• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.21-28
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• 2013

The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of rice straw mat, rice straw mat with PAM (Polyacrylamide) and gypsum addition on surface runoff and sediment discharge in field. Six experimental plots of $5{\times}22m$ in size and 3 % in slope prepared on gravelly sandy loam soil were treated with control, rice straw mat cover with gypsum and rice straw mat cover with gypsum and PAM. Radish in Spring and Chinese cabbage in autumn growing seasons were cultivated. Non point source (NPS) pollution discharge was monitored and compared among the treatments. Rainfall of the 10 monitored events ranged from 17.0 mm to 93.5 mm. Runoff coefficient of the events was 0.005~0.239 in control plot, 0~0.176 in rice straw plot with gypsum and 0~0.046 in rice straw mat plot with gypsum and PAM. When compared to the control plot, the runoff amount was reduced by 10.4~100 % (Ave. 60.8) in rice straw plot with gypsum and 80.7~100 % (Ave. 96.7 %) in rice straw mat plot with gypsum and PAM. The reduction of NPS pollution load was 54.6 % for BOD5, 71.5 % for SS, 41.6 % for TN and 61.4 % for T-P in rice straw with gypsum plot and 91.9 % for BOD5, 92.0 % for SS, 88.0 % for TN and 88.5 % for T-P in rice straw mat with gypsum and PAM plot. This research revealed that rice straw mat cover with soil amendments on the soil surface could not only increase the crop yield but also reduce the NPS pollution loads substantially.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.960-964
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• 2014

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of diets containing coarse-texture rice straw and small particle size alfalfa pellets as a part of total mixed ration (TMR) on milk productivity and chewing activity in lactating dairy cows. Sixteen multiparous Holstein dairy cows ($670{\pm}21kg$ body weight) in mid-lactation ($194.1{\pm}13.6$ days in milk) were randomly assigned to TMR containing 50% of timothy hay (TH) or TMR containing 20% of rice straw and 30% of alfalfa pellet mixture (RSAP). Geometric mean lengths of TH and RSAP were found to be 5.8 and 3.6, respectively. Dry matter intake, milk yield and milk composition were measured. Moreover, eating and ruminating times were recorded continuously using infrared digital camcorders. Milk yield and milk composition were not detected to have significant differences between TH and RSAP. Dry matter intake (DMI) did not significantly differ for cows fed with TH or RSAP. Although particle size of TH was larger than RSAP, eating, ruminating and total chewing time (min/d or min/kg of DMI) on TH and RSAP were similar. Taken together, our results suggest that using a proper amount of coarse-texture rice straw with high value nutritive alfalfa pellets may stimulate chewing activity in dairy cows without decreasing milk yield and composition even though the quantity of rice straw was 40% of TH.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.295-301
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• 1992

Eight crop residues : 1, sorghum (Sorqhum bicolor) straw, 2, maize (Zea mays) straw, 3, cotton (Gossypium Sp.) straw, 4, sunflower (Helianthus Sp.) straw, 5, cotton (Gossypium Sp.) seed hulls, 6, groundnut (Archais hypogaea) hulls, 7, maize (Zea mays) cobs, 8, sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) bagasse and two forest grasses 9, Heteropogan contortus dry grass and 10, Sehima nervosum dry grass were subjected to three physical processing 1, chopping (2-3 cm) 2, grinding (8 mm sieve) and 3, pelleting (10 mm die holes). The processed material was fed ad lib. Along with 250 g of concentrate mixture per head per day to 6 adult local goats and 16 adult Nellore rams in ten digestion experiments and finally assessed the nutritive value of the processed roughages by difference method. Grinding increased bulk density by 32.4 (cotton seed hulls, CSH) to 88.1% (Sehima dry grass) while pelleting of ground material increased bulk density by 53.9 (maize cobs) to 235.8% (maize straw). The average particle size ranged from $584.1/^U$ (sorghum straw) to $1467/^U$ (CSH). Modulus of uniformity ranged from 2:5:3 (sorghum straw) to 7:2:1 (CSH) while modulus of fineness ranged from 3.4 (sorghum straw) to 5.4 (CSH). Molasses absorbability was highest with cotton seed hulls and least with maize cobs. Pelleting increased DM intake of the residues except cotton seed hulls compared to grinding. Grinding of chopped material/unprocessed material increased DM intake on sorghum straw and cotton seed hulls. Sheep consumed more DM compared to goats on all the residues except sorghum and sunflower straws. Pelleting increased nutritive value of all the residues compared to grinding and chopping. However, no difference was observed in the nutritive value due to grinding and chopping. Goats performed better compared to sheep in utilizing the fibrous residues.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.79-87
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• 2002

This study is performed to examine the physical and mechanical properties of Eco-concrete using rice straw ash for planting. The tests for void ratio, compressive and bending strength with neutralization treatment point, curing condition and coarse aggregate size are performed. The test result shows that the void ratio is decreased with increasing content of rice straw ash. But, the compressive and bending strength are increased with increasing content of rice straw ash. The greatest strength is appeared when neutralization is treated in curing age of 6 days. These Eco-concrete is very useful for planting.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.107-114
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• 2003

This study was performed to develop the plantable concrete block using rice straw ash and apply for inclined plane. For the planting, plantable concrete block needs infiltration of water and air through void of block. The materials used for plantable concrete block are cement, rice straw ash, and coarse aggregate (5-10, 10-20 mm). Plantable block size is $23\times23\times4$ cm, and species of planting are Tall fescue, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and Lespedeza cuneata. At the 6 months after seeding, germination ratio and grown-up length of Tall fescue, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and Lespedeza cuneata are shown in 90%, 60%, 50%, and 40~50 cm, 90~120 cm, 60~75 cm, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of packing materials of frozen boar semen to improve reproductive performance efficiency in pig. Boars were raised at Swine Artificial Insemination Center in National Livestock Research Institute, Sunghwan, Chungnam, Korea. We compared packing protocols for frozen boar semen among 5$m\ell$ maxi-straw, 5$m\ell$ cryogenic-vial, and aluminum-pack. Cryogenic-vial packing material showed similar sperm characteristics compared with maxi-straw packing material when the sperm was frozen above 15cm from liquid nitrogen and thawed at 52$^{\circ}C$ for 190 seconds. We investigated different thawing times to find out the optimal condition of freezing and thawing protocol with cryogenic-vial. Freezing above 15cm from liquid nitrogen and thawing at 52$^{\circ}C$ for 190 seconds were the optimal protocol compared with 120 and 150 seconds. However, normal acrosome rates did not show any differences among thawing times. Post-thawing results of maxi-straw in water at 52$^{\circ}C$ for 45 seconds had better total motility and curve linear velocity than those of cryogenic-vial in water 52$^{\circ}C$ for 190 seconds. However, there were no differences on straightness and normal apical ridge of sperm between maxi-straw and cryogenic vial. Non-return rate, farrowing rate and litter size of sows inseminated with frozen boar semen of commercial farms were higher in the maxi-straw than cryogenic-vial, but there were no significant differences between maxi-straw and cryogenic-vial. In conclusion, there were no significant differences between maxi-straw and cryogenic-vial and so, we may replace cryogenic-vial packing method instead of maxi-straw packing method by improvement of freezing and thawing rate.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.34-41
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• 2013

In this study, we investigated the physical properties of powders made from agricultural byproducts, including rice straw, peanut husks, and garlic stems, to manufacture a new organic filler used for making paperboard. These materials were collected individually, and then we measured their chemical compositions. The byproducts were ground with a laboratory grinder and fractionated with 60-, 100-, and 200-mesh sieves to make many grades of organic fillers. After the grinding and fractionation, the yield, mean particle size, and particle size distribution of each grade were measured. Particle shapes were also investigated using a scanning electron microscope. The organic filler made from rice straw had the highest yield of the largest particle size group and higher contents of cellulose and hemicellulose than those made from peanut husks and garlic stems. The rice straw also showed more regular particle shapes and a lower aspect ratio than the other agricultural byproducts.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.466-470
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• 2010

We investigated the effects of organic mulches on the tree and fruit qualities of "Niitaka" (Pyrus pyriforia) pear trees. Trees grown with rice straw mulch had significantly greater potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) concentrations in leaves compared with control trees and those mulched using bark or polyethylene, but the concentrations were below the recommended levels for these nutrients in pear leaves. Bark mulch increased fruit firmness and soluble solid (SS) levels, compared with rice straw mulch. The fruit of trees grown with bark mulch had a higher ratio of SS to total acidity in fresh fruit, and the fruit was dark red in color. The K and Ca concentrations were highest in fruit grown on trees mulched with rice straw and bark, respectively, and competition between the levels of these cations was evident in fresh fruit. Bark and rice straw mulches increased overall fruit quality, and reduced fruit stone size, whereas a polyethylene mulch, devoid of organic material, resulted in a fruit stone size similar to that of the control.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.95-102
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• 2012

The objective of this research was to experimentally test the effect of rice straw mats on the reduction of runoff, sediment discharge and turbidity under a laboratory scale. We used the small runoff plots of 1 m ${\times}$ 1 m ${\times}$ 0.65 m ($L{\times}W{\times}H$) in size filled with loamy sand. Experimental treatments were bare (control), rice straw mat cover of straw mats + PAM + Gypsum (SPG), rice straw mats + Chaff + PAM + Gypsum (SCPG) and rice straw mats + Sawdust + PAM + Gypsum (SSPG); slope of 10 % or 20 %; and rainfall intensity of 30 mm/hr. Runoff volume and rate of covered plots were significantly lower than those of control plot. Average runoff rate of covered plots, slope of 10 % and 20 %, decreased 85.6 % and 72 % in respectively. Sediment reduction ratio was more than 99 % regardless of slope. The differences runoff and sediment discharge among different cover materials were not significant. It was also shown that even if runoff reduction by surface cover were low, sediment discharge reduction could be very significant and contribute to improve the water quality of streams in sloping agricultural regions. It was concluded that the use of straw mat and soil amendments (PAM and Gypsum) on sloping agricultural fields could reduce soil erosion and muddy runoff significantly and help improve the water quality and aquatic ecosystem in receiving waters. But mixing effect of PAM and Gypsum was minimal.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1256-1266
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• 2009

Effects of particle size and physical effective fibre (peNDF) of rice straw in diets on chewing activities, feed intake, flow, site and extent of digestion and rumen fermentation in goats were investigated. A 4${\times}$4 Latin square design was employed using 4 mature Liuyang black goats fitted with permanent ruminal, duodenal, and terminal ileal fistulae. During each of the 4 periods, goats were offered 1 of 4 diets that were similar in nutritional content but varied in particle sizes and peNDF through alteration of the theoretical cut length of rice straw (10, 20, 40, and 80 mm, respectively). Dietary peNDF contents were determined using a sieve for particle separation above 8 mm, and were 17.4, 20.9, 22.5 and 25.4%, respectively. Results showed that increasing the particle size and peNDF significantly (p<0.05) increased the time spent on rumination and chewing activities, duodenal starch digestibility and ruminal pH, and decreased ruminal starch digestibility and $NH_{3}$-N concentration. Intake and total tract digestibility of nutrients (i.e. dry matter, organic matter, and starch) and ruminal fermentation were not affected by the dietary particle size and peNDF. Increased particle size and peNDF did not affect ruminal fibre digestibility, but had a great impact on the intestinal and total tract fibre digestibility. The study suggested that rice straw particle size or dietary peNDF was the important influential factor for chewing activity, intestinal fibre and starch digestibility, and ruminal pH, but had minimal impact on feed intake, duodenal and ileal flow, ruminal and total tract digestibility, and ruminal fermentation.