• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.135-144
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• 1995

Understanding on nutrient solute movement during the course of freezing and thawing was attempted through laboratory and field obsevations. Small sectioned tubes with 5cm inner diameter, 0.2cm thick and 1cm long were connected to 30cm long soil columns for laboratory study. The columns were filled with soil, and treated with 20mmol/kg $KNO_3$ for upper 5cm. The upper end was set in the freezing section, and the lower end was set in the refrigerating section of a refrigerator. Temperature was controlled at $-7({\pm}1)^{\circ}C$ and $1.5({\pm}1)^{\circ}C$, respectively. After top 5cm soil was frozen, the columns were sectioned, and analyzed for $NO_3^-$, $NH_4^+$ and $K^+$. For field study, the 20cm inner diameter and lm long soil columns were installed in Chuncheon and Daegwanryung, where the altitude was 74m and 840m, respectively. The soils used were silt loam and clay loam. The top 20cm soils were treated with 50mmol/kg as $KNO_3$. The soil columns were taken during winter freezing and after thawing. By laboratiry study, upward movement of $NO_3^-$ and $K^+$ during the course of freezing was confirmed. The upward movement of $K^+$ was, however, one fifth to one tenth of $NO_3^-$. The upward movement of inorganic nitrogen as well as laboratory during the course of freezing, but large amount of nitrogen was lost from the profile after thawing in early spring. Leached nitrogen from the upper 20cm to lower part was 17 to 24 percents. The maximum depth of leaching during the experiment was 50cm for all soils. The net loss of inorganic nitrogen from the whole profile ranged 8.7 to 39.5 percents. The net loss was greater in Daegwanryung where temperature was lower and snowfall was larger than Chuncheon, and the loss was greater from the silt loam soil than clay loam soil of which percolation rate was small. The results implied that reasons for nitrogen loss during the winter might include surface washing by snow melt as well as leaching and denitrification.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.1-13
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to consider practical examples of the method of utilizing plant material 'lotus' used by the ancients, and the value and meaning they wanted to get from it. The method of this study to do this is descriptive study to consider and interpret poem and painting reflecting impression and concept world of lotus. Summary of this study is as follows. First, ornamental value of lotus could be divided in effect of group plant and detail value held by the flower, the leaves and the stem. Especially, group plant lotus in large site provides unique landscape differentiated form other flowering plants. As well, another feature of lotus is its high ornamental value spread in detail elements including the flower, the leaves, the stem and the lotus seed. Second, fragrance expressed 'Hyang-won-ik-cheong(香遠益淸)' is an important charm of lotus. Lotus was utilized as olfactory element providing fragrance. The ancients considered lotus fragrance not only for enjoy but as symbolic object comparing noble man's dignity so that they expressed it in poem and painting. Third, lotus was utilized as acoustical element. That is, the sound of raindrops harmonizing the surface of water and wide lotus leaves was called 'hearing lotus fond and rain', enjoying it as classic grace. Fourth, summer play lotus sightseeing was called mind wash up meaning 'washing the mind polluted by the mundane world'. Such poetic taste was widely enjoyed by various classes from general public to royal family. Besides, poetic taste related with lotus is the method of drinking alcohol using the feature of big lotus leave and vacant stem, called 'Beog-tong-ju(碧筒酒)'. And in the Joseon dynasty period, when the distinction between the man and the woman influenced by Confucian, lotus seed and 'lotus collecting song' was important sign to express romance between man and woman. Lotus has been enamored by wide classes transcending cultural background as thought and religion since ancient times. Due to such reasons, various symbolic meaning of lotus and planting examples related to religious facilities as temples could not be considered in various manner is limitation of this study, and which is research project for the future.