• ALGAE
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2006

Genomic data is accumulating in public database at an unprecedented rate. Although presently dominated by the sequences of metazoan, plant, parasitic, and picoeukaryotic taxa, both expressed sequence tag (EST) and complete genomes of free-living algae are also slowly appearing. This wealth of information offers the opportunity to clarify many long-standing issues in algal and plant evolution such as the contribution of the plastid endosymbiont to nuclear genome evolution using the tools of comparative genomics and multi-gene phylogenetics. A particularly powerful approach for the automated analysis of genome data from multiple taxa is termed phylogenomics. Phylogenomics is the convergence of genomics science (the study of the function and structure of genes and genomes) and molecular phylogenetics (the study of the hierarchical evolutionary relationships among organisms, their genes and genomes). The use of phylogenetics to drive comparative genome analyses has facilitated the reconstruction of the evolutionary history of genes, gene families, and organisms. Here we survey the available genome data, introduce phylogenomic pipelines, and review some initial results of phylogenomic analyses of algal genome data.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제65권1호
• /
• pp.32-56
• /
• 2023

This review explores the factors that improve meat protein digestibility and applies the findings to the development of home meal replacements with improved protein digestion rates in older adults. Various methods improve the digestion rate of proteins, such as heat, ultrasound, high pressure, or pulse electric field. In addition, probiotics aid in protein digestion by improving the function of digestive organs and secreting enzymes. Plant-derived proteases, such as papain, bromelain, ficin, actinidin, or zingibain, can also improve the protein digestion rate; however, the digestion rate is dependent on the plant enzyme used and protein characteristics. Sous vide processing improves the rate and extent of protein digestibility, but the protein digestion rate decreases with increasing temperature and heating time. Ultrasound, high pressure, or pulsed electric field treatments degrade the protein structure and increase the proteolytic enzyme contact area to improve the protein digestion rate.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.83-92
• /
• 1990

Two-dimensional analysis provides a comprehensive description of the structure, scales of pattern and directional components in a spatial data set. In spectral analysisi, four functions are illustrated,; the autocorrelation, the periodogram, the R-spectrum and the $\theta$ -spectrum. The R-spectrum and $\theta$ -spectrum function respectively summarize the periodogram in term of scale of pattern and directional components. Sampling is measured in the Naejang National Park area where the Daphniphyllum trees grow. 320 contiguous (15$\times$15)m plots are located along the transect and density of all trees over DBH 3 cm recorded respectively. 12 species of vascular plant are recorded in this survey area. The trend surface of density of all plant are estimated using polynomial regression and are exhibited in 3-dimensional graph and density contour map. Transformation to the corresponding polar spectrum from the periodogram emphasized the directional components and the scales to pattern. R-spectrum corresponding to the scale of pattern of periodogram showed a large peak 15.47 in the interval 9$\theta$-spectrum corresponding to directional components have two peaks 8.28 and 11.05 in the interval $35^{\circ}\theta <45^{\circ}and 125^{\circ}\theta< <135^{\circ}, respectively. Programs to compute all the analyses described in this study was obtained from Dr. Ranshow and was translated to BASIC by the author.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제34권2호
• /
• pp.237-249
• /
• 2011

Land-use changes due to the socio-economic environment influence landscape patterns and processes, which affect habitats and biodiversity. This study considers the effects of such land-use changes, particularly on the traditional rural "Maeul" forested landscape, by analyzing landscape structure and vegetation changes. Three study areas were examined that have seen their populations decrease and age over the last few decades. Five types of plant life-forms (Raunkier life-forms) were distinguished to investigate ecosystem function. Principle component analysis was used to understand vegetation dynamics and community characteristics based on a vegetation similarity index. Ordination analysis transformed species-coverage data was introduced to clarify vegetation dynamics. Landscape indices, such as area metrics, edge metrics, and shape metrics, showed that spatial heterogeneity has increased over time in all areas. Pinus densiflora was the main land-use plant type in all study areas but decreased over time, whereas Quercus spp. increased. Over a decade, P. densiflora communities shifted to deciduous oak and plantation. These findings indicate that the impact of human activities on the Maeul landscape is twofold. While forestry activities caused heavy disturbances, the abandonment of traditional human activities has led to natural succession. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the type and intensity of these human impacts on landscape heterogeneity relate differently to vegetation succession. This reflects the cause and consequence of patch dynamics. We discuss an approach for sustainable landscape planning and management of the Maeul landscape based on traditional management.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
• /
• 제35권3호
• /
• pp.149-161
• /
• 2008

프로그래머블 로직 컨트롤러(PLC: Programmable Logic Controller)가 안전성이 중요한 실시간 시스템 구현에 많이 사용되면서, PLC 프로그램에 대한 테스팅의 중요성이 날로 높아지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 PLC 프로그래밍 언어 중 하나인 함수 블록 다이어그램(FBD: Function Block Diagram)에 대한 구조적 테스팅 방안을 제안한다. FBD를 테스트하기 위해 먼저 타이머 함수 블록을 비롯한 각 함수 및 함수 블록에 대한 흐름그래프 템플릿을 정의하고, 템플릿을 기반으로 한 변환 알고리즘을 제안하며, 알고리즘을 따라 FBD로부터 변환된 흐름그래프에 기존의 제어 흐름 테스팅 커버리지와 데이타 흐름 테스팅 커버리지를 적용한다. 기존 FBD 테스팅은 테스트 케이스 생성시 FBD 내부 구조를 고려하지 않으며, FBD 프로그램으로부터 특정 중간단계 모델을 생성해 낼 수 있는 경우에만 적용될 수 있는 단점을 가진 반면, 본 논문에 제안된 방법은 FBD 내부 구조를 고려한 체계적 테스트 케이스 생성이 가능하며, 중간단계 모델의 형식에 관계없이 어떤 FBD에도 적용될 수 있다는 장점을 가진다. 특히 제안된 기법은 여러 실행주기에 걸쳐 테스트 되어야 하는 타이머 함수 블록을 포함한 FBD에 대한 철저한 테스팅을 가능하게 한다. 제안된 기법을 현재 원전계측제어시스템 개발사업단에서 개발 중인 디지털 원자로 보호계통 비교논리 프로세서 트립 논리에 적용하여 그 효과를 확인하였다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
• /
• 제28권4호
• /
• pp.457-471
• /
• 2014

본 연구는 인천광역시 송도 해돋이공원의 공간기능에 따른 식재개념 적정성 검토, 식재구조 현황, 공간별 식재된 수목에 대해 형태평가와 생육평가를 통해 현재 식재되고 있는 조경수목의 형태 및 생육상태 문제점을 도출하고, 이를 개선하기 위한 평가 적용 체계를 제안하고자 수행하였다. 공간기능에 따른 식재개념 적정성 평가 결과 녹음기능이 필요한 공간 중 29.5%만 녹음식재지이었고, 58.7%는 시각적 경관식재지, 11.8%는 완충식재지이었다. 이는 시설물 중심 공간구성에 따른 식재면적 부족과 녹음기능을 수행할 수 없는 어린 수목을 식재하였기 때문인 것으로 판단되었다. 식재구조 현황에서는 식재기능 향상을 위해서는 각 식재개념에 따른 적정한 식재종, 식재 구조, 밀도, 규격, 생육상태 등을 고려한 식재가 필요할 것으로 판단되었다. 조경수목 평가 조사는 완충공간에서 22종 209주, 녹음공간에서 8종 71주, 시각적 경관공간에서 16종 266주, 생태적 경관공간에서 4종 54주로 총 28종 600주의 조경수목을 대상으로 수목평가를 실시하였다. 수목평가 결과 수목 형태평가 점수는 평균 56.6점, 수목 생육평가 점수는 평균 76.0점으로 평가되었다. 수목평가 점수는 모두 점수별로 등급화하였고 공간별, 수종별로 통계처리하여 유의성을 검증하였다. 본 연구에서는 수목평가 결과를 활용하여 공간기능별 수목 기준 도출 및 적정 식재개념을 적용하였다. 공간별 수목 형태평가 결과를 식재개념에 적용하면 완충식재는 기능성이 강조되므로 형태평가 등급이 가장 낮은 E등급, 생태적 경관식재는 다양성과 자연성이 강조되므로 D등급, 녹음식재는 이용성이 강조되므로 주간에서 분지된 가지의 높이를 고려한 수종 선택으로 C등급, 시각적 경관식재는 미적가치성이 강조되므로 A등급과 B등급을 각각 적용할 수 있었다. 공간별 수목 생육평가 결과를 식재개념에 적용해 보면 식재기반을 기준으로 양호와 불량으로 구분하여 완충식재, 시각적 경관식재, 생태적 경관식재에서는 생육평가 A등급부터 E등급까지 식재가 가능하였고, 녹음식재에서는 A등급부터 C등급까지 식재가 가능하였다.

• 전기학회논문지
• /
• 제60권4호
• /
• pp.862-870
• /
• 2011

In this paper, we introduce a new topology of Radial Basis Function-based Polynomial Neural Networks (RPNN) that is based on a genetically optimized multi-layer perceptron with Radial Polynomial Neurons (RPNs). This study offers a comprehensive design methodology involving mechanisms of optimization algorithms, especially Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering method and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithms. In contrast to the typical architectures encountered in Polynomial Neural Networks (PNNs), our main objective is to develop a design strategy of RPNNs as follows : (a) The architecture of the proposed network consists of Radial Polynomial Neurons (RPNs). In here, the RPN is fully reflective of the structure encountered in numeric data which are granulated with the aid of Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering method. The RPN dwells on the concepts of a collection of radial basis function and the function-based nonlinear (polynomial) processing. (b) The PSO-based design procedure being applied at each layer of RPNN leads to the selection of preferred nodes of the network (RPNs) whose local characteristics (such as the number of input variables, a collection of the specific subset of input variables, the order of the polynomial, and the number of clusters as well as a fuzzification coefficient in the FCM clustering) can be easily adjusted. The performance of the RPNN is quantified through the experimentation where we use a number of modeling benchmarks - NOx emission process data of gas turbine power plant and learning machine data(Automobile Miles Per Gallon Data) already experimented with in fuzzy or neurofuzzy modeling. A comparative analysis reveals that the proposed RPNN exhibits higher accuracy and superb predictive capability in comparison to some previous models available in the literature.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한전기학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회 논문집 전기기기 및 에너지변환시스템부문
• /
• pp.221-225
• /
• 2005

This paper proposes a gain scheduled control technique using time-delay for the nonlinear system with plant uncertainties and unexpected disturbances. The time delay-based gain scheduled control depends on a direct estimation of a function representing the effect of uncertainties. The information from the estimation is used to cancel the unknown dynamics and the unexpected disturbances simultaneously. The proposed estimation scheme with a finite convergence time is formulated in order to estimate the unborn scheduling variable variation. In other words, the time delay-based gain scheduled control uses the past observation of the system's response and the control input to directly modify the control actions rather than to adjust the controller gains or to identify system parameters. It has a simple structure so as to minimize the computational burden. The benefits of this proposed scheme are demonstrated in the simulation of an electromagnetic suspension system with plant uncertainties and external disturbances, and the proposed controller is compared with the conventional state feedback controller.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기기기및에너지변환시스템부문B
• /
• 제54권12호
• /
• pp.569-575
• /
• 2005

This paper proposes a gain scheduled control technique using time-delay for the nonlinear system with plant uncertainties and unexpected disturbances. The time delay-based gain scheduled control depends on a direct estimation of a function representing the effect of uncertainties. The information from the estimation is used to cancel the unknown dynamics and the unexpected disturbances simultaneously. The proposed estimation scheme with a finite convergence time is formulated in order to estimate the unknown scheduling variable variation. In other words, the time delay-based gain scheduled control uses the past observation of the system's response and the control input to directly modify the control actions rather than to adjust the controller gains or to identify system parameters. It has a simple structure so as to minimize the computational burden. The benefits of this proposed scheme are demonstrated in the simulation of an electromagnetic suspension system with plant uncertainties and external disturbances, and the proposed controller is compared with the conventional state feedback controller.

• 한국지능시스템학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국퍼지및지능시스템학회 1997년도 추계학술대회 학술발표 논문집
• /
• pp.350-355
• /
• 1997

The problem of mathematical model for an unknown system by measureing its input-output data pairs is generally referred to as state estimates. The state estimation problem is often of importance in its own right since we may want to know the value of the states. For instance, in navigation, we may take noisy positional fixes using satelite or radar navigation, and the estimator can use these measurements to provide accurate estimates of current position, hedaing, and velocity. And the state estimates can also be used for control purposes. Then it is very important to know the state of plant. In this paper, the theory of the minimization of a loss function was used to design the fuzzy system. Here, the used teory is Least Square Esimation method. This parametrization has the Linear in the parameters charcteristic that allows standard parameter estimation technique to be used to estimate the parameters of the fuzzy system. The combination of the fuzzy system and the estimation m thod then performs as a nonlinear estimator. If several fuzzy label are defined for the input variables at the antecedent part, the fuzzy system then behaves as a collection of nonlinear estimators where different regions of rules have different parameters. In simulation results, the fuzzy model controlled a difference in the structure between the actual plant and the fuzzy estimator. It is also proved that the fuzzy system is equivalent to its transformed system. therefore we was able to get the state space equation of system with the estimated paramater.