• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.775-784
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• 1998

This study was conduced to investigate the seasonal variation of dietary intake and quality obtained by 24 hour recall method in Korean adults living in rural area. The mean daily intakes of 4 seasons were 1,692kcal for energy, 63g(14.8% of energy) for protein, 30g(15.7% of energy) for fat, 257g(60.7% of energy) for carbohydrate. Mean daily intakes were significantly highest in winter for most of the nutrients, and lower in summer for energy, fat, calcium, iron. Mena adequacy ratio(MAR), an index of overall nutritional quality was 0.65 in winter, 0.67 in spring, 0.65 in summer and 0.72 in autumn and nutrient adequacy ratio(NAR) was significantly different fro vitamin C agmong different seasons. Subjects consumed usually 15.3 different foods in winter, 14.5 in summer, 13.9 in spring and 13.7 in autumn. The number of food consumed was positively correlated with intake of most nutrients, especially in autumn. For variety among the five major food groups(grain, meat, dairy, fruit, vegetable) with a dietary diversity scores(DDS) calculated, the average socre of DDS was 3 in all seasons and omitted food groups were usually dariy and fruit. In conclusion, dietary intake and quality of Korean adults were different according to seasons.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.525-530
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• 2017

The attainment ratios of the water quality goals of the 114 mid-watershed representative stations, examined during the period2011 to 2015, were evaluated in the study. Of the four major river basins, the attainment ratio on water quality goal of the Geum River basin turned out to be the lowest. As a result of formal evaluation of the attainment ratios of BOD, COD and TOC, it was found that the attainment ratio of COD was much lower than that of BOD and TOC (I a circumstance thought to be caused by the higher COD/BOD and COD/TOC ratios of the water quality of the river than those of the environmental water quality standard). As well, higher COD/BOD and COD/TOC of wastewater discharged from point and non-point sources (other than those of the environmental water quality standards) might possibly represent one of the reasons. We also compared attainment ratio between the main stream and tributaries, which indicated that the higher attainment ratio was present in the main stream. The attainment ratio is also documented as more significant in the winter season than the summer season, possibly due to the contribution of non-point pollutants swept in by rain during the summer season during documented periods of high precipitation. Thus, water quality management in summer season and improvement of water quality of the tributaries might be important as a means of increasing attainment ratio on water quality goal.

• 한국초지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국초지조사료학회 2005년도 학술심포지엄, 제43회 학술발표회
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• pp.160-161
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• 2005

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.270-276
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• 2014

Seasonal characteristics of water and sediment qualities and potential effects of the freshwater discharge from a small tide embankment interior in a coastal area in Goheung county were investigated from May to September in 2012. Chemical oxygen demand values (COD) were mostly higher than 2 mg/L in summer ebb tide, which exceed the standard value of water quality criteria II of acceptable level for aquaculture activities. Nitrogen and phosphorus were found as the limiting nutrients for algae growth in summer and fall and in spring, respectively. Nitrogen was the limiting nutrient for diatom growth in the whole studied period. The sudden high values of COD, ammonia, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) were found in water sample collected from station 5 which located in front of the tide embankment sluice gate during spring ebb tide. The freshwater discharge form the tide embankment interior maybe affected the survey areas during a short time interval. Mean values of eutrophication index of the surveyed coastal region in spring, summer and fall were all bigger than 1. Water quality was mostly considered at level II which acceptable for aquaculture activities. Sediment quality in this study was generally in the range of standard for fisheries environment.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.125-131
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• 2017

Purpose: The study is to measure concentrations of indoor air pollutants in housing and to analyze the characteristics of pollutants in housing indoor-air between summer and winter comparatively. The research result could be used as data for public health through indoor air quality management of existing housing and more as a reference for new housing. Method: It was investigated 24 middle class housings of metropolitan area in winter which have been built for the past 30 years. Concentration of HCHO, TVOC was investigated in living room at morning and night and concentration of $CO_2$ was investigated in living room and master bedroom at morning and night. SKT100-X5 was used for concentration of HCHO, TVOC and ZGm053UK for concentration of $CO_2$. The characteristics of HCHO, TVOC, $CO_2$ concentration in winter were analyzed and then the concentrations in winter were analyzed the concentrations in summer being preceding research comparatively. Result: Average concentration of TVOC in winter was 2.7 times more than that of TVOC in summer, average concentration of HCHO in winter was about 2.0 times more than that of HCHO in summer. Average concentration of $CO_2$ in the morning at living room in winter was 1.3 times more than that of $CO_2$ in summer. Average concentration of $CO_2$ in the morning at master bedroom in winter was 1.1 times more than that of $CO_2$ in summer. Average concentration of TVOC was 1.31 times more than that of HCHO and standard deviation of that was 1.73 times higher. Average concentration of $CO_2$ was almost nearly close or over to 1,000ppm being criteria of the Ministry of Environment.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.38-55
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• 2018

Hourly measurements of $PM_{2.5}$ mass, organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), and water-soluble ionic species were made at the air quality intensive monitoring stations in Baengryeongdo (BR) and Seoul (SL) during the winter (December 01~31, 2013) and summer (July 10~23, 2014) periods, to investigate the increase of $PM_{2.5}$ and secondary ionic species and the reasons leading to their increase during the two seasons. During winter, $PM_{2.5}$ and its major chemical species concentrations were higher at SL than at BR. Contribution of organic mass to $PM_{2.5}$ was approximately 1.7 times higher at BR than at SL, but the $NO_3{^-}$ contribution was two times higher at SL. Total concentration of secondary ionic species ($SO{_4}^{2-}$, $NO_3{^-}$, and $NH_4{^+}$) at BR and SL sites accounted for 29.1 and 40.1% of $PM_{2.5}$, respectively. However, during summer, no significant difference in chemical composition of $PM_{2.5}$ was found between the two sites with the exception of $SO{_4}^{2-}$. Total concentration of the secondary ionic species constituted on average 43.9% of $PM_{2.5}$ at BR and 53.0% at SL. A noticeable difference in chemical composition between the two sites during summer was attributed to $SO{_4}^{2-}$, with approximately twofold concentration and 10% higher contribution in SL. Low wind speed and high relative humidity were important factors in secondary formation of water-soluble ionic species during winter at SL, resulting in $PM_{2.5}$ increase. While the secondary formation during summer was attributed to strong photochemical processes in daytime and high relative humidity in nighttime hours. The increase of $PM_{2.5}$ and its secondary ionic species during the winter haze pollution period at SL was mainly caused either by long-range transport (LTP) from the eastern Chinese regions, or by local pollution. However, the increased $SO{_4}^{2-}$ and $NO_3{^-}$ during summer at SL were mainly caused by LTP, photochemical processes in daytime hours, and heterogeneous processes in nighttime hours.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.372-376
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• 2010

최근 애호박은 수확 중 표면 손상을 방지하고, 유통 기간을 연장하기 위해 PET(polyethylene terephthalte)와 PE(polyethylene)를 접합시켜 만든 플라스틱 봉지(두께 0.1mm)를 과실에 덮어씌우는 방법이 시도되고 있다. 본 연구는 플라스틱 봉지의 피복이 애호박의 품질 향상과 유통기간 연장에 미치는 효과를 구명하기 위해 수행하였다. 애호박의 플라스틱 봉지씌우기가 과실 수량과 과실 길이에는 크게 영향을 미치지 않았지만, 무처리에 비해 과실 무게가 가볍고 주당 과실수가 증가하였다. 이는 봉지씌우기를 함으로써 과실 비대가 제한되어 착과 수가 늘어났기 때문인 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 플라스틱 봉지씌우기는 애호박의 균일성을 높이고, 저장기간 중 과실의 감모율과 연화를 감소시켰다. 따라서 애호박의 품질을 향상시키고, 저장기간을 연장하는 수단으로 재배 중에 플라스틱 봉지씌우기가 효과적인 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권11호
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• pp.1209-1222
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• 2017

On June 5, 2008, the "Act on Special Cases Concerning the Simplification of Authorization and Permission Procedures for Industrial Complexes" (Act No. 9106) was enacted. When it was implemented in August 2008, many industrial complex development projects were established, and the number of industrial complexes growth rates of 3-6% during 2003-2007 rose to around 15% in 2008. With the increase in industrial complexes, the environmental impacts of individual projects were examined, but comprehensive regional reviews of environmental impacts were not undertaken. In this study, we determined changes in air quality by applying the industrial complex development plan that completed the consultation at the end of 2010 to assess the comprehensive regional environmental impacts and presented the adequacy review plan for future industrial development plans based on the study's results. When considering these industrial complex development plans, emissions in North Jeolla and South Chungcheong Provinces and Daegu City have increased significantly. Air quality analyses showed that the 24 h mean $SO_2$ concentration in Daegu increased by more than 50% in summer compared to air quality concentrations in summer. The 24 h mean $PM_{10}$ and $NO_2$ concentrations increased by approximately 12 and 30%, respectively, in North Jeolla Province in summer. Areas exceeding the air quality standard for 1 h mean $O_3$ concentration increased by more than $3,500km^2$. Based on the above analysis, changes in air quality should be anticipated through a comprehensive evaluation of long-term development plans. Furthermore, control of air quality in accordance with the development of future industrial complexes is possible.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.81-90
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• 1986

Hanna - Gifford Model and Air Quality Display Model(AQDM) were validated in the simulation of $SO_2$ and TSP concentrations of Seoul City. The observed data which were measured at 16 sites of air monitoring system conducted by Seoul metropolitan city in 1984 were compared with the simulated data and the results were obtained as follows; 1. Several different meteorological data were examined: The particularities of meteorological data was not an influencing factor in the validity of simulation. The simulations of $SO_2$ by Hanna - Gifford model and by AQDM showed close correlation coefficients between the observed data and the simulated data (r = 0.71 - 0.78). 2. The simulation models showed different validities with the seasonal variation: The correlation coefficients (r) between the observed and the simulated by Hanna - Gifford Model for $SO_2$ and TSP were 0.86 and 0.80 in Spring, 0.63 and 0.66 in Summer, 0.76 in Autumn and 0.81 and 0.93 in Winter respectively. Those by AQDM were 0.73 and 0.68 in Spring, 0.56 and 0.79 in Summer, 0.77 and 0.76 in Autumn and 0.64 and 0.68 in Winter respectively. 3. The simulated data by two models had a close relationships: The correlation coefficients between them were 0.96 for $SO_2$, and 0.93 for TSP. With the above results, the application of models was discussed; Hanna - Gifford model was less valid in the simulation for the air quality of $SO_2$ and TSP in Seoul in Summer and AQDM also was not valid for $SO_2$ in Summer and in Winter and for TSP in Spring.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.229-237
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of natural mineral complex fed to laying hens during the summer in terms of the egg quality. A total of 480 laying hens (160 leghorns, 160 Korean native chickens and 160 silkies, all 62 weeks old), were used for 4 weeks. The four dietary treatments were as follows: CON) basal diet; MC1) CON + 0.1% natural mineral complex (NMC); NMC3) CON + 0.3% NMC, and NMC5) CON + 0.5% NMC. In terms of egg weight, the NMC3 and NMC5 treatments had significantly higher egg weights than that of the CON (p < 0.001) in all species. Eggshell strength in the NMC3 and NMC5 treatments was significantly higher than that of the CON in the leghorns on 2 week (p < 0.01). In the Korean native chickens, the eggshell strength for the NMC1, NMC3 and NMC5 treatments was significantly higher than that of the CON during all periods. In 4 week, the eggshell strength for the CON and NMC1 treatment was significantly higher in the leghorns (p < 0.001), but the MC treatments had a significantly higher eggshell strength than that of the CON in Korean native chickens. Egg production was significantly improved in all the treatments compared to the NMC3 treatment (p < 0.05), and hatchability was also improved compared to the CON (p < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of natural mineral complex in chicken diets influenced the egg quality during the summer season.