• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.17 no.11
• /
• pp.1529-1534
• /
• 2004

The nutritive value of lentil straw (Lens culinaris) relative to 4% urea treated wheat straw (w/w) was assessed in adult bucks and milking buffaloes on-station and on-farm, respectively. A digestion-cum-nitrogen balance experiment was conducted with three bucks (24.35 kg) fed ad libitum lentil straw (LS), urea treated wheat straw (UTS) and a 1:1 (w/w DM basis) mixture of LS and UTS (LS:UTS) in a 3$\times$3 Latin square design. Though daily dry matter intake (g kg $W^{0.75}$ or % LW) of bucks fed LS and UTS did not differ significantly, that of LS:UTS was significantly (p<0.05) low. Similarly, digestibility of nutrients (DM, OM and CP) and nitrogen balance (g/day) did not differ significantly for bucks given LS or UTS although a significant positive improvement was evident in these parameters for LS:UTS. The digestibility of fibre fractions (NDF and ADF) was significantly (p<0.05) lower in LS as compared to UTS or LS:UTS. Except for the significantly (p<0.05) lower intake of DCP (g kg$W^{0.75}$), the bucks fed LS had statistically similar nutrient intake as compared to UTS. Feeding of LS:UTS resulted in significantly higher nutrient (DCP, TDN) intake by bucks. The important blood-biochemical parameters (haemoglobin,packed cell volume, glucose, urea nitrogen, total protein) and activity of serum enzymes (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) did not differ significantly in goats irrespective of dietary treatment. In the onfarm study, eighteen multiparous milking buffaloes were randomly assigned into three equal groups to assess the relative effect of feeding untreated wheat straw (WS), UTS and LS:UTS ad libitum as basal feed with a supplement. The study continued for 3 months and revealed that daily dry matter intake and average milk production (liters/day) by buffaloes offered LS:UTS and UTS was statistically similar but it was significantly higher compare to WS. However, milk composition did not differ significantly among the dietary treatments. It may be concluded that the nutritive value of lentil straw appeared to be no different to UTS, however, a positive synergistic effect was evident by feeding a mixture of LS and UTS on performance of goats and lactating buffaloes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.35-46
• /
• 1997

An experiment with growing bulls were conducted to determine the effect of supplementation of a straw (S) with 15% molasses and 3% urea as an intimate mix (UMS) on its dry matter (DM) intake and digestibility (DMD) and reduction of methane ($CH_4$) production from fermentation in vitro of the straw. In the next experiment, the feeding of the UMS was compared with that of the feeding of molasses and urea in meals (DS) or in lick blocks (DSUMB) as supplements to straw. The UMS feeding increased daily intake of straw DM ($89.5 g{\cdot}kgW^{-0.75}$, p < 0.01) and digestible crude protein (DCP 333 g, p < 0.001) and nitrogen (N) balances ($508mg{\cdot}kgW^{-0.75}{\cdot}d^{-1}$, p < 0.01) of the bulls than the feeding of 'S' ($65g{\cdot}kgW^{-0.75}$, 55 g and $8.0mg{\cdot}kgW^{-0.75}{\cdot}d^{-1}$, respectively). It also increased the digestibility of DM ($594g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, p < 0.05), organic matter (OM, $641g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, p < 0.05), CP ($619g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, p < 0.001) and acid detergent fibre (ADF, 773, p < 0.05). The $CH_4$ emitted per g of DOM apparently fermented in the rumen (DOMR) was 91.0 ml in the 'S' and reduced (p < 0.05) to 61.6 ml in the UMS. The feeding of the UMS when compared with that of the DS or DSUMB also gave a higher straw intake (1.77% of live weight, LW, p <0.01) and ADF digestibility ($516g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, p < 0.05) than the other diets (1.52% or 1.55% LW and 472 or $490g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, respectively) in association with the increased microbial N yield in the rumen (14.1, 5.62 or $17.0g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ DOMR, respectively, p < 0.05), daily LW gains (233, 125 or 93 g, respectively, p < 0.05) and feed conversion ratios of the diets (26.0, 56.1, or 57.6 g feed/g LW gain, p > 0.05, respectively). It can be concluded that molasses and urea feeding as an intimate mix with straw (UMS) increased its digestion and intake in association with a reduced methane emissions in the rumen. When compared with that of their feeding in meals or in lick blocks as supplements to straw the UMS gave the highest straw in take and digestion and live weight gains of growing bulls concurring the finding that the UMS system may be the best way of molasses and urea feeding to ruminants fed straws.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.14 no.11
• /
• pp.1542-1548
• /
• 2001

Wheat straw was treated on laboratory scale with 4% urea at a moisture level of 50% along with different amount of HC1 to fix various levels of ammonia (30, 40, 50 and 60%) and stored for 4 weeks. Result, revealed a significant (p<0.01) increase in CP content of the samples where HC1 was added. The CP content of the straw was only 7.8%, which increased to 14.1, 16.0, 15.0 and 15.2% with the addition of acid. Similarly the concentrations of NDF, ADF and hemicellulose was significantly different due to HC1 addition. The level of HC1 recommended was to trap 30% ammonia as there was not significant difference in CP content of straw due to addition of 4 levels of acids. Results of in vivo experiment conducted on nine buffaloes divided randomly into three groups of three animals in each revealed no significant difference in the intake of DM, OM, NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose in group I (ammoniated straw), group II (HC1 treated ammoniated straw) and group III (HC1 treated ammoniated straw + 1 kg barley grain), but the intake of CP was significantly (p<0.01) more in group III as compared to other 2 groups. The digestibility of DM, OM and CP was significantly (p<0.01) more in groups where HCI treated straw was fed as compared to only ammoniated straw fed group, whereas there was no significant difference in the digestibility of NDF, ADF and cellulose in 3 groups. Intake was significantly higher of nitrogen (p<0.05), calcium (p<0.01) and phosphorus (p<0.01) in group III as compared to other two groups. Animals in all the 3 groups showed positive nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus balance, though the balances of all the 3 nutrients were significantly higher in group III as compared to other 2 groups. Rumen fermentation study conducted in 3 rumen fistulated buffaloes in $3{\times}3$ latin square design offering the same 3 diets as in group I to III revealed that rumen pH was alike statistically in 3 groups and at various time intervals. The mean ammonia-N concentration was significantly (p<0.01) more in group II and III as compared to group I. The mean TVFA concentration (mM/100 ml SRL) were 6.46, 7.84 and 8.47 in 3 groups respectively and different statistically (p<0.01). Results revealed no significant difference in the activities of carboxy methyl cellulase, urease or protease at both the time of sampling (0 h and 4 h) in all the 3 groups of animals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.26 no.10
• /
• pp.1459-1465
• /
• 2013

Two in vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of methylcellulose (MC) on i) bacterial detachment from rice straw as well as ii) inhibition of bacterial attachment and fiber digestibility. To evaluate the effect of MC on fibrolytic bacterial detachment (Exp 1), in vitro bacterial cultures with 0.1% (w/v) MC solution were compared with cultures without MC after 8 h incubation. The effect of MC on inhibition of bacterial attachment was determined by comparing with real-time PCR the populations of F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and R. albus established on rice straw pre-treated with 0.1% MC with those on untreated straw after incubation for 0, 6 and 12 h (Exp 2). The major fibrolytic bacterial attachment on rice straw showed significantly lower populations with either the addition of MC to the culture or pre-treated rice straw compared to controls (p<0.05). Also, the digestibility of rice straw with MC was significantly lower compared with control (p<0.05). The F. succinogenes population did not show detachment from rice straw, but showed an inhibition of attachment and proliferation on rice straw in accordance with a decrease of fiber digestion. The detachments of Ruminococcus species co-existed preventing the proliferations with subsequent reduction of fiber degradation by MC during the incubation. Their detachments were induced from stable colonization as well as the initial adhesion on rice straw by MC in in vitro ruminal fermentation. Furthermore, the detachment of R. albus was more sensitive to MC than was R. flavefaciens. These results showed the certain evidence that attachment of major fibrolytic bacteria had an effect on fiber digestion in the rumen, and each of fibrolytic bacteria, F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and R. albus had a specific mechanism of attachment and detachment to fiber.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.37 no.5
• /
• pp.326-333
• /
• 1994

Pleurotus florida with high cellulase activity as well as lignin degradability was selected out among strains for fermentation of the rice straw to improve the nutritive value. When the rice straw was fermented by P. florida, the contents of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin were decreased to 22.5%, 11.4% and 28.1%, respectively, whereas the contents of rice straw fermented after pretreatment with $H_2O_2$ or alkaline hydrogen peroxide were decreased much in the lower concentration. The content of T-N (total-nitrogen) and crude fat was increased with the longer fermentation period. The amino acid content of rice straw fermented by P. florida in 30 days was increased to 28.9% and 35.1% as the rice straw was fermented after pretreatment without and with 4% $H_2O_2$, respectively. The crystalline intensity of rice straw was decreased by pretreatment with 4% $H_2O_2$ and fermentation by P. florida. However, the crystall intensity was increased by treatment with alkaline hydrogen peroxide and the more when the straw was washed after the treatment. When the rice straw was fermented by P. florida for 30 days, the in vitro organic matter digestibility was increased up to 6% of $H_2O_2$ pretreatment.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.110-116
• /
• 2001

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of amount of nitrogen application with the barley straw application on the changes in soil physical and chemical properties. nutrient uptake and percentage recovery of chemical fertilizer N in the rice plant from 1997 to 1998. The soil physical properties, such as bulk density, hardness, porosity and gaseous phase were improved by barley straw application. There was also improvement or increment in the soil chemical properties, such as pH, organic matter, T-C. T-N, available $SiO_2$, exchangeable K and cation exchange capacity, but decrease in available $P_2O_5$. The $Fe^{+{+}}$ content in soil after barley straw application was high from tillering stage to panicle forming stage, but becoming lowered toward the heading stage, while $Mn^{+{+}}$ content was increased. N uptake with barley straw application was increased in the N $126kg\;ha^{-1}$ plot, but decreased in the N $141kg\;ha^{-1}$ plot. The uptake of fertilized N was continued longer in barley straw application than none-application plot. Percentage recovery of chemical fertilizer N in rice straw was around 1% at tillering stage, but was highly increasing till maximum tillering stage, while the recovery was generally low in barley straw application. Meanwhile, fertilizer P uptake in barley straw application was high, but potassium uptake was low at all different levels of N application.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.167-174
• /
• 2000

To investigate the effect of amount of nitrogen application on decomposition of barley straw, growth and yield of rice in paddy field of double cropping, this study was conducted to Jeonbuk series at the Honam area from 1997 to 1998. Carbon persistence of barley straw was lowered while nitrogen persistence rate was increased as increasing amount of nitrogen application and carbon -nitrogen ratio was not decreased as increasing amount of nitrogen application. Soil microflora under barley straw application was high in order of actinomycetes>cellulosedecomposer>bacteria>fungi. Nitrogen starvation under barley straw application showed at tillering stage of rice, but this was not appeared in plot of N $144kg\;ha^{-1}$ application. Plant height, culm length and ear length of rice plant by barley straw application were short, but those of N $108kg\;ha^{-1}$ application was not different from compared with none-application barley straw. Rice yield of N $108kg\;ha^{-1}$ applied barley straw was smiliar to none-application barley straw, but that of N 90. $144kg\;ha^{-1}$ was highly decreased.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.162-170
• /
• 1998

The dose response effects of different levels of wheat barn (WB) supplementation to a rice straw based diet has been studied in growing native (Bos indicus) bulls of Bangladesh. Twelve bulls of $266{\pm}29.6kg$ live weight and $32{\pm}9.5$ months old were given either of three diets of ad libitum untreated rice straw alone (T1) or straw supplemented with 2 (T2) or 3 (T3) kg WB. Besides, the experimental animals also received a mineral mixture. In 4 weeks, data were recorded on the intake, digestibility, microbial N (MN) yield, N balance (NB) and growth rate (GR). In the three diets, WB was 0 (T1), 29.6 (T2) and 42 (T3) percent of the total DM intake. With the increasing levels of WB supplementation, the total DM and OM intake increased, but the straw intake decreased linearly. WB supplementation increased the digestibilities of DM, OM and N but had no effect on ADF digestibility. The urinary purine derivative excretion and hence the MN yield increased with WB supplementation. The total MN yield were 7.26 and 35 g/d respectively for 0.2 and 3 kg WB supplementation. However, the efficiency of MN yield was highest (13 g/kg DOMR) at 2 kg WB level. Despite the increase DOM intake, the dietary ME content remain below 6 MJ/kg DM even at 3 kg WB supplementation. The NB were -84,467 and 1,620 mg/kg $W^{0.75}/d$ which were reflected on the GR of -186,346 and 554 g/d for 0, 2 and 3 kg WB supplementation respectively. Depending on the cost effectiveness, on an untreated rice straw diet, WB may be supplemented by up to 3 kg/d (42% of the diet) or more. However, if the maximum utilization of roughage is the main concern, the optimum WB level would probably be around 2 kg (30% of the diet) daily.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.14 no.5
• /
• pp.651-654
• /
• 2001

A study was made of the efficiency of ammonia N retention by Jowar kadbi (sorghum straw), initially 6.41% crude protein (CP), treated with 4% urea solution. After 30 days the CP in straw that was unchaffed and had been left uncovered was 10.02, and in chaffed straw that had been covered with a polythene sheet was 10.9%. The two treated straws were each fed to six crossbred (HF$\times$Deoni) calves, initially $12{\pm}2$ months old and $86.7{\pm}3.2kg$ bodyweight. They were also given two isocaloric (70% TDN) and isonitrogenous (20% CP) concentrate mixtures differing in calculated Rumen Degradable to Undegradable Dietary Protein ratio (RDP:UDP). Those fed the unchaffed uncovered treated straw (treatment C) received 65 RDP:35UDP and the other group (T1) received concentrate with a 55:45 ratio. The T1 group had the higher DM intake (p<0.01) in total (306 vs 268 kg), per day (4.1 vs 3.6 kg) and per unit bodyweight. Digestibility of DM, OM, CP and NDF, but not ADF, was higher in T1 and that group had the higher daily gain (517 vs 333 g) and higher total gain (38.8 vs 25.0 kg) over the 75 d of the feeding trial. It is concluded that chaffing and covering of Jowar kadbi treated with urea, not likely to be adopted by farmers because of financial constraints, does not confer important benefits. A concentrate supplement (estimated 45% of the CP as UDP) to calves given the treated straw has a beneficial effect on their growth and development.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.49 no.2
• /
• pp.194-199
• /
• 2016

In an experiment conducted at the research field of the National Institute of Agricultural Science, we investigated the effects of mineral fertilizer and rice straw compost on exchangeable potassium and K balances, and rice grain yield under a rice single system. The treatments were no fertilization (No fert.), inorganic fertilization (N), inorganic fertilizer (N, P, K) plus rice straw compost at rates of 7.5, 15.0, 22.5, and $30.0ton\;ha^{-1}$ (NPKC7.5, NPKC15.0, NPKC22.5, and NPKC30.0, respectively). The inorganic fertilizers(N, P, K) were added with standard fertilizer application rate in which nitrogen (N), phosphate ($P_2O_5$), and potassium ($K_2O$) were applied with $75{\sim}150kg\;ha^{-1}$, $70{\sim}86kg\;ha^{-1}$, $75{\sim}86kg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. Exchangeable potassium for NPKC15.0 NPKC22.5, and NPK30.0 treatments was higher by $0.05{\sim}0.19cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ than that of NPKC7.5 treatment. Increasing levels of rice straw compost resulted in an increase in the K balance from - $19.9kg\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ (No fert.) to $41.9kg\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ at NPKC22.5 treatment and $62.9kg\;ha^{-1}$ at NPKC30.0 treatment. Continuous application of rice straw compost with NPK fertilizers affected significantly the rice grain yields. The result of the study imply that the application of more than $22.5ton\;ha^{-1}$ of rice straw compost with NPK fertilizers are recommended as the best fertilization practice for enhancement of crop production and K supplying power of soil in the continuous rice cropping system.