• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.169-179
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• 1987

In the life style of the neolithic age, cooking and sleeping space was in one room dugout without differentiation of spaces, so to say one room system. Ro(a kind of primitive fire place) was used for both cooking and heating. However, in the early part of the Iron Age, the uses of Ro were separated into two major uses of cooking and heating. Especially, L-shaped Kudle(an unique under floor heating structure of Korea) was invented for the new system of heating, extending to Koguryo Period. The life style of Koguryo Dynasty could be seen through the mural paintings of tombs. For these mural paintings contain of cooking space(Kitchen), meat storage, and mill house drawing, we can recognize that houses were specialized many quaters according to their function. Also a kitchen fuel hole for preparing food was built without relation to L-shaped Kudle. But during Koryo Period, Kudle could be set up all over the room, the so-called Ondol(the unique Korean panel heating system) settled down. From this development of heating system, room could be adjacent to kitchen, and kitchen fuel hole and heating fuel hole be onething. This system was developed with variety, extending to Chosun Dynasty. In the period of Chosun Dynasty, a kitchen was made close to an Anbang(Woman's living room), and Anbangs Ondol was heated by the warmth of a cooking fireplace. Therefore Handae Puok, outer kitchen was used in summer. As for its storage space, it was seen that there were a pantry near the kitchen and a store house constructed as an independant building. In the latter, it was devided into a firewood storage, a Kimchi storage, and a rice storage, etc. Especially it is a unique feature that 'Handae-Duyju', an outer rice chest which keeps rice, was constructed as an isolated small building.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.477-487
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• 2014

This study aimed to develop a new commercialization model for theindustrialization of head family food as a gentry families' complex food culture product. We tried to develop a head family food and propose a city sightseeing style's head family product by interviews with 'Hakindang' as the center, the head house of the Suwon Baek clan, and Injaegong group in Jeonjoo. Hakindang (in Jeonju) was confirmed as an improved model Korean-style house in the enlightenment period and the twentieth style modern head family as emerging capitalist. Hakindangsupported independence war funds in the Japanese colonial era and was widely known as gate of filial piety in Jeonju. Representative seasonal foods of Hakindang include pan-fried sweet rice cake with flower petals in the spring, hot spicy meat stew and polypus variabilis in summer, hanchae in autumn, and napa cabbage kimchi with salted flatfish seafood in the winter. When parents-in-law had a birthday, there were party noodles, sliced abalone stuffed with pine nuts, brass chafing dish, fish eggs, slices of blilde meat, and matnaji. Daily, there were mainly salted seafood, slices of raw fish, grilled short rib patties, braised fish, baked fish, syruped chestnut, grilled deodeok root, bean sprouts, radish preserved with salt, dongchimi, soy sauce-marinated horseshoe crab, butterbur, perilla seed stew, salted clams, raw bamboo shoot, agar, fried kelp, etc. The most basic virtue of the head family is filial duty, and they developed mosim dining as a representative food of Hakingdang's head family. The mosim menu is composed of 65% carbohydrates, 20% protein, and 15% fat because it is table for parents-in-law like more than 75 years old. The sensory evaluation showed a chewy texture that is easily swallowed.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.317-327
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate Chinese female marriage immigrants' dietary life after immigration to Korea, focusing on comparison between Han-Chinese (traditional Chinese) and Korean-Chinese (Chinese of Korean descent). Methods: An in-person survey was conducted with women married to Korean men, having one child or more aged 1-6 years old, and having resided in Korea for at least one year before the survey. The data were collected from the 309 respondents comprising 151 Han-Chinese and 158 Korean-Chinese in the summer of 2013. Results: Overall, there was no significant difference in dietary practice, dietary acculturation, dietary behavior, dietary habits, and food intake between the Han-Chinese and the Korean-Chinese respondents. Over 50% of the respondents ate Korean food every day. The overall level of dietary acculturation was about 3.5 out of 5 points. The average score of healthy dietary behavior was a little bit higher than 3 out of 5 points. Approximately 3/4 of the respondents showed increasing frequency of eating out. The respondents reporting increase food diversity were over 70%. Decreased frequency of skipping meal was about 60% of the respondents. Over 50% of the respondents showed increasing consumption of Kimchi, vegetables, fruit, and meat. Conclusions: Dietary life of Korean-Chinese female marriage immigrants was similar to that of Han-Chinese female marriage immigrants after immigration to Korea. The results from this study suggest that not only Han-Chinese but also Korean-Chinese should be targeted in various diet-related acculturation support programs as important multicultural populations in Korea.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.355-362
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• 2019

Cotesia glomerata L., an internal parasitoid wasp, attacks the larvae of both the cabbage white butterfly (Artogeia rapae L.) and the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.). It can be utilized as a natural biological enemy to control these two insect pests in the summer cabbage fields of the Korean highland areas. The developmental response and sex ratio of C. glomerata to various temperatures and its longevity were examined in the laboratory. The egg-to-larva and pupa stages of C. glomerata were 12.1 ± 2.1 and 6.4 ± 1.8 days, respectively, at 20℃, The developmental threshold for egg-to-larva and pupa stages were 7.7 and 8.5℃, respectively. The sex ratios of C. glomerata when reared under various temperatures were 61.0 ± 4.5% at 15℃, 44.2 ± 1.0% at 20℃, and 39.0 ± 2.3% at 25℃, and the incidence of females increased as the temperature decreased. The longevity of C. glomerata when fed a 10% sugar solution was 20.4 ± 0.2 days, while in adults without any feed, the longevity was 3.6 ± 0.1 days. Indoor reared C. glomerata adults were released into cabbage fields from 2007 to 2018, in early August of each year, and the outdoor parasitism rates were surveyed. The parasitism rates were found to increase gradually as the year passed (Y = 0.2696X + 2.8633, R² = 0.3994). The highest parasitism rate was observed in 2013 at 7.6%, and the lowest was in 2018 at 6.5 %. These results could be used as basic information for biological control of kimchi cabbage pests at highland fields.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.sup
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• pp.9-21
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• 2007

This study aimed to assess the total sugar intake for Korean and to identify major food sources contributing to those food components. Korean adults aged over 20 years old from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2001 and 2002 were selected. The data were analyzed to obtain nationally and seasonally representative information on the health and nutritional status of the Korean. Forty food groups were used in identifying food sources of total sugar and energy intake. Total sugar contents of foods in the KNHANES data sets were estimated by food code matching technique with Release 18 of the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Sample weighted means, standard errors, and population percentages were calculated using SAS and SUDAAN. The mean total sugar intake of the Korean was 60.3g in 2001, 40.9g in spring 2002, 45.7g in summer 2002, and 52.1g in fall 2002, which were 30-44% of intake of US people. Fresh fruit was identified as the most significant food source for total sugar intake in Korean population in all age groups and all seasons. The next major food sources following fresh fruits were candy/jelly/syrup/honey, coffee/coffee caream, vegetables, Kimchi, soft drinks, milk, fruit juice, cookie/cracker/cake, and vegetable juice/grain juice, which showed similar results through the seasons. While carbonated soft drink was the most significant food sources for total sugar or added sugar intakes for US people. The total sugar intakes were significantly higher in women, higher educational level, and residing in metropolitan area. As intake of total sugar increased, intakes of protein, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, Vit A, B1, B2, C, niacin showed significantly increased, while high intakes of added sugars showed low intakes of some micronutrients in the US people. Percentages of people who consumed nutrients below EAR were less in higher total sugar intake group than in lower intake group. From these results, we can conclude that the food consumption habits including the total sugar intake of Korean people seems relatively good so far. More reliable database of total sugar and added sugar composition tables in public domain should be established in the future, and also more researches about total sugar and added sugar for Koreans should be continued.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.35-45
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• 1976

To investigate the food choices and Dietary Preferences of College Women the number of dishes sold and the sales of the midmeal at the Student Cafeteria, Ewha Womans University were recorded for the fiscal year of 1974; and the observations were made on two consecutive days (June 3rd and 4th, 1974)on what a person has chosen which and how many dishes. The relationship between the number of the consecutive days and the number of foods chosen were treated as Chi square analysis. The results of the food choices and dietary preferences of College Women were as follows: 1. Breads and rice cakes, vegetable dishes, milk and milk products, rice dishes, soups, meat, fish, poultry and eggs, Kimchis and one dish meal were chosen highly; and beverages, stews, and soybeans and soybean products were chosen negligibly. 2. One dish meals, vegetable dishes, meat, fish, poultry and eggs, milk and milk products showed the highest sales volume during the year; rice dishes, breads and rice cakes were the second highest in sales amount; fried foods, snacks and Kimchis showed the range of $3{\sim}6%$ of the total sales; and the beverages, stews, soybean and soybean products were the lowest in sales amount. 3. Seasonal differences were noticed on some dishes. Breads add rice cakes, milk and milk products showed the high selections from March to November and the low, during December to February. Stews, Kimchis, beverages were kept low except sudden rise on February. One dish meal and rice dishes showed almost same level during the year but on February the slight increase were noticed; even level were kept on meat group except the increase to $13{\sim}16%$ on July and December. Fried foods were kept on similar level during the year except the increase on June. Snacks and fruits showed low selections on March, April, November and December and higher at summer. Vegetables, soups, soybean and soybean products showed no different fluctuations in selections during the year. 4. Rolls, salads, milk, hamburgers, fried vegetables, rice with mired vegetables(Bi-bim-bab), and Nang-myun were the single dishes chosen most frequently. 5. There is significant relationship at 0.05 level between the consecutive days and the number of foods chosen. It is concluded that about 50% of the population has taken one item of dishes. The popular combinations were one dish meal and soup or Kimchi; noodles and salads or fried vegetables. It is suggested to set up choice menus with the daily variations, cyclical variations and with the invariable ones; and to recommend one dish meal, breads, partial meals for school lunch; and to study to improve one dish meal, vegetable dishes and fried foods, which are new and inexpensive products. It is also suggested that the feeding of the college students should have to lead the people to the goal that the nutrition education is desired.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.59-83
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• 2012

Agriculture is a primary industry that influenced by the weather or meterological factors more than other industry. Global warming and worldwide climate changes, and unusual weather phenomena are fatal in agricultural industry and human life. Therefore, many previous studies have been made to find the relationship between weather and the productivity of agriculture. Meterological factors also influence on the distribution of agricultural product. For example, price of agricultural product is determined in the market, and also influenced by the weather of the market. However, there is only a few study was made to find this link. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of meterological factors on the distribution of agricultural products, focusing on the distribution of chinese cabbages. Chinese cabbage is a main ingredient of Kimchi, and basic essential vegetable in Korean dinner table. However, the production of chinese cabbages is influenced by weather and very fluctuating so that the variation of its price is so unstable. Therefore, both consumers and farmers do not feel comfortable at the unstable price of chinese cabbages. In this study, we analyze the real transaction data of chinese cabbage in wholesale markets and meterological factors depending on the variety and geography. We collect and analyze data of meterological factors such as temperatures, humidity, cloudiness, rainfall, snowfall, wind speed, insolation, sunshine duration in producing and consuming region of chinese cabbages. The result of this study shows that the meterological factors such as temperature and humidity significantly influence on the volume and price of chinese cabbage transaction in wholesale market. Especially, the weather of consuming region has greater correlation effects on transaction than that of producing region in all types of chinese cabbages. Among the whole agricultural lifecycle of chinese cabbages, 'seeding - harvest - shipment - wholesale', meterological factors such as temperature and rainfall in shipment and wholesale period are significantly correlated with transaction volume and price of crops. Based on the result of correlation analysis, we make a regression analysis to verify the meterological factors' effects on the volume and price of chines cabbage transaction in wholesale market. The results of stepwise regression analysis are shown in