• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 2015

Objectives : To investigate clinical and symptomatic differences among motoric subtypes of delirium. Methods : A total of 256 patients referred to psychiatric consultation services for delirium due to general medical condition were assessed retrospectively. Motoric subtypes were determined according to Lipowski's criteria for hyperactive, hypoactive and mixed subtypes. All patients were evaluated according to Delirium Rating Scale-Revised-98(DRS-98-R) by trained psychiatrists to obtain symptomatic profiles of delirium. Results : Hyperactive subtype were 50.8%(n=130), mixed 46.1%(n=118) and hypoactive 3.1%(n=8). Hyperactive patients were younger than mixed subtype($69.62{\pm}13.976$ vs. $73.97{\pm}11.569$, p=0.022) and received antipsychotics to manage symptoms of delirium more frequently(83.8% vs. 57.6%, p<0.001). Hyperactive patients had higher DRS-R-98 scores on both noncognitive($7.14{\pm}3.543$ for hyperactive, $5.62{\pm}3.279$ for mixed subtype) and cognitive subscales($10.00{\pm}3.574$ for hyperactive, $6.38{\pm}2.875$ for hypoactive, $7.43{\pm}3.771$ for mixed subtype, p<0.001). Conclusions : We demonstrated that clinical and symptomatic profiles were different across motoric subtypes in delirium. Diagnostic and therapeutic approach should be made differently according to motoric subtypes of delirium and special attention is needed not to underestimate or delay treatment in specific motoric subtype of delirium.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.112-123
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• 2022

Objective: To investigate the relationship between ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT semi-quantitative parameters and the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (IASLC/ATS/ERS) histopathologic classification, including histological subtypes, proliferation activity, and somatic mutations. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 419 patients (150 males, 269 females; median age, 59.0 years; age range, 23.0-84.0 years) who had undergone surgical removal of stage IA-IIIA lung adenocarcinoma and had preoperative PET/CT data of lung tumors. The maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax), background-subtracted volume (BSV), and background-subtracted lesion activity (BSL) derived from PET/CT were measured. The IASLC/ATS/ERS subtypes, Ki67 score, and epidermal growth factor/anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EGFR/ALK) mutation status were evaluated. The PET/CT semi-quantitative parameters were compared between the tumor subtypes using the Mann-Whitney U test or the Kruskal-Wallis test. The optimum cutoff values of the PET/CT semi-quantitative parameters for distinguishing the IASLC/ATS/ERS subtypes were calculated using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The correlation between the PET/CT semi-quantitative parameters and pathological parameters was analyzed using Spearman's correlation. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: SUVmax, BSV, and BSL values were significantly higher in invasive adenocarcinoma (IA) than in minimally IA (MIA), and the values were higher in MIA than in adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) (all p < 0.05). Remarkably, an SUVmax of 0.90 and a BSL of 3.62 were shown to be the optimal cutoff values for differentiating MIA from AIS, manifesting as pure ground-glass nodules with 100% sensitivity and specificity. Metabolic-volumetric parameters (BSV and BSL) were better potential independent factors than metabolic parameters (SUVmax) in differentiating growth patterns. SUVmax and BSL, rather than BSV, were strongly or moderately correlated with Ki67 in most subtypes, except for the micropapillary and solid predominant groups. PET/CT parameters were not correlated with EGFR/ALK mutation status. Conclusion: As noninvasive surrogates, preoperative PET/CT semi-quantitative parameters could imply IASLC/ATS/ERS subtypes and Ki67 index and thus may contribute to improved management of precise surgery and postoperative adjuvant therapy.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.29 no.spc1
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• pp.331-332
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• 1996

We present 3 rare subtypes of the FFSs observed with high temporal resolution at 4-frequency (1.42, 2.13, 2.84 and 4.2G GHz). The various FFSs occurred during the main and post-flare phase can demonstrate that coronal nonthermal electron acceleration/injection may go through the whole development process of flares, and deduce that there may exist the re-forming of loop-like structures in the post-flare phase, and the complex multi-type magnetic structures in corona.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.287.1-287.1
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• 2002

To study the expressions of glutamate transporter subtypes in cerebellar astrocytes following the chronic exposure of nicotine from mating, rats were treated with nicotine (25 ppm) from the beginning of mating through drinking water. After delivery. each group was divided into two groups. Groups were exposed to either distilled water or nicotine. From 7 day-old pups at each group. cerebellar astrocytes were prepared. Ten days after culture. the expressions of glutamate transporter subtypes (GLAST and GLT-1) were determined using immunochemistry and immunoblot. (omitted)

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2012

Objectives: Cigarette smoking is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Bilirubin is a potent antioxidant and its concentration decreases in smokers. However, studies about the association between cigarette smoking and bilirubin are scarce and most are limited to total bilirubin. Additionally, bilirubin is highly related to hemoglobin. Therefore, this study evaluates the association between bilirubin subtypes and cigarette smoking in healthy Korean men independently of hemoglobin. Methods: This study included 48 040 Korean men aged 30 to 87 years who visited the Korea Medical Institute for routine health examinations from January to December, 2007. The association of smoking with total, direct, and indirect bilirubin was assessed by logistic regression analysis taking into consideration differences in subjects and smoking characteristics. Results: Current smokers had lower bilirubin concentrations than never-smokers and ex-smokers. Smoking amount and duration were inversely significantly associated with total, direct, and indirect bilirubin. In a multivariable adjusted model, compared to never-smokers, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of current smokers with the highest number of pack-years were 1.7 (1.6 to 1.9) for total, 1.5 (1.4 to 1.6) for direct, and 1.7 (1.6 to 1.9) for indirect bilirubin. After further adjustment for hemoglobin, this association became stronger (OR [95% CI], 2.1 [1.9 to 2.2] for total; 1.9 [1.8 to 2.0] for direct; 2.0 [1.9 to 2.2] for indirect bilirubin). Conclusions: In this study, bilirubin subtypes are inversely associated with smoking status, smoking amount, and smoking duration in healthy Korean men independently of hemoglobin. Further studies are needed to investigate this association in healthy Korean women.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.208-208
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• 1996

In this work we investigated coupling of the m2 and m4 subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Stimulation of guanylate cyclase activity in detector neuroblastoma cells was used as an index of generation of nitric oxide (NO) in CHO cells. The agonist carbachol induced marked time and concentration-dependent enhancement of the activity of nNOS at m2 receptors. In sharp contrast, the response in CHO cells transfected with the m4 receptor gene was similar in magnitude to that observed in non-transfected cells, suggesting lack of significant coupling of m4 muscarinic receptors to NO signaling. This novel observation of functional divergence of the two muscarinic receptor subtypes at the level of activation of nNOS is quite intriguing, in light of the currently accepted dogma that they belong to the same functional class. This functional selectivity was not due to differential effects on intracellular Ca$\^$2+/ concentration, since activation of both subtypes of muscarinic receptors produced a comparable, albeit quite small, Ca$\^$2+/ signal. Taken together, our present data strongly suggest that the generally assumed functional equivalence of m2 and m4 muscarinic receptors should be carefully reexamined. These data also suggest the presence of alternate mechanisms of activation of nNOS, which might be operative in the absence of large changes in the concentration of cellular Ca$\^$2+/. The latter mechanisms are expected to be activated by m2, but not m4 muscarinic receptors. Both sets of findings are quits important in regards to refining the functional classification of muscarinic receptor subtypes and the cellular mechanisms of activation of NOS.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2008

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the seasonal variation in stroke types, ischemic stroke subtypes, stroke risk factors and Sasang constitutions. Methods: 226 patients with acute stroke within 14 days onset were included, who were admitted to Kyunghee Oriental Medical Center from November 2005 to October 2006. The year was subdivided into four parts: spring (March-May); summer (June-August); fall (September-November); and winter (December-February). Stroke types, ischemic stroke subtypes, stroke risk factors and Sasang constitutions in the four groups were examined. Results: Ischemic stroke was most frequent in summer, whereas hemorrhagic stroke was most frequent in winter. There was no significant difference in seasonal variation of stroke. The frequency of ischemic heart disease among stroke risk factors was significantly high in spring (p=0.031). The frequency of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, and hyperlipidemia did not differ among seasons. There was no significant difference in Sasang constitution among seasons. Frequency of small vessel occlusion was highest in summer. Large artery atherosclerosis was frequent in spring and summer,but seasonal variation of ischemic stroke subtypes did not show statistical difference. Conclusion: Acute stroke demonstrates seasonal characteristics according to stroke types, ischemic stroke subtypes, risk factors for stroke, and Sasang constitutions. These results have important clinical implications in stroke prevention.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.104-111
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to compare two subtypes of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and controls in their attention using ADHD diagnostic system (ADS), a kind of continuous performance test. Methods : Subjects of this study were 8 children with ADHD-predominantly inattentive type, 28 children with ADHD-combined type and 20 control children. Ages ranged from 5 to 14 years. The Korean Educational Development Institute version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (KEDI-WISC) and the ADS were administered to all subjects to provide measures of intelligence and attention. Results : Significant differences were found in the ADS variables for the three groups. When compared with controls, the ADHD-predominantly inattentive type children scored significantly higher on the omission error at middle stage and later stage and ADHD-combined type children scored significantly higher on the omission error and reaction time at later stage. When compared with the other two groups, the ADHD-combined type children scored significantly higher on the commission error at all three stages. Conclusion : Our results suggest that the two subtypes of ADHD have different features in attention deficit. And there was a possibility that commission error is available variable to show cognitive characteristics of ADHD-combined type than any other ADS variables. Further studies are needed to evaluate this finding.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.2287-2290
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• 2014

Background: In the past few years, a considerable number of preclinical studies have been proposed metformin as a potential anticancer agent, but some of these studies suffer from a number of methodological limitations such as assessment of cytotoxicity in the presence of supraphysiological glucose concentrations or applying suprapharmacological levels of the drug. These objections have limited the translation of published preclinical data to the clinical setting. The present study aimed to investigate direct anticancer effects of metformin on different molecular subtypes of breast cancer with pharmacological concentrations and under normoglycemic conditions in vitro. Materials and Methods: Breast cancer cell lines from luminal A, luminal B, ErbB2 and triple-negative molecular subtypes were treated with a pharmacological concentration of metformin (2mM) at a glucose concentration of 5.5mM. Time-dependant cell viability was assessed by dye exclusion assay. MTTbased cytotoxicity assays were also performed with metformin alone or in combination with paclitaxel. Results: Metformin did not show any growth inhibitory effects or time-dependant cytotoxicity on breast cancer cell lines in the presence of normal glucose concentrations at the therapeutic plasma level. No augmentation of the antineoplastic properties of paclitaxel was apparent under the tested conditions. Conclusions: Metformin is probably unable to exert cytotoxic or cytostatic effects on breast cancer subtypes at pharmacological concentrations and normal plasma glucose levels. These results highlight the importance of establishing a higher steady-state plasma concentration of metformin in the clinical setting for assessment of anticancer effects in normoglycemic patients.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.8-12
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• 2007

Objectives : This study aimed to investigate the circadian variation in stroke types, ischemic stroke subtypes, and Sasang constitutions. Methods : 295 patients with acute stroke within 14 days onset were included, who were admitted to Kyunghee Oriental Medical Center from October 2005 to May 2007. The stroke onset time was subdivided into four groups of 6-hour intervals in a day. Stroke types, ischemic stroke subtypes, and Sasang constitutions in four groups were examined. Results : Most ischemic stroke occurred between 6:01-12:00 hours (30.2%). For ischemic stroke subtypes, the peak period of small-vessel occlusion was between 6:01-12:00 hours (33.2%), large-artery atherosclerosis was most common between 12:01-18:00 hours (39.5%), and cardiac embolism was most frequent between 18:01-24:00 hours (50%). In terms of Sasang constitution, Soyeumin and Taeyeumin were most common between 6:01-12:00 hours (36.4% versus 41.5%, respectively), but the peak time of Soyangin was between 12:01-18:00 hours (35.2%). Conclusion :Most ischemic stroke events occurred in the mid-to-late morning hours in the present study and there was a circadian variation of onset in ischemic stroke subtypes and Sasang constitution.