• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.84-90
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• 2010

This paper presents the shape optimization process for the automotive wheel bearing seal lip using the finite element method and the response surface method. First, to predict performance of the bearing seal lip, we used the non-linear finite element analysis. And then, we compared the analysis results with the test results to verify the finite element model. The objective function in optimizing process was obtained from results of the mud slurry test, which is one of many tests for evaluating performance of wheel bearing. After the mud slurry test for the four models which have the similar cross-sectional shape, we measured the wear area of the seal lip and the moisture content in grease. The objective function has been chosen by comparing the results of mud slurry test and characteristics of seal lip, such as contact force, contact area, contact pressure, and interference. Finally, within limited design parameters, we suggested the optimized shape of seal lip, which is expected to improve the wear and the sealing effect of it.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2014

Mulberry fruits were semi-dried using hot air ($60-100^{\circ}C$) or cool air ($20-40^{\circ}C$), and the effects of the drying temperature and processing time on the quality of the final dried mulberry fruits were investigated. Response surface methodology was employed to establish a statistical model and predict the conditions resulting in minimal loss of the total phenolic content (TPC) and ascorbic acid. Thus, using overlapped contour plots, the optimal conditions for producing semi-dried mulberry fruits, which reduced the moisture residue to 45% and minimized the nutrient losses of TPC and ascorbic acid, were determined for the hot-air process ($60.7^{\circ}C$ for 5.4 h) and cool-air process ($34.8^{\circ}C$ for 23.3 h). Plus, a higher drying temperature was found to lead to a faster loss of moisture and ascorbic acid, while the TPC was significantly decreased in the cool-air dried mulberry fruits due to the higher activity of polyphenol oxidase between 30 and $40^{\circ}C$.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2005년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.114-116
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• 2005

Natural attenuation has been actively studied and often selected as final clean-up process in remediation of contaminated ground-water and soil for the last decade. Accordingly, understanding of natural processes affecting the fate and transport of contaminants in the subsurface becomes important for a success of implementation of the natural remediation strategy, Contaminant advection and diffusion processes in the unsaturated zone are naturally related to environmental changes in the atmosphere. The atmospheric pressure changes affecting the transport of contaminants in the subsurface are investigated in this study. Moisture content, trichloroethylene (TCE) concentration, temperature, and pressure variations in the subsurface were measured for the July, August, November, and December 2001 at Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey. These data were used for a one-phase flow and one-component transport model in simulating the soil-gas flow and accordingly the TCE transport in the subsurface in accordance with the atmosphere pressure variations at the surface. The soil-gas velocities during the sampling periods varied with a magnitude of $10^{-6}\;to\;10^{-7}\;m\;s^{-1}$ at land surface. The TCE advection fluxes at land surface were several orders of magnitude smaller than the TCE diffusion fluxes. A sensitivy analysis indicated that advection fluxes were more sensitive to changes in geo-environmental conditions compared to diffusion fluxes. Of all the parameters investigated in this study, moisture content has the most significant effect on TCE advection and diffusion fluxes.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.61-66
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• 1993

24mm-thick specimens from three species of plantation-grown softwood were press dried under two platen pressures of 1.75kgf/$cm^2$ and 3.50kgf/$cm^2$ to obtain drying information regarding to drying rate, thickness shrinkage and drying defects. The influence of platen pressure on drying fare in range of moisture content (30 to 10 percent) increased for pitch pine and larch, but reduced for korean white pine at higher pressure. Thickness shrinkage was increased at the higher pressure, and estimated thickness shrinkage at final MC of 10 percent became unrealistically greater for specimens containing higher final moisture content under the great influence of compressive strain. The effects of pressure on the amount of surface checks and honeycombing were different from species used. These species should have applied lower temperature than 177$^{\circ}C$ in this study to reduce surface checks and honeycombing.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.189-193
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• 1981

등온흡습곡선측정시의 건제품이 주어진 대상습도에서 평형에 이르는 시간을 단축시키기 위하여 조절기류를 이용하는 장치를 만들고, 이를 이용하여 $25^{\circ}C$에서 말쥐치 건제품의 등온흡습곡선을 측정하였다. 1. 조절기류를 이용함으로써 주어진 수분활성에서보다 높은 수분활성에 이르는 시간을 평균 45 시간으로 단축시킬 수 있었다. 2. 단분자의 수분함양은 고형물 1kg당 0.092kg이었으며, 건조말쥐치의 제품에 대하여 $8.42\%$였다. Symbols used in the text A : surface, $m^2$ $a_w$: water activity $A_s$ : specific surface, $m^2/kg$ dry matter C : constant related to the heat of adsorption $K_g$ : gas film coefficient of mass transfer, $kg water/hr{\cdot}Pa{\cdot}m^2$ n : number of molecular layers $n_s$ : moisture content, kg water /kg dry matter $n_{sa}$ : mean moisture content, kg water/kg dry matter $n_{se}$ : equilibrium moisture content, kg water/kg dry matter $n_{sm}$ : moisture content for monolayer, kg water/kg dry matter $P_g$ : saturated vapor pressure at wet-bulb temperature, Pa $P_a$ : partial vapor pressure of water in air, Pa $R_d$ : resistance factor against diffusion, $m^2{\cdot}hr/kg$ dry matter $R_s$ : resistance factor against drying, $m^2{\cdot}hr/kg$ dry matter R.H. : relative humidity, $\%$ $\varphi$ : R.H./100

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.38-50
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• 1998

Laser cutting tests were conducted to investigate the laser cutting characteristics of solid woods such as 25mm-thick white oak(Quercus acutissima) and maple(Acer mono), and wood-based panels such as 15mm-thick medium density fiberboard and particleboard. Test variables were laser power, cutting speed, grain direction, and moisture content. Specific cutting energy was measured and the qualities of cut surface were estimated in constant laser power. Specific cutting energy of white oak was larger than that of maple, and specific cutting energy of medium density fiberboard was smaller than that of particleboard. For both white oak and maple, specific cutting energy of green wood was smaller than that of air-dried wood because weight loss of moisture evaporation in green wood was larger than that in air-dried wood. In laser-cut surface, wood cells were not deformed and damaged, but in circular saw-cut surface fibers were pushed out and cut, and wood cells were deformed severely. However, mechanical surface roughness of saw-cut surface was smoother than that of laser-cut surface because of the existence of undeformed cell cavity in laser-cut surface.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.1172-1180
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• 2006

본 논문은 풀이 없는 지표면에서의 후방 산란 계수(backscattering coefficients)를 측정하고, 이 측정 결과를 이용하여 여러 표면 산란 모델들과 inversion 알고리즘의 성능을 비교, 분석하였다. 우선, R-밴드 주파수($1.7{\sim}2.0GHz$)에서 완전 편파 scatterometer를 이용하여 풀 층이 없는 지표면에 대해서 편파별로 후방 산란 계수를 측정하고, 동시에 수분 함유량과 표면 거칠기를 측정하였다. 그런 다음 측정된 지표면 변수들을 표면 산란 모델들에 입력하여 후방 산란 계수를 계산하고, 이 계산 결과를 측정 결과와 비교 분석하였다. 또한, inversion 알고리즘들을 적용하여 측정된 편파별 후방 산란 계수로부터 수분 함유량을 추출하고, 이 추출된 수분 함유량이 현장에서 측정한 수분 함유량과 잘 맞는지 여부를 확인하였다. 표면 산란 모델들 중에서 정확도가 높은 모델들을 제시하였으며, inversion 모델들의 계산 결과도 나타내었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.127-134
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• 2012

다편파 레이더 산란계 시스템 (L, C, X-밴드 안테나)에서 얻어진 편파별 후방산란계수와 토양수분함량과의 상관성을 분석하고 후방산란계수를 이용 토양수분함량을 추정하고자 하였다. 콩 생육시기에 따른 밴드별 후방산란계수 변화 관측 결과 L-밴드 후방산란계수가 C-, X-밴드후방산란계수보다 높게 나타났고, 모든 안테나 밴드에서 콩 생육초기에는 VV-편파가 HH, HV-편파보다 후방산란계수가 높게 나타났다. HH-편파가 VV-편파보다 후방산란계수가 높게 나타나는 시기는 밴드에 따라 차이를 보였다. L-밴드의 경우 7월 20일 (DOY 200), C, X-밴드는 7월 30일 (DOY 210)부터 HH-편파가 다른 편파들 보다 후방산란계수가 높게 나타났다. 모든 안테나 편파별 후방산란계수가 9월 29일 (DOY 271)에 최대값을 보였고, 그 이후 수확기 (DOY 294) 까지 감소하였다. L-밴드 HH-편파와 VV-편파 간의 차이는 꼬투리가 생성되는 착협기 (R3, DOY 228) 부터 다른 밴드에 비해 크게 나타났고, 반면에 C-밴드 HH-편파와 VV-편파 간의 차이는 착협성기 (R4, DOY 242) 이후 증가폭이 크게 나타났다. 후방산란계수와 토양수분함량과의 변화를 분석한 결과 생육기간동안 토양수분함량 변이가 컸고, 전체 생육기간에서는 모든 밴드별 후방산란계수와 토양수분함량 간에 상관성이 나타나지 않았다. 하지만 엽면적지수가 2 이하 (R2, DOY 224) 일 때 후방산란계수가 증가함에 따라 토양수분함량도 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 밴드별 후방산란계수와 토양수분함량과의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 전체 생육기간에서는 모든 밴드에서 두 변수간의 상관계수가 낮게 나타났다 ($r{\leq}0.50$). 반면에 엽면적지수 2 이하 일 때 모든 밴드에서 후방산란계수와 토양수분함량과의 상관계수가 전체 생육단계에서 조사한 것 보다 높게 나타났다. L-밴드 후방산란계수가 C-, X-밴드 후방산란계수 보다 토양수분함량과의 상관성이 높게 나타났고 ($r{\geq}0.84$), L-밴드 HH-편파가 상관계수가 가장 높았다 (r=0.90). X-밴드 후방산란계수는 L-, C-밴드 후방산란계수보다 상관계수가 낮게 나타났다 ($r{\leq}0.71$). 후방산란계수를 이용하여 토양수분함량 추정 모형식을 작성하였다. L-밴드 HH-편파 후방산란계수와 토양수분함량과의 관계를 비교해 본 결과 결정계수가 높게 나타났다($R^2=0.92$). 본 연구를 통해 레이더 산란계 시스템에서 얻어진 후방산란계수를 이용하여 토양수분함량을 추정할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제41권11호
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• pp.302-309
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• 2017

Background: Large-scale land-use change is being caused by various socioeconomic problems. Land-use change is necessarily accompanied by changes in the regional carbon balance in terrestrial ecosystems and affects climate change. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the correlation between environmental factors altered by land-use change and the carbon balance. To address this issue, we studied the characteristics of soil carbon flux and soil moisture content related to rainfall events in mountain pastures converted from deciduous forest in Korea. Results: The average soil moisture contents (SMC) during the study period were 23.1% in the soil respiration (SR) plot and 25.2% in the heterotrophic respiration (HR) plot. The average SMC was increased to 2.1 and 1.1% in the SR and HR plots after rainfall events, respectively. In addition, saturated water content was 29.36% in this grassland. The soil water content was saturated under the consistent rainfall of more than $5mm\;h^{-1}$ rather than short-term heavy rainfall event. The average SR was increased to 28.4% after a rainfall event, but the average HR was decreased to 70. 1%. The correlation between soil carbon flux rates and rainfall was lower than other environmental factors. The correlation between SMC and soil carbon flux rates was low. However, HR exhibited a tendency to be decreased when SMC was 24.5%. In addition, the correlation between soil temperature and respiration rate was significant. Conclusions: In a mountain pasture ecosystem, rainfall induced the important change of soil moisture content related to respiration in soil. SR and HR were very sensitive to change of SMC in soil surface layer about 0-10-cm depth. SR was increased by elevation of SMC due to a rainfall event, and the result was assumed from maintaining moderate soil moisture content for respiration in microorganism and plant root. However, HR was decreased in long-time saturated condition of soil moisture content. Root has obviously contributed to high respiration in heavy rainfall, but it was affected to quick depression in respiration under low rainfall. The difference of SMC due to rainfall event was causative of a highly fluctuated soil respiration rate in the same soil temperature condition. Therefore, rainfall factor or SMC are to be considered in predicting the soil carbon flux of grassland ecosystems for future climate change.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.407-419
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• 2014

잣나무, 리기다소나무, 낙엽송, 백합나무 등 수종과 두께가 다른 평단판 및 단판롤(롤 형태의 단판)을 고정형 마이크로파로 가열하여 가열 전후 형상, 표면 함수율, 함수중량 변화와 표면 열분포를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 평단판의 경우 마이크로파 가열에 따른 품질상태는 비교적 양호한 것으로 나타났지만, 약간의 뒤틀림이 발생하였으며, 이는 비균일 건조응력에 따른 변형과 고정형 마이크로파 장비의 특성상 단판 형태로 가열 시 국부적인 조사가 이루어진 영향이 컸기 때문으로 판단된다. 단판롤 형태의 마이크로파 가열 특성은 가열 후 품질 모두 양호하였으며, 특히 평단판에서 나타난 뒤틀림 등의 결함은 없는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 열분포 및 확산 등이 매우 안정적으로 이루어진 것으로 판단되며, 이러한 열분포는 표면 함수율 분포 및 함수중량 감소에 많은 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 단판롤 형태는 수종 및 두께에 따라 출력과 조사시간 등 충분한 시험이 실시된다면, 고정형 장비에서도 충분한 건조효율을 나타낼 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.