• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.9-14
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• 2017

$ISnO_2$ thin films were prepared on p-type and n-type Si substrates to research the interface characteristics between $SnO_2$ and substrate. After the annealing processes, the amorphous structure was formed at the interface to make a Schottky contact. The O 1s spectra showed the bond of 530.4 eV as an amorphous structure, and the Schottky contact. The analysis by the deconvoluted spectra was observed the drastic variation of oxygen vacancies at the amorphous structure because of the depletion layer is directly related to the oxygen vacancy. $SnO_2$ thin film changed the electrical properties depending on the characteristics of substrates. It was confirmed that it is useful to observe the Schottky contact's properties by complementary using the XPS analysis and I-V measurement.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.19-21
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• 2006

Biaxially textured Ni was fabricated by electrodeposition process and delaminated from the biaxially textured cathode surface for further buffer layer deposition process. Those electrode posited Ni substrates showed well-developed biaxial texture and smooth surface. In order to improve the thermal stability of Ni substrates, Mn was alloyed by adding Mn precursor into the electrodeposition bath. Subsequently, $CeO_2$ buffer layers are deposited by MOD process to prevent interfacial reaction between superconductor and substrates. In particular, Bismuth oxide was added to $CeO_2$ to realize lower temperature processing of buffer layers. The microstructure and texture development of each layers have been investigated. Preliminary results shows that all electro/chemical process can be a candidate for cost effective route to YBCO coated conductor.

• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2023

Flexible dye sensitized photovoltaics (f-DSPVs) based on plastic substrates have attracted significant interest due to their light-weight, flexibility, and compatibility with roll-to-roll processing, as well as their potential application to ubiquitous power sources. However, f-DSPVs exhibit inferior power conversion efficiencies (PCE) compared to conventional DSPVs since the fabrication process must be conducted at a low-temperature (≤ 150℃) to prevent thermal damage of the plastic substrates, which generally results in poor interconnection between the TiO₂ nanoparticles. Numerous novel low-temperature manufacturing approaches for flexible photoanode and counter electrode have been developed. In this review, current progress on low temperature strategies for f-DSPVs technology are discussed.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.214-217
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• 1993

Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CO-DH) was found to be present in Acinetobacter sp. strain JC1 grown on CO and also on methylotrophic and heterotrophic substrates, except for pyruvate and nutrient broth. The amounts of CO-DH in cells grown on methylamine, glucose, galactose, and succinate were comparable to that of the CO-grown cells. CO-DH activity, however, was onot deteted by the dye-linked assay method in cell extracts prepared from cells grown on organic substrates, except on ethanol and succinate. THe activity was detected when the CO-DH was stained by activity using CO as a substrate. CO-DHs in cells grown on different substrates were found to be identical in immunological properties.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1980

In this study, enzymatic saccharification of substrates from Alnus hirsuta Ruper (8-14 years). Quercus acutissima Carruthers, Betula platyphylla var. japonica Nera, Populus euramericana Guiner and Platanus orientalis L. were investigated using crude cellulase preparations of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex. Fr. SANK 16374, and conduced on the optimum treated conditions of the cellulase sacchrification and reactivation of residue of digested substrates. The Trichoderma viride cellulase was produced by the submerged culture process and produced in the culture fluid was salted out quantitatively by the use of ammonium sulfate. The method of dilignification from wood (5 species) was treated by the peracetic acid(PA) method. The reducing sugar was determined by the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. 1. The results of tests carried out for 96 hr. (Figure 1), show conclusively the initial substrates from 5 species ($S_3$) which has been rendered highly reactive form and the mean rate of reducing sugar was 28.3 %. 2. The results of tests carried out for 96 hr., the reactivation of residue of digested substrates (improvement in the quality of the substrate through preheating in air at $190^{\circ}C$. for 45 min. followed by milling was (60 mesh size) at the same substrate level, increased concentrations of cellulase at the same substrate level, and increased concentrations of cellulase increases the rate of hydrolysis considerably. 3. Figure 1. shows conclusively that the residue of digested substrates ($S_1$ dried at $60^{\circ}C$) which has been rendered extremly resistant to cellulase action can be reactivated into a highly reactive form ($S_2$), almost comparable to that of the initial substrates ($S_3$). And the reducing sugar formation did not show statistically significent differences at 5% levels by initial substrates and the residue of digested substrates (preheating in air at $190^{\circ}C$. for 45 min. fallowed by milling was (60 mesh size).

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.85-93
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of several substrates and ratio of NO3--N to NH4--N in nutrient solution on growth, yield and mineral uptake of sweet pepper(Capsicum annuum L.) in bag culture. The content of minerals such as P, K, Ca and Mg showed difference in concentration among media: P and Mg were the highest in vermiculite in vermiculti+rice hull, K in perlite+vermiculite and Ca in perlite+peatmoss; with the lowest in the single perlite medium respectively, Ca of mineral made fairly higest level in concentration compared with the others in all of the media. The concentration of mineral content was lower in the ratio of 8:2 than that of 10:0. Admitting that the pH made difference depending on the kind of substrates and ratios of NO3--N to NH4--N. The pH of 10:0 ratio in all the substrates was higher and more stable than that of 8:2. The range of EC in all the substrates showed from 1.78ds·m-1 to 2.10 ds·m-1, which was optimum range for growth of sweet pepper, and range of EC is larger in 8:2 ratio than that in 10:0 ratio. Plant height and stem diameter were nothing to do with the kind of substrates, but leaf area was the largest at vermiculite+rice hull of the 8:2 ratio, fresh and dry weights were heavier at peatmoss+carbonized rice hull, but were the lightest at perlite. All indexes related to the growth which had something to do with the kind of substrates higher in 8:2 ratio than those in 10:0 ratio. The number of fruit and fresh weight related to the ratio of the 8:2 were the highest as 17.5 at vermiculite+rice hull with 1,588g of fresh weight, while the yield from perlite was the lowest. The number of fruit was the highest as 16.4 at virmiculite+rice hull, yield was the higest as 1,394a at perlite+ peatmoss. The yield of 8:2 ratio at all substrates was higher than that of 10:0 ratio. Of the mineral content related to the plant part, K+ and Mg2+ were higher in concentration at leaf; Ca2+ were higher at root; PO4- was higher at stem and fruit; The content of mineral showed no difference between the ratio of the 8:2 and the ratio of the 10:0 with no regrading to the difference of mineral content among substrates; and K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ uptake of sweet pepper were higher at 10:0 ratio than that of 8:2; 2while PO4- uptake of sweet pepper was lower at 10:0 ratio than that of 8:2 ratio.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 1996

This experiment was carried out to investigate the growth and yield responses of hydroponically grown tomato as affected by the different substrates using perlite and mixtures with perlite. Substrates used in this experiment were perlite (fine and coarse granule), peatmoss, rice hull and carbonized rice hull. The results obtained were as follows ; The best results in terms of total fruit yield and average fruit weight obtained in the single treatment of perlite, followed by perlite mixture with rice hull and carbonized rice hull. Leaf area was also higher in the plots of perlite mixture and optimum mixing ratio of perlite, peatmoss and carbonized rice hull was determined as 5:3:2 by volume. The more the rice hull was added to the mixed substrates, the less in fruit production was observed. However, adding perlite to other substrates brought higher fruit yield. Single treatment of rice hull showed the lowest fruit yield but enhanced in soluble solids contents over 6.0 $^{\circ}$Brix at each cluster.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2016

To minimize cultivation costs, prevent insect-pest infestation, and improve the production efficiency of thermophilic mushrooms, plant substrates obtained from local areas in Cambodia were used for production of both spawn and mushrooms. In this experiment, different sawdusts different organic wastes and grain ingredients and analyzed for improvement of spawn-production efficiency. Four thermophilic mushroom species, Pleurotus sajor-caju (oyster mushroom, Sambok), Ganoderma lucidum (deer horn shaped), Auricularia auricula (ear mushroom), and Lentinula edodes (shiitake), were used to identify efficient new substrates for spawn and mushroom production. Although the mycelia in the rubber tree sawdust medium showed a slightly slower growth rate (10.9 cm/15 days) than mycelia grown in grains (11.2 cm/15 days in rice seeds), rubber tree sawdust appeared to be an adequate replacement for grain spawn substrates. Th findings indicate that rubber tree sawdust, sugarcane bagasse, and acacia tree sawdust supplemented with rice bran and calcium carbonate could be new alternative the substrates for. Although sugarcane bagasse and rubber tree sawdust showed similarly high biological efficiencies (BE) of 60% and 60.8%, respectively, acacia tree sawdust exhibited relatively a low biological efficiency of 22.4%. However, it is expected that acacia sawdust has potential for the mushroom cultivation when supplemented with currently used sawdust substrates in Cambodia, because of its relatively low price. The price of the sawdust (20 kg sawdust= 6500 Riel or 1.6 USD) currently used was 6.5 times higher than the price of acacia sawdust (201000 Riel or 0.25 USD). Therefore, utilization for acacia sawdust for mushroom cultivation could become feasible as it would reduce by producing costs of mushrooms in rural areas of Cambodia.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.543-549
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• 2007

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of disodium fumarate on the in vitro rumen fermentation profiles of different substrates and microbial communities. In experiment 1, nine diets (high-forage diet (forage:concentrate, e.g. F:C = 7:3, DM basis), medium-forage diet (F:C = 5:5, DM basis), low-forage diet(F:C = 1:9, DM basis), cracked corn, cracked wheat, soluble starch, tall elata (Festuca elata), perennial ryegrass and rice straw) were fermented in vitro by rumen microorganisms from local goats. The results showed that during 24 h incubations, for all substrates, disodium fumarate increased (p<0.05) the gas production, and tended to increase (p<0.10) the acetate, propionate and total VFA concentration and decrease the ratio of acetate to propionate, whereas no treatment effect was observed for the lactate concentration. The apparent DM loss for tall elata, perennial ryegrass and rice straw increased (p<0.05) with the addition of disodium fumarate. With the exception of tall elata, perennial ryegrass and rice straw, disodium fumarate addition increased the final pH (p<0.05) for all substrates. In experiment 2, three substrates (a high-forage diet, a medium-forage diet and a high concentrate diet) were fermented by mixed rumen microbes in vitro. A polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) technique was applied to compare microbial DNA fingerprints between substrates at the end of 24 h incubation. The results showed that when Festuca elata was used as substrate, the control and disodium fumarate treatments had similar DGGE profiles, with their similarities higher than 96%. As the ratio of concentrate increased, however, the similarities in DGGE profiles decreased between the control and disodium fumarate treatment. Overall, these results suggest that disodium fumarate is effective in increasing the pH and gas production for the diets differing in forage: concentrate ratio, grain cereals and soluble starch, and in increasing dry matter loss for the forages (tall elata, perennial ryegrass and rice straw) in vitro, whereas its effect on changes of ruminal microbial community may largely depend on the general nature of the substrate.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2010

This study was carried out to analyze physico-chemical properties and to determine stability of the 19 commercially available horticultural substrates in Korea by European standard methods (EN methods). The average pH, EC, T-N, $P_2O_5$ were 5.44, 0.62$dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, 0.98% and 10.54$mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively. Dry bulk density and particle density were in the range of 124.47~243.16$kg/m^3$ and 2073.94~2249.99$kg/m^3$, respectively. Seventeen out of 19 horticultural substrates used in this study were 'very stable'. The other2 substrates were classified as 'stable'. Korea's own criteria of stability for the organic materials such as growing substrates and compost need to be developed so that farmers can use the optimum organic materials without anxiety.