• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.525-543
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• 2010

This article examines the types and cooking methods for tteok (Korean rice cake) according to its sub-ingredients, as recorded in 18 old literatures of the Joseon dynasty (1392~1909). The sub-ingredients used in tteok during the Joseon dynasty were categorized into flowers, fruits, vegetables, Korean typical medicinal plants, and others. In the early, middle, and late eras of the Joseon dynasty, one, six, and 14 kinds of tteok were prepared using flowers as the sub-ingredient and two, seven, and 32 kinds of tteok were prepared using fruits, respectively. Three, seven, and 38 kinds of Tteok were prepared using vegetables as the sub-ingredient, while there were three, five and 15 kinds tteok prepared using Korean medicinal plants, respectively. One, five, and 13 kinds of tteok were prepared using other ingredients such as fish and seogi mushrooms in the early, middle, and late eras of the Joseon dynasty, respectively. The types of sub-ingredients and the resulting types of tteok increased throughout the Joseon dynasty, indicating that flowers and vegetables were preferred the most among tteok sub-ingredients. Tteoks using flower as the sub-ingredient, whajeon, were mostly jijin-tteok. The types of tteok and cooking methods using other sub-ingredients were discussed in terms of the type of sub-ingredients and their treatment to prepare tteok. The sub-ingredients were mixed with flour, which was the main ingredient for preparing tteok, or ground and shredded to prepare gomul for decorating and stuffing tteok, respectively. It seemed that the appearance and taste of tteok varied, thereby resulting in nutrient supplementation as the kinds of sub-ingredients increased throughout the Joseon dynasty. We expect that the recipes and ingredients as well as the cooking methods recorded in these old articles will contribute to those looking for a healthy life and, furthermore, to the globalization of tteok.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.495-500
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• 2004

This study was carried out to develop a new product using Cheonggukjang (fermented soybean product) and sub-ingredients(lactic acid bacillus powder, chlorella, lactose, green tea). Fresh Cheonggukjang was dried by a infrared drying(50℃, 36hr) and powdered by a roll mill. The powder was mixed with sub-ingredients and then moulded as tablet type by a press moulder. The pH of tablet was low with the addition of lactobacillus and total sugar content was high with the addition of lactose. Disintegration, absorption capacity and textural properties of tablet were not affected by the addition of any sub-ingredient. Color of non-added tablet was yellow to red, but changed to green when chlorella was added. Sensory properties(color, taste, flavor, chewiness, hardness, acceptability) were not affected by the addition of sub-ingredients. The results indicate that functional healthy tablet could be made from Cheonggukjang powder and various sub-ingredients.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.233-240
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• 1991

배추김치의 부재료로서 고추, 마늘, 생강, 파, 부추, 멸치젓, 설탕 등이 starter로 숙성시킨 김치의 산맛, 단만, 쓴맛, 매운맛, 감칠맛, 덜 익은 맛, 불쾌한 맛, 사각사각한 맛, 종합적인 맛, 새콤한 내, 풋내, 비린내, 마늘내, 군덕내, 색상 등 관능적인 품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 그 결과 부재료 개별적으로는 균형된 조화미가 나타나지 않았으나 상호혼합처리함으로써 맛의 상호보완이 되었다. 파와 부추는 강한 마늘내를 조화시켰으며 멸치젓은 감칠맛을 부여하였고 설탕은 종합적인 맛을 향상시켰다. 또 설탕을 제외한 고추, 생강, 마늘, 파, 멸치젓 등은 다같이 산미를 감소시키는 효과를 나타내었다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.87-96
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• 2023

This study was designed to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients of soybean meal, soy protein concentrate (SPC), soy protein isolate (SPI), rapeseed meal (RSM), pea protein concentrate (PPC), wheat gluten meal (WGM) and wheat flour (WF) for olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. A reference diet (RF) was formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of olive flounder with 1% chromic oxide (Cr₂O₃) as an inert indicator. Test diets were prepared to contain 70% RF and 30% of the test ingredient. Olive flounder, averaging 150 ± 8.0 g, was cultured in 400-L fiberglass tanks at a density of 25 fish per tank. Fecal collection columns were attached to each tank. Fecal samples were obtained from triplicate groups of fish for 4 weeks. Dry matter digestibility of SPC (75%) and WGM (76%) were significantly higher than the other test ingredients. Protein digestibility of SPC (85%), PPC (88%) and WGM (89%) were significantly higher than the other test ingredients, and protein digestibility of RSM (77%) and WF (76%) was lower than the other ingredients tested. Lipid digestibility of SPC (72%) and SPI (69%) were significantly higher than the other test ingredients. Energy digestibility of SPC (85%) and WGM (82%) were significantly higher than that of others tested ingredients. The availability of amino acids in WGM was generally higher than in other plant-feed ingredients. Therefore, SPC and WGM were seems to be efficient as potential protein sources for olive flounder compared to other tested ingredients. Overall, findings of the current study may assist in more efficient and economical formulation of diets using plant feed ingredients for olive flounder.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.537-548
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• 2022

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, nitrogen-free extract, energy and essential amino acids in animal-based feed ingredients were determined for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). A reference diet (RF) was formulated to contain 1.0% chromic oxide (Cr₂O₃) as an inert indicator. Nine test diets were formulated to contain RF and one of the feed ingredients (pollock meal [PM], jack mackerel meal [JMM], anchovy meal [AM], cod meal [CM], sardine meal [SM], sand eel meal [SEM], tuna meal [TM], meat meal [MM] and squid liver meal [SLM]) at a 7:3 ratio in each diet designated as PM, JMM, AM, CM, SM, SEM, TM, MM and SLM, respectively. Olive flounder, averaging 150 ± 8.0 g, were stocked at a density of 25 fish per tank in 400-L fiberglass tanks attached with fecal collection columns. Feces were collected from triplicate groups of fish one time a day for four weeks. Dry matter and crude protein ADCs of CM and SEM were significantly higher than the other tested ingredients. Lipid ADCs of JMM, CM and SEM were significantly higher than the other test ingredients. Energy ADCs of CM and SEM were significantly higher than that of the other tested ingredients. The availability of amino acids in CM was generally higher than the other animal protein sources. PM exhibited the lowest amino acid availability among the treatments. Interestingly, MM exhibited significantly higher nutrient digestibility than several marine-based ingredients. However, CM and SEM are seeming to be highly digestible and effective to use in olive flounder diet compared to the other tested ingredients. Overall, the results of this study provide information about the bioavailability of nutrients and energy in animal feedstuffs to apply when formulating cost-effective practical feeds for olive flounder.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제38권11호
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• pp.1564-1570
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• 2009

김치와 각각의 부재료들의 향기 성분을 비교하기 위하여 GC/MS로 정성 분석한 결과, 김치의 향기 성분은 sulfide 계열의 황 화합물과 유기산, 알코올류 등으로 나타났고, 김치의 냄새를 구성하는 물질들은 김치의 냄새를 각각의 부재료에서 검출된 향기 성분들로부터 유래한 것으로 확인되었다. 김치 특유의 이취를 저감시키기 위하여 김치의 부재료인 마늘, 생강, 양파 및 파를 각각 5 mm의 길이와 0.3 mm의 두께로 세절하고 100$^{\circ}C$ 에서 2분간 데친 후, 정수된 물 4$^{\circ}C$ 에서 12시간 동안 침지처리 하였다. 부재료 침지처리가 김치의 군덕내(moldy odor)와 신내(sour odor)에 미치는 영향을 관능검사로 평가한 결과, 세절침지처리김치에서 일반김치에 비하여 신내와 군덕내가 크게 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 부재료의 침지처리가 숙성 중 김치에서 pH, 산도, 유산균수에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.1549-1556
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• 1999

김치의 자극적인 냄새의 감소를 목적으로 김치 냄새에 영향을 주는 김치 부재료의 냄새 감소처리와 냄새 흡수 효과가 있는 물질이 김치 냄새에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 김치 부재료중 냄새가 강한 마늘, 생강, 파의 냄새 감소에 관한 국내외 특허를 기초로 하여 처리된 부재료를 관능검사 및 전자코에 의해 냄새를 조사 결과 냄새가 잘 유지되는 전처리 방법은 동결건조였으며, 냄새의 감소 효과가 가장 큰 구는 열풍처리구와 열처리와 침지방법을 병행한 구였다. 이들 부재료가 김치발효중 pH, 총산도 및 미생물 균수에 미치는 영향은 대조구와 처리구간에 큰 차이가 없었으며, 관능검사결과 김치 제조 직후에서 발효 10일까지는 대조구에 비하여 전처리한 부재료 첨가구는 김치냄새가 약하다고 하였으나, 발효가 더 진행되면 시료간에 차이가 없었다. 또 김치제조시 냄새를 포집하는 특성이 있어 냄새 흡수 효과를 내는 ${\alpha}-cyclodextrin$ 및 ${\beta}-cyclodextrin$을 각각 0.1%씩 첨가하여 $10^{\circ}C$에서 발효시키면서 pH, 총산도 및 관능검사를 실시한 결과 발효 전반에 걸쳐 대조구와 큰 차이가 없었다. 한편 냄새 흡수 효과가 크다고 알려진 이산화염소를 주성분으로 하는 냄새 흡수제로 처리된 김치의 냄새 감소 정도를 GC/MSD로 분석한 결과 methyl allyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide 등의 김치냄새의 주요 성분인 sulfide 류가 약 50% 정도가 감소하였고, 관능검사 결과도 대조구의 $6.5{\pm}1.80$에서 냄새 흡수제 처리구는 약 $3.8{\pm}1.17$로 유의적인 차이를 보였다.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.386-393
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• 2023

최근 들어서 국내의 해양치유산업 활성화를 위한 해양치유자원의 효능·효과에 관한 연구개발이 진행 중에 있다. 본 연구는 해양치유자원으로서 잘 알려진 머드 물질에 대한 효능성분 분석을 통해 활용·관리 기준을 제시하였다. 머드물질 시료는 국내 갯벌에서 채취되었으며, 모래질, 실트질 및 점토질 함량은 각각 평균 7.87%, 74.95% 및 17.17%로 머드(실트+점토)의 평균 함량이 90% 이상이었다. 효능성분은 SiO2(68.4%)성분이 가장 높으며, 다음으로 Al₂O₃(13.3%)>Fe₂O₃(4.0%)>K₂O(2.9%)>Na₂O(2.3%)>MgO(1.6%)>CaO(1.0%)>TiO₂(0.7%) 순으로 평균함량이 높았다. 효능성분 분석을 바탕으로 기능성을 나타내는 성분(기능 성분)을 Si, Al, Fe, K, Na, Mg, Ca를 선정하였으며, 또한 품질관리를 목적으로 정하는 성분(지표 성분)은 효능을 가진 성분 중 함량이 높은 K, Mg, Ca로 결정하였다. 결과적으로 기존 문헌을 참고하여 국내 갯벌머드자원이 해양치유자원으로서 활용·관리되기 위해서는 원재료의 머드함량이 70.0% 이상 그리고 지표 성분인 K₂O+MgO+CaO의 합이 5.0% 이상을 기준으로 제시하였다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.437-446
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• 2023

As the interest in sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture continues to grow, there is a corresponding increase in organic fertilizers utilization. However, studies on ammonia (NH₃) emissions, which are primarily generated in the agricultural sector, by organic fertilizers are lacking. Additionally, the reliance on imported ingredients in the production of organic fertilizers hinders the widespread adoption of organic fertilizers. This study aims to evaluate NH₃ volatilization by incorporating rice husk biochar into organic fertilizers. The study also aims to assess whether domestically produced rice husk biochar can serve as a viable substitute for imported ingredients. Here, the dynamic chamber method was used under controlled conditions. Results show that inorganic fertilizers readily undergo hydrolysis, thereby rapidly generating significant amounts of NH₃, particularly in the initial stages. In contrast, organic fertilizers decompose gradually, leading to relatively long-term NH₃ emissions. The incorporation of rice husk biochar into organic fertilizers demonstrated diminished daily NH₃ emissions compared to those from commercial organic fertilizers, resulting in decreased total NH₃ volatilization. These findings show that the combination of rice husk biochar can reduce NH₃ volatilization and serve as an alternative to imported ingredients for organic fertilizers. The results of this study can be utilized as fundamental information for the assessment of biochar as a potential ingredient for organic fertilizers.

• 한국윤활학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국윤활학회 2001년도 제34회 추계학술대회 개최
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• pp.117-126
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• 2001

Tribological properties of high temperature fade were investigated by changing relative amounts of ingredients in the brake friction material. Based on a simple experimental formulation containing 10 ingredients, friction materials were tested using a pad-on-disk type friction tester. Twenty-five friction material specimens with different relative amounts of the ingredients were manufactured according to the constrained mixture design .The difference ($\Delta$${\mu}$=${\mu}$$\sub$max/. -${\mu}$$\sub$min/. ) of friction coefficients was measured to represent the high temperature fade. Results from elevated temperature tests showed that five ingredients including cashew, graphite, Sb$_2$S$_3$, ZrSiO$_4$, and Cu fibers played important roles on $\Delta$${\mu}$. In order to find relative importance on fade phenomena among these ingredients, ANOVA(analysis of variance) was performed in this investigation. Thirty-two friction material specimens by changing ${\pm}$50vol.％ of these five ingredients were tested to examine the relative importance. Results showed that cashew, graphite '||'&'||' Sb$_2$S$_3$, and cashew '||'&'||' graphite aggravated the fade behavior and Cu fibers improved on fade resistance.