wound snake, frog muscle that attach to the case. However, only a few cases of drinking contaminated water have been reported in the country. Ultrasonography, MRI is known to be helpful for diagnosis of breast sparganosis. However, Mammography, ultrasonography, MRI, and FDG PET/CT for breast sparganosis is not reported present in the country. Reported the case and reviewed the related literature briefly.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.37-50
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• 1994

Synthetic potassium channel openers (KCOs) are agents capable of opening K-channels in excitable cells. These agents are known to have their maximal potency in the smooth muscle tissue, especially in the vascular smooth muscle. Much attention has been focused on the type of K-channel that is responsible for mediating the effects of KCOs. As the KCO-induced changes are antagonized by glibenclamide, an $K_{ATP}$ (ATP-sensitive K-channel) blocker in the pancreatic ${\beta}-cell,\;K_{ATP}$ was suggested to be the channel responsible. However, there also are many results in favor of other types of K-channel $$(maxi-K,\;small\;conductance\;K_{Ca,}\; SK_{ATP}) mediating the effects of KCOs. Effects of lemakalim, (-)enantiomer of cromakalim (BRL 34915), on the spontaneous contractions and slow waves, were investigated in the antral circular muscle of the guinea-pig stomach. Membrane currents and the effects on membrane currents and single channel activities were also measured in single smooth muscle cells and excised membrane patches by using the patch clamp method. Lemakalim induced hyperpolarization and inhibited spontaneous contractions in a dose-dependent manner. These effects were blocked by glibenclamide and low concentrations of tetraethyl ammonium (< mM). Glibenclamide blocked the effect of lemakalim on the membrane potential and slow waves. The mechanoinhibitory effect of lemakalim was blocked by pretreatment with glibenclamide. In a whole ceIl patch clamp condition, lemakalim largely increased outward K currents. These outward K currents were blocked by TEA, glibenclamide and a high concentration of intracelIular EGTA (10 mM). Volatage-gated Ca currents were not affected by lemakalim. In inside-out patch clamp experiments, lemakalim increased the opening frequency of the large conductance $Ca^{2+}-activated$ K channels $(BK_{Ca},\;Maxi-K).$ From these results, it is suggested that lemakalim induces hyperpolarization by opening K-channels which are sensitive to internal Ca and such a hyperpolarization leads to the inhibition of the spontaneous contraction.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.129-140
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• 2015

Objectives: We examined the association between the adherence to dietary guidelines for breast cancer survivors and health-related quality of life in a cross-sectional study of Korean breast cancer survivors. Methods: A total of 157 women aged 21 to 79 years who had been diagnosed with stage I to III breast cancers according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and had breast cancer surgery at least 6 months before the baseline were included. We used a Korean version of the Core 30 (C30) and Breast cancer 23 (BR23) module of the European Organization for Research and Treatment Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC-QLQ), both of which have been validated for Koreans. Participants were asked about their adherence to dietary guidelines for breast cancer survivors, suggested by the Korean breast cancer society, using a 5-point Likert scale. We summed dietary guideline adherence scores for each participant and calculated the least squares means of health-related quality of life according to dietary guideline adherence scores using the generalized linear model. Results: Breast cancer survivors who had higher adherence to dietary guidelines for breast cancer survivors had lower constipation scores than those with lower adherence (p for trend=0.01). When we stratified by the stage at diagnosis, this association was limited to those who had been diagnosed with stage II or III breast cancers. Also, sexual functioning scores increased significantly with increasing adherence scores of dietary guidelines among those with stage II or III breast cancers (p for trend < 0.001). However, among those who had been diagnosed with stage I, higher scores of dietary guidelines were associated with higher scores of pain (p for trend=0.03) and breast symptoms (p for trend=0.05). Conclusions: Our study suggested that the health-related quality of life levels of breast cancer survivors are associated with the adherence to dietary guidelines and may differ by the stage of the breast cancer.