• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2009

The undisturbed specimens used in this research were sampled in the field by the sequential sampling method. In addition, four testing methods were applied to identify for the characteristics and classification of weathered strata. N-value by standard penetration test was obtained from in the field and then analyzed using normalization method. Other methods such as X-ray grain size distribution, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy(XRF), and fall cone test were carried out in the lab. These analyzed results indicate that distribution of particle, composition of minerals are changed in accordance with the degree of weathering, unusual strata and depth. Consequently, the weathered strata can be extensively separated into two parts according to the test results and each part was shown different in the strata characteristics. It can be prospected that mechanical characteristics should be different, even though mechanical tests were not applied. Furthermore, these results not only make up for the error by one testing method but also contribute more effectively and economically to the design and the construction.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.237-255
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• 2015

From the related engineering principles, analytical solutions for horizontal crack initiation and propagation on a coal panel floor-underlying strata interface due to coal panel excavation are derived in this paper. Two important concepts, namely the critical panel width of horizontal crack initiation on the panel floor-underlying strata interface and the critical panel width of vertical fracture (crack) initiation in the panel floor, have been presented. The resulting analytical solution indicates that: (1) the first criterion can be used to express the condition under which horizontal plane cracks (on the panel floor-underlying strata interface or in the panel floor because of delamination) due to the mining induced vertical stress will initiate and propagate; (2) the second criterion can be used to express the condition under which vertical plane cracks (in the panel floor) due to the mining induced horizontal stress will initiate and propagate; (3) this orthogonal set of horizontal and vertical plane cracks, once formed, will provide the necessary weak network for the flow of gas to inrush into the panel. Two characteristic equations are given to quantitatively estimate both the critical panel width of vertical fracture initiation in the panel floor and the critical panel width of horizontal crack initiation on the interface between the panel floor and its underlying strata. The significance of this study is to provide not only some theoretical bases for understanding the fundamental mechanism of a longwall floor gas inrush problem but also a benchmark solution for verifying any numerical methods that are used to deal with this kind of gas inrush problem.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.997-1010
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• 2017

The black box model is a relatively new option for nonlinear dynamic system identification. It can be used for prediction problems just based on analyzing the input and output data without considering the changes of the internal structure. In this paper, a black box model was presented to solve unconstrained overlying strata movement problems in coal mine production. Based on the black box theory, the overlying strata regional system was viewed as a "black box", and the black box model on overburden strata movement was established. Then, the rock mechanical properties and the mining thickness and mined-out section area were selected as the subject and object respectively, and the influences of coal mining on the overburden regional system were discussed. Finally, a corrected method for height prediction of the fractured zone was obtained. According to actual mine geological conditions, the measured geological data were introduced into the black box model of overlying strata movement for height calculation, and the fractured zone height was determined as 40.36 m, which was comparable to the actual height value (43.91 m) of the fractured zone detected by Double-block Leak Hunting in Drill. By comparing the calculation result and actual surface subsidence value, it can be concluded that the proposed model is adaptable for height prediction of the fractured zone.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.237-245
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• 2019

In deep mixed rock strata, a double shield TBM (DS-TBM) is easy to be entrapped by a large force during tunneling. In order to reduce the probability of the entrapment, we need to investigate a favorable driving direction, either driving with or against dip, which mainly associates with the angle between the tunneling axis and strike, ${\theta}$, as well as the dip angle of rock strata, ${\alpha}$. We, therefore, establish a 3DEC model to show the changes of displacements and contact forces in mixed rock strata through LDP (longitudinal displacement profile) and LFP (longitudinal contact force profile) curves at four characteristic points on the surrounding rock. This is followed by a series of numerical models to investigate the favorable driving direction. The computational results indicate driving with dip is the favorable tunneling direction to reduce the probability of DS-TBM entrapment, irrespective of ${\theta}$ and ${\alpha}$, which is not in full agreement with the guidelines proposed in RMR. From the favorable driving direction (i.e., driving with dip), the smallest contact force is found when ${\theta}$ is equal to $90^{\circ}$. The present study is therefore beneficial for route selection and construction design in TBM tunneling.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.259-264
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• 2023

Day-night vertical euphausiid distribution was investigated at three stations in the East Sea using a Multiple Opening/Closing Net and Environmental Sensing System (MOCNESS). Three euphausiid species were recognized. Euphausia pacifica was more dominant than Thysanoessa longipes. Euphausiids were collected at Station 1 at night, Station 2 at sunset, and Station 3 during the daytime. At Station 1, calyptopis and furcilia stages were concentrated from the surface to 30 m and 20-40 m, respectively. Juveniles and E. pacifica were distributed in strata shallower than 30 m. At Station 2, calyptopis and furcilia stages were dominant in strata from the surface to 40 m. Juveniles were not recorded in strata at 30-100 m. However, E. pacifica occurred in these strata. At Station 3, calyptopis and furcilia stages occurred in the upper 40 m of strata. E. pacifica was distributed deeper than 100 m and rarely occurred above 100 m. The furcilia stages weakly migrated, whereas the calyptopis stages did not. Juveniles and E. pacifica showed a clear migration pattern. Vertical distribution of euphausiids in the northern East Sea varied by life stage and time of day.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.160-168
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• 2001

This study aims at the development of computer program for the deformation analysis of soft ground, and using this computer program, study the constraint effect of deformation heaving, lateral displacement of the soft ground reinforced with improvement of soft ground up to hard strata, under intact state(natural). The following results are obtained. 1. Improvement of soft ground to the hard strata works well against the settlement of neighboring ground. 2. the larger the rigidity or width of improvement of layer to hard strata is, the less settlement occurs. 3. Improvement of soft ground to the hard strata is of no use.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.461-474
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• 2020

Analysing the incompatible deformation and damage evolution around the tunnels in mixed strata is significant for evaluating the tunnel stability, as well as the interaction between the support system and the surrounding rock mass. To investigate this issue, confined compression tests were conducted on upper-soft and lower-hard strata specimens containing a circular hole using a rock testing system, the physical mechanical properties were then investigated. Then, the incompatible deformation and failure modes of the specimens were analysed based on the digital speckle correlation method (DSCM) and Acoustic Emission (AE) data. Finally, numerical simulations were conducted to explore the damage evolution of the mixed strata. The results indicate that at low inclination angles, the deformation and v-shaped notches inside the hole are controlled by the structure plane. Progressive spalling failure occurs at the sidewalls along the structure plane in soft rock. But the transmission of the loading force between the soft rock and hard rock are different in local. At high inclination angles, v-shaped notches are approximately perpendicular to the structure plane, and the soft and hard rock bear common loads. Incompatible deformation between the soft rock and hard rock controls the failure process. At inclination angles of 0°, 30° and 90°, incompatible deformations are closely related to rock damage. At 60°, incompatible deformations and rock damage are discordant due that the soft rock and hard rock alternately bears the major loads during the failure process. The failure trend and modes of the numerical results agree very well with those observed in the experimental results. As the inclination angles increase, the proportion of the shear or tensile damage exhibits a nonlinear increase or decrease, suggesting that the inclination angle of mixed strata may promote shear damage and restrain tensile damage.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.381-393
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• 2014

이라크 북동부 지역 메소포타미아 분지 백악기 퇴적층의 층서, 구조지질 및 탄화수소 부존 가능성을 이해하기 위해 야외지질조사자료 및 탄성파 탐사자료를 병합하였다. 분지 내 백악기 지층은 크게 Qamchuqa 층, Kometan 층, Bekhme 층, Shiranish 층 등으로 구분되며, 대부분 천해 환경에서 형성된 탄산염암으로 구성되어 있다. 주요 지질구조는 크게 트러스트, 분리습곡, 단층 전파습곡, 단층 만곡습곡 등으로 구분될 수 있다. 또한 파쇄단열은 북서-남동으로 발달하는 지질구조를 따라 이와 평행 또는 수직 방향으로 규칙적인 분포양상을 보인다. 파쇄단열의 분포와 빈도는 이러한 습곡과 단층들의 발달에 의해 규제되어진다. 탄화수소 부존가능성 측면에서 분지 내 백악기 퇴적층들은 유기탄소함량의 부족과 파쇄단열의 발달로부터 각기 근원암이나 덮개암으로 제한된 능력을 가진다. 그러나 탄산염암들이 제한된 1차 공극을 가지고 있음에도 불구하고 파쇄단열에 의한 2차 공극의 발달은 암석의 저류능력을 증가시키는데 기여한다. 백악기 탄산염암의 저류 능력을 결정하는 가장 중요한 요인은 습곡 및 단층의 상대적 위치 등에 따른 파쇄단열의 발달 빈도와 연결성에 있는 것으로 보인다. 본 연구에서 도출된 결과는 이라크 북동부 지역 백악기 지층의 층서 및 지질구조를 이해하는데 참고로 사용될 수 있으며, 향후 이 지역의 백악기 퇴적층들의 탄화수소 부존가능성을 연구함에 있어 매우 유용한 정보를 제공 해 줄 수 있다.

• 부동산연구
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.7-20
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• 2018

본 연구는 오피스 매매가격에 영향을 주는 결정요인에 대한 연구를 진행하였다. 그 중에서도 특히 부분매매가 미치는 영향에 대해 초점을 맞춰서 헤도닉 가격모형을 활용하여 실증분석을 실시하였다. 본 연구에는 2000년부터 2017년까지 서울에서 거래된 오피스 사례 1,171건이 분석에 이용되었다. 오피스 매매가격에 영향을 주는 요인을 분석하기 위해 거시경제변수, 입지특성변수, 자산특성변수, 거래특성변수, 거래시점변수로 독립변수를 구성하였다. 본 연구에 있어서 주요 관심사항인 부분매매에 대해서 분석결과를 살펴보면, 부분매매는 전체매매보다 약 156만원 정도 평당 매매가격이 할인 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 할인율 측면에서는 전체매매에 비해 부분매매가 12.6% 할인되는 것으로 나타나 부분매매가 오피스 매매가격에 적지 않은 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이는 집합건물의 경우 소유자가 재산권에 대한 행사와 유지관리에 따른 비용 배분 등 측면에서 단독소유보다 어려움을 겪고 있기 때문이라고 볼 수 있다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 향후 오피스 거래 특히 부분매매의 경우 거래 투명성 확보 및 리스크 관리 측면에서 일정부분 기여를 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2009

이 논문은 우리나라의 중생대층과 신생대층에서 기록된 6속 22종의 은행류 화석을 최근까지 확립된 고생물학적 지식에 기초하여 재검토하고, 종의 다양성과 엽형 대해 논의하였다. 연구결과 은행류 화석은 중생대에서 4속 8종, 신생대에서 1속 1종으로 각각 재분류되었다. 중생대형 은행류의 엽신은 대부분 가는 열편으로 갈라져 있지만, 신생대형은 부채꼴 모양의 단엽형으로 나타난다.