• 대기
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.91-100
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• 2010

In accordance with the time series of rainfall in summer (June, July and August) in South and North Korea for recent 28 years (1981-2008), rainfall is substantially increased in South Korea since 1996, while it is significantly decreased in North Korea. In particular, the decreasing tendency of rainfall in summer in North Korea is more definitely observed during the $2^{nd}$ rainy season (late August - mid September) in intraseasonal variation. Such a feature is also confirmed in the spatial distribution of oscillation pattern between South and North Korea on the basis of 1996 which is obtained by empirical orthogonal function analysis using the summer rainfall observed in all weather observation stations in South and North Korea. For the decreasing tendency of rainfall in North Korea, it is found that northeasterlies from anticyclonic circulation centered on around Baikal Lake weaken convective activity during summer. On the contrary, the increasing tendency of rainfall in South Korea is related to the strengthened cyclonic circulation in the southern region of China and accordingly, enhances southwesterlies in South Korea.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.17-20
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• 1993

강원도 지방에서의 철늦은 뽕밭 덧거름이 뽕잎 수량과 봄철 가지끝마름에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 관행시비시기인 6월 20일을 대조로 8월 10일과 30일에 덧거름을 주고 수량과 가지끝마름비율을 조사한 결과 다음과 같았다. 1. 뽕잎수량은 8월 10일 시비구는 가장 높아 관행대비 10~30%, 잎뽕수확구에서는 10~17%의 증수를 보였으나, 통계적인 유의차는 인정되지 않았으며, 8월 30일구에서는 관행구와 큰 차를 보이지 않았다. 2. 봄철 가지끝마름비율을 비교하면, 관행구가 가장 높아 중간벌채구에서는 13.1%를 보인 반면 다른 구에서는 이보다 낮은 7.7~12.8%를, 잎뽕 수확구에서는 18.3%를 보인 반면 다른 구에서는 이보다 적은 11.0~13.3%를 보여서 덧거름에 의한 가지끝마름비율의 증가는 인정되지 않았다.

• 신재생에너지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2022

In this study, we used the Flux Balance Analysis (FBA) program to examine the behavior of hydrogen and organic acids according to seasonal changes in food wastewater collected from D city. The results showed that average hydrogen conversion rates in spring, summer, autumn, and winter were 1.06, 0.71, 1.21, and 1.13 mol H₂/mol of hexose_added, respectively, indicating a significantly lower hydrogen conversion rate in summer than in other seasons. This phenomenon is believed to occur because the carbohydrate concentration of the incoming food wastewater is low. In addition, Lactobacillus, the lactic acid-producing bacterium, was 21.3% in spring, 27.2% in summer, 17.5% in autumn, and 22.6% in winter. The most distinctive feature of the microbial community in summer was that 15.3% of the Ilyobacter was analyzed. It was confirmed that Ilyobacter, which is involved in the production of acetic acid and propionic acid, is closely associated with the tendency of increasing acetic acid and propionic acid and thus contributes to organic acid change. Clostridium, a hydrogen-producing bacterium, was 76.2%, 50.8%, 78.3%, and 74%, in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. It was confirmed that Clostridium dominates the microbial community by approximately 70% or more in all seasons except summer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.1486-1494
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• 2017

Objective: This research analyzed behavioral characteristics of Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) steers during each season and growth stage to enable measurement of the animals' welfare level for precision livestock farming. Methods: A hundred-eight beef steers were divided into three equal groups at a Hanwoo farm according to their growth stage: growing stage (GS), 8 months; early-fattening stage (EFS), 19 months; and late-fattening stage (LFS), 30 months. Twelve behavioral categories were continuously recorded for 13 day-time hours in each four seasons with three replications. Results: Time spent standing was found to be significantly longer in summer at all growth stages (p<0.05). Hanwoos at the GS spent significantly longer standing time in spring and summer than those at the EFS and LFS (p<0.05). Lying time in summer was the shortest for all growth stages (p<0.05). Steers at the LFS spent significantly longer lying time than that at the GS (p<0.05) in summer. For GS and EFS, time spent eating in spring and autumn were longer than in summer and winter (p<0.05). Eating time was the longest for the GS in spring, autumn, and winter, excluding for the LFS in winter (p<0.05). Regarding ruminating, steers at the LFS spent significantly shorter time than those at other stages in all seasons (p<0.05). GS and EFS steers showed the longest walking time in summer compared with other seasons (p<0.05). At GS and LFS, drinking time in summer was the longest of all seasons (p<0.05). Sleeping time was significantly shorter in summer compared with the other seasons (p<0.05). Self-grooming time was the longest in winter for all growth stages (p<0.05). Conclusion: Steers were found to have more variable behavioral patterns during summer and the GS and less active behaviors during the LFS, thus extra care seems necessary during the GS, LFS, and summer period.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.262-269
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• 2012

ARDRA (amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis) 방법을 이용하여 주황해변해면(Hymeniacidon sinapium)의 배양 가능한 공생세균 군집에 대하여 봄과 여름의 계절에 따른 차이를 분석하였다. 공생세균의 배양은 변형된 Zobell 배지와 MA 배지를 사용하였다. 분리된 균주의 16S rDNA를 증폭하고 제한효소 HaeIII와 MspI을 이용하여 제한효소 type을 구별하였다. 그 결과 봄 해면인 경우 23개, 여름인 경우 28개의 ARDRA type을 구별할 수 있었다. 각 type 별로 1-3개의 분리균주를 선별하여 부분 염기서열 분석 결과, 알려진 세균 종과 94% 이상의 유사도를 나타내었다. 봄 해면으로부터 분리된 세균들은 Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, 4개의 문(phylum)에 속하였으며 여름 해면의 공생세균은 Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, 5개의 문에 포함되었다. Gammaproteobacteria는 봄 해면에서 33.8%, 여름 해면에서 67.4%가 각각 관찰되어 두 계절에서 우점 하는 세균그룹으로 나타났으며 여름철에 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. Firmicutes와 Actinobacteria의 경우 봄 해면에서 각각30.2%, 8.3%로 관찰된 반면 여름해면에서는 6.9%, 0%로 관찰되어 여름철에 감소하는 세균 그룹이었다. Betaproteobacteria(4.7%)와 Bacteroidetes (4.7%)는 여름 해면에서만 관찰되었다. H. sinapium 해면에서 봄철에 비해 여름철에 더 다양한 세균그룹을 발견할 수 있었으며 동일한 해면 종일지라도 계절에 따라 공생세균 군집에 차이를 나타냄을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.93-102
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• 1996

본 연구는 한국에 있어서 1994년 하계한발의 지역적 분포특성과 지상기압장 및 500hPa면의 종관적 특성을 평년과 비교분석한 연구이다. 평년강수량에 대한 1994년 강수량의 백분율을 기준한 6월의 한발은 여수 중심의 남부지방, 7월은 한국 전역, 8월은 소백산맥 이동의 남동안에 심한 한발을 초래하여 강수와 시간적 공간적 변동성을 반영하고 있다. 6 8월의 한반도와 그 주변의 지상기압장의 기압편차가 정편차, 전국적인 한발이 나타난 7월은 부편차역에 속하여 대조를 이룬다. 1994년 하계에 한반도를 통과한 온대저기압은 그 통과 빈도가 낮을 뿐만 아니라 한반도로부터 남편, 혹은 북편되어 통과하여서 온대저기합성 강수의 출현빈도가 낮음을 알 수 있다. 6월의 한발시 500hPa면의 trough의 중심이 평년보다 동편되어 한반도는 이 trough의 서쪽에 위치하고 7 8월은 한반도와 그 주변이 ridge에 속한다. 따라서 한반도와 그 주변의 500hPa면 고도편차는 정편차를 나타내며 이때 동서지수는 높아서 평년에 비해 동서류가 강할 때 한발이 출현함을 밝혔다.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.147-159
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• 1995

Although there are many research studies on the effectiveness of heat and cold therapy for patients with arthritis at home or health care center, little attention has been paid to determining which therapy associates with season is effective for patients with chronic arthritis. The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of heat and cold therapy associated with season for patients with arthritis. An experimental design using replications with intervention was employed. A total of 27 female arthritic patients were selected. Data were collected in summer and winter. Hot bag and ice bag were applied on each patient's knee for each 20 minutes alternatively. Joint pain, discomfort and range of motion were measured. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, and two-way ANOVA. The results of this study were ; 1. Joint pain Heat therapy was effective for pain relief, as compared with cold therapy. Heat therapy was more effective for pain relief in winter than in summer. Cold therapy was effective for pain relief, but there was no statistically significant difference of pain relief between summer and winter. 2. Discomfort Discomfort was decreased using heat therapy, whereas it was increased using cold therapy. Although discomfort was decreased using heat therapy in both summer and winter, there was no statistically significant difference of discomfort between summer and winter. Using cold therapy, discomfort was decreased in summer, but increased in winter. and season had effect on discomfort. 3. Range of motion Although there was no statistically significant difference between the range of motion for both heat and cold therapy, range of motion was Increased using both heat and cold therapy. In winter, range of motion was increased rather than in summer by using heat therapy. Using cold therapy, The range of motion was decreased in both summer and winter. There was no stastistically significant difference of range of motion between heat therapy and cold therapy. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant difference of range of motion between summer and winter. In conclusion, both heat and cold therapy were effective for pain relief, discomfort, and range of motion, especially heat therapy. Heat therapy was effective for pain relief, discomfort, and range of motion in winter, as compared with summer. Cold therapy, however, was effective for only pain relief in winter, The findings suggest the use of heat therapy for patients with arthritis especially in winter.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.45-52
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• 1985

감자의 품종별 조리특성을 알아보기 위하여 춘작 4 종(남작, 대지, 도원 및 수미)과 하작 4종(남작, 수미빈체 및 라도사)을 선택하여 전분의 특성과 수우프의 점도와 식미를 측정하였다. 감자전분의 아밀로그람 특성을 품종에 따라 큰 차이를 보여 주었다. 춘작은 breakdown이나 setback 이나타나지 않고 연차적으로 점도가 상승하였으며, 호화개시 온도가 높았다. 하작의 빈체와 작은 호화가 쉽게 일어나며, breakdown 이 나타났다. 하작은 호화개시온도가 춘작에 비해 낮으므로, 전분입자가 치밀하지 못함을 유추할 수 있다. 수우프의 점도를 비교하면, 춘작의 수미, 대지 및 도원은 수우프의 온도가 내려감에 따라 점도상승이 뚜렷하나, 춘작의 남작과 하작 4종은 상승폭이 작았다. 으깬감자와 수우프의 식미검사를 보면 춘작에서는 남작이 가장 우수하였으며, 하작에서는 수미가 가장 높은 점수를 보였다. 감자의 농도에 따라 수우프의 맛은 달라지는데 춘작의 대지, 도원 및 수미는 19.8％와 23.5％ 농도에서 우수하였으나, 하작감자와 춘작의 남작은 27％농도에 서 우수하였다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.142-149
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• 2007

To evaluate the seasonal differences of nutrient intake and serum biochemical indices (total cholesterol, HDL-, LDL- cholesterol, TG, MDA : malondialdehyde, TAS : total antioxidant status, folate) in Korean college women with a mean age of 20.15y, this study was conducted twice: once in winter and a second time in summer. Anthropometric assessment was also measured in the two seasons. As a result body fat mass (p<0.05), body fat% (p<0.05), and abdominal fat% (p < 0.01) in the summer were significantly lower than those in winter. Intake of fat (p < 0.05), polyunsaturated fatty acid (p < 0.01), zinc (p < 0.05), and vitamin E (p < 0.05) were at significantly higher levels in the summer period compared with the winter period. In addition, nutrients with an intake level less than 75% RI of KDRIs were folate in winter and calcium, and folate in the summer. Total cholesterol (p < 0.05) and HDL-cholesterol in summer, according to lipid profiles, were significantly lower than those in winter. Although MDA, one of the products of lipid peroxidation, remained unchanged, TAS was significantly higher in summer than in winter. The level of folate in summer showed significantly lower than that in winter. The present study suggests that nutrient intake of college women women differs according to the seasons and anthropometric indices and serum biochemical indexes were associated with seasons. Thus nutritional education programs on the basis of season are needed for college women.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.79-84
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• 2001

본 연구는 Duroc 종모돈의 정액성상, 동결-융해후의 정자생존성 및 혈청 중 테스토스테론의 농도에 미치는 영향을 봄 (3~5월)과 여름 (6~8월)으로 나누어 실시한 바, 그 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같았다. 1. Duroc 종모돈의 정액량, pH, 정자농도는 봄과 여름철에 큰 차이가 없었다. 2. 봄철 및 여름철의 전체 정액량, 정자농후부분 그리고 정자희박부분에서 봄과 여름간의 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 3. 원정액 정자에서는 운동성 및 정상첨체에서 봄과 여름철간에 차이가 없었다. 그러나 동결-융해정자의 운동성 및 정상첨체는 봄철의 종모돈에서 생산한 정자가 여름철의 종모돈에서 생산한 정자보다 우수하였다. 4. 듀록 종모돈의 혈청 중 테스토스테론의 농도 변화는 봄과 여름에 각각 2.15 ng/$m\ell$과 0.65 ng/$m\ell$으로, 봄철 테스토스테론의 농도가 여름철의 농도 보다 높았다(P＜0.05). 5. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면, 듀록 종모돈에 있어 정자의 내동성은 혈청 중 테스토스테른의 농도가 높을수록 우수한 것으로 나타났다.