• 대한수의학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.57-67
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• 1975

The poxvirus group is considered to be a typical cytoplasmic inclusion forming virus. Every poxvirus has been reported to produce only one kind of inclusion in the infected tissues. A vague concept that inclusions of poxviruses are eosinophilic or acidophilic has prevailed. Although many papers and theories about the nature of the inclusion have been presented, most of them are not quite convincing on the point of the relations with virus multiplication, and an analysis of papers published showed that there seem to be many discrepancies in the descriptions of the nature of the poxvirus inclusions. Comparative studies on host-virus interaction with cowpox, orf, swinepox and fowlpox viruses which selected from each Group (I-IV) of poxviruses were performed from the morphological and virological standpoints. At first, in cowpox virus-FL cell system, as a comparative model, cytoplasmic inclusion, nucleic acid metabolism by autoradiography and detection of viral antigen by immunofluorescence were studied and obtained the results as follows: 1. The focus-like cytopathic effect (CPE) at early stage developed to entire culture at terminal stage of infection, and also the developing status of CPE was correlated to viral doses for inoculation. Two kinds of cytoplasmic inclusions which named A and B type were easily observed by Giemsa, hematoxylin-eosin (H & E) and May-Greenwald Giemsa (MGG) stainings in the infected cells. The B type inclusions were formed at early stage of infection and the A type inclusions were produced subsequently the B type formation. The B type which common type inclusion in poxviruses was a small compact or aggregate at early stage and developed to a large diffuse body at terminal stage of infection. On the other hand, the A type inclusion which depend upon the kind of virus was appeared as round and discrete shape, and its size and number was increased gradually during the culture period. It was characteristic to form distinct halos around the both types of inclusions in acid fixed, H & E stained preparations of infected cultures. The B type inclusion was always positive in Feulgen reaction and showed as DNA containing body but the A type inclusion was not. 2. In the relationship between inclusion and DNA metabolism of infected cells by the qualitative autoradiography using 3H-thymidine, the appearance of silver grains was coincided with B type inclusion but not with A type inclusion. This showed that the DNA synthesis was proceeded in all B type inclusions except those in the terminal stage with a diffuse form. This suggested that the B type inclusions are only sites of DNA synthesis and this was proceeded after the cell infection independently. The activity of DNA synthesis of the inclusions was nearly the same as that of the nucleic of normal cells and non-inclusion bearing cells. and non-inclusion bearing cells. Regardless of the size of the degree of DNA synthesis of the B type inclusion, inclusion bearing cells all showed remarkable suppression of nuclear DNA synthesis. 3. By the direct fluorescent antibody technique viral antigen in infected cells was detected. The B type inclusions have been proved to contain a great deal of viral antigen, whereas the basic substance of A type inclusion did not show antigenicity except the round edge. It was suggested that the round edge fluorescence might be caused by the glare of cytoplasmic viral antigen which pushed out and concentrated by the A type inclusion development. 4. Hemorrhagic red pock formations on chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated chicken egg had proved the characteristic of used viral strain. 5. By the above studies on the nature of two types of inclusions and the role they play in virus multiplication, it was concluded that the B type inclusion must be the site of the synthesis of viral DNA and protein as well as the site of the virus.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.167-181
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• 1991

효모(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)제품의 첨가가 육계의 생산성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 Arbor Acres종으로 2차에 걸친 사양시험을 실시하였다. 실험 1은 육계 숫 병아리 200수를 무첨가 대조구, yeast culture 0.25%구(YC-0.25%) 및 2.5%구(YC-2.5%), 활성효모 0.05%구(LY-0.05%) 및 0.1%구(LY-0.1%)의 5처리에 4반복으로 반복당 10수씩 battery에 완전임의배치하여 6주간의 사양시험을 실시하였다. 실험 2는 육계 감별추 암, 수 각 120수씩을 성별로 무첨가대조구, 후기(4~6주)에만 0.1% 활성효모첨가구 그리고 전기간 0.1% 활성효모첨가구를 2$\times$3 요인 배치하고 각 처리당 4반복, 반복당 10수씩 공시하여 7주간 사양하였다 실험 1의 결과는 증체율과 사료섭취량 및 폐사율에 있어서 처리간에 유의한 차이가 없었으나 YC-0.25%와 LY-0.1%가 대조구나 타처리구에 비해 3주 이후부터 증체율이 높아지는 경향이 있었다. 사료효율은 LY-0.05%가 대조구, YC-0.25% 및 LY-0 1%에 비해 유의하게 낮았다. 영양소 이용율은 처러간에 유의한 차이가 없었으나 Ca 및 P의 이용율은 첨가구들이 대조구에 비하여 높은 경향을 보여주었다. 소장내의 미생물총균은 Lactobacilli spp., Streptococcus spp. 그리고 yeast 수는 첨가구들에서 높고 Coliforms세균수는 대조구에서 높은 경향을 보였다. 실험 2의 결과는 사료, 성별, 사료$\times$성별 상호작용이 증체량에 모두 유의한 영향을 미쳤는데 특히 숫 육계에서는 활성효모를 전기간 첨가한 구가 증체량이 가장 높은 반면 암 육계에서는 후기만 첨가한 구가 가장 높았다 사료섭취량과 폐사율은 숫 육계가 유의하게 높았으며 사료효율은 사료$\times$성별 상호작용이 유의하여 숫 육계에서는 활성효모 전기간 첨가구가 그리고 암 육계에서는 후기만 첨가한 구가 가장 높았다. 영양소 이용율에 있어서 숫 육계는 암 육계보다 건물, Ca및 P의 이용율이 유의하게 높았고 활성효모 첨가구들은 Ca및 P의 이용율이 대조구에 비하여 유의하게 높았다. 근위, 소장 상, 하부 및 맹장의 세균수를 조사한 결과 Lactobacillus spp.와 yeast는 소장 상, 하부 그리고 Streptococcus spp는 소장과 맹장에서 활성효모첨가구가 대조구에 비하여 높은 경향이 있었으며 Coliforms 세균수는 소장 상, 하부에서 대조구가 첨가구보다 높은 경향이 있었다. 또한 소장의 pH는 활성효모첨가구들이 대조구에 비하여 높은 경향이 있었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.289-293
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• 2002

본 연구는 무화과 발효액을 비육후기 한우 숫소에 6개월 간 급여하여 생산된 등심육의 저장기간 궁의 pH, 육색, 가열 감량, 전단력 및 관능평가의 변화를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 실험동물은 평균체중 400$\pm$22kg인 한우 숫소 10두를 대조구(0%)와 무화과 급여구(10%)의 2개 처리구로 5두씩 배치하여 6개월간 사육하였다. 저장기간 중 pH 변화는 무화과 급여구가 대조구에 비해 저장 1, 3 및 9일에 높은 경향을 나타냈으며 저장 15 및 21일에는 낮은 경향을 나타냈는데 처리구간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 명도와 적색도는 무화과 급여구가 대조구에 비해 저장 1, 3 및 9일에 높은 반면에 저장 15와 21일에는 낮은 경향을 나타냈는데 처리구간에게 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 황색도는 무화과 급여구가 대조구에 비해 저장 1일에 높은 반면에 저장 3, 9, 15 및 21일에는 낮게 나타났으며 처리구간의 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 가열감량은 무화과 급여구가 대조구에 비해 저장 1, 3 및 9일에 낮은 반면에 저장 15와 21일에는 높게 나타났는데 처리구간의 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 전단력은 저장기간 동안 무화과 급여구가 대조구에 비해 낮게 나타났는데 특히 저장 1, 3 및 9일에 유의적인(P<0.05) 차이를 나타냈다. 냄새와 외관은 저장기간 동안 무화과 급여구에서 개선되는 경향이었는데 처리구간의 의적인 차이는 없었다. 맛은 저장기간 동안 무화과 급여구에서 높게 나타났는데 특히 저장 1, 3 및 9일에 유의적인 차이를 나타냈다. 이상의 시험 결과는 무화과 발효물을 급여한 한우 등심육의 저장기간 중 연도와 맛에 개선효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다. 20%를 차지하여 이에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 생명공학에 대한 연구가 20년 평균 6.6%에서 최근 5년 평균 15%로 급속히 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 다음은 잡초에 관한 연구가 20년 평균 2.5%에서 최근 5년간 5.9%로 증가하였다. 수량성 및 사료가치에 관한 연구는 '82~'86 5년 평균 31.3%에서 최근 5년간 7.7%로 급격히 줄어드는 경향을 나타내었고, 방목연구 또한 비슷한 경향을 나타내었다.esveratrol 화합물도 작용하였으리라고 사료되어 이에 대한 확인이 필요하다. 작약씨에 함유된 물질들의 지질대사 개선효과는 이미 보고된 항산화기능과 함께 동맥경화 예방에 유효할 것으로 기대되며 기능성 식품에 활용에 대한 연구가 필요하다lopectin, which playa leading role in protein interaction, with the oxidation of starch.으며 엽산을 공급시킨 군에서는 에탄올 급여군과 pair-fed군 사이에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과를 통해서 볼 때 에탄올 급여시 혈장 내 콜레스테롤 함량은 엽산 섭취에 의해 증가되었으나 지질과산화물과 항산화 효소 및 항산화 영양소의 변화에 대하여 엽산결핍이 에탄올 섭취에 의해 변화된 항산화계의 손상을 더욱 가중시키는 경향이 있는 것으로 나타났다.한 솔루션을 제공할 수 있다.순환이 뇌대사 및 수술 후 신경학적 결과에 보다 유익한 효과를 제공해 줄 수 있음을 시사하고 있다.3) to alleviate farmers' heat strain, clothing manufacturers must consider not only the improvement

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.253-261
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• 2016

계란의 품질은 소비자와 생산자 모두에게 매우 중요한 요소이다. 계란의 품질에 영향을 미치는 요소로 닭의 품종, 산란연령, 계란의 보관 온도와 저장기간, 보관 습도, 산란 계절 및 사료 등이 있다. 본 연구는 닭의 산란연령과 계란의 저장기간이 난질에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 시행되었다. 본 시험은 하이라인 브라운 실용산란계가 생산한 총 700개의 계란을 대상으로 2개의 산란연령(30주령 및 60주령)과 4개의 저장기간(0, 10, 20, 30일), 총 8처리에 대해 분석하였다. 계란의 품질 평가기준으로 난중, 난각색, 난각두께, 난각밀도, 난백높이, 호우유니트(HU), 난황색, 난황 및 난백의 pH와 점도를 측정하였다. 실험결과, 산란연령 및 계란의 저장기간은 거의 모든 계란의 내 외부 난질지표에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 산란연령이 증가함에 따라 생산된 계란의 난각두께, 난백높이, HU, 난황색, 난황과 난백의 pH 및 난황점도는 유의하게 감소하였다. 한편, 난각색에 있어서는 60주령에 생산된 계란이 30주령에 생산된 계란보다 옅은 난각색을 나타내었다. 또한, 계란의 저장기간이 증가함에 따라 난중, 난각중, 난각두께, 난각밀도, 난백높이, HU 및 난백점도는 감소하였고, 반면 난황색과 난황과 난백의 pH는 증가하였다. 더불어 난각두께, 난백높이, 난황색, 난황 및 난백의 pH와 점도는 계란의 저장기간과 산란연령 간 상호작용의 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 대표적 난질의 지표로 볼 수 있는 난각두께, 난백높이 및 HU가 60주령에 생산된 계란이 30주령에 산란한 알에 비해 유의하게 낮게 나타났다. 따라서 산란연령이 증가하고 계란의 저장기간이 길어짐에 따라 난질저하가 일어나게 된다. 결론적으로, 본 연구에서 신선란의 경우, 산란연령이 계란의 품질에 영향을 미치는 주된 요인인 반면, 보관란의 경우 저장기간이 난질에 영향을 미치는 결정적 요인임을 시사하고 있다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.15-15
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• 1976

In analyzing the operational characteristics of a rice whitening machine, the internal radial pressure of the machine was measured using strain gage equipment. Changes in cylinder and feed screw configurations, screen type, cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels were examined to determine their impact on the quality and quantity of milled rice and the performance of the machine. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The internal radial pressure in the whitening chamber varied with the surface condition of the grain being processed. During the first or second pass through the machine, pressure was relatively low, reached a maximum after two to three passes with combinations I and II, three to six with combination III and then began to fall. 2. The pitch of the feed screw and the size of the feed gate opening which determine the rate of entry of grain into the whitening chamber, appeared to be the most important factor aff-::cting the degree of radial pressure, quality and quantity of milled rice and the efficiency of the machine. Using a feed screw with a wide pitch (4.8cm), radial pressure was relatively high and head rice recovery ratio \vere quite low. In this case capacity and machine effic?iency were much higher than obtained when using a feed screw with a narrow pitch (2.3cm). Very significant responses in radial pressure, head rice recovery rates and machine capacity were observed with changes in cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels when using the wide pitch feed screw. 3. The characteristics of the screen which surrounds the whitening chamber had an important effect on whitening efficiency. The existence of small protuberances on the original screen resulted in significant increases in both machine capacity and efficiency but without a significant decrease in head rice recovery or development of excessive radial pressure. Further work is required to determine the effects of screen surface conditions and the shape of the cylinderical steel roller on the rate of bran removal, machine efficiency and recovery rates. The size of the slotted perforations 0:1 the screen affects total milled rice recovery. The opening size on the original screen was fabricated to accommodate the round shape of Japonica rice varieties but was not suitable for the more slender Indica type. Milling Indica varieties with this screen resulted in a reduction in total milled rice recovery. 4. An increase in cylinder speed from 380 to 820 rpm produced a positive effect on head rice recovery for all machine combinations at every level of counter-pressure used in the tests. Head rice recovery was considerably lower at 380rpm using a wide screw pitch when compared to the results obtained at speeds from 600 to 820 r.p.m. The effects of cylinder speed On radial pressure, capacity and machine efficiency showed contrasting results, depending on the width of the feed screw pitch. With a narrow feed screw pitch (2.3cm), a direct proportional relationship was observed bet?ween cylinder speed and both radial pressure and machine efficiency. In contrast, using a 4.8 centimeter pitch feed roller produced a series of inverse relationships between the above variables. Based on the results of this study it is recommended when milling Indica type long grain rice varieties that the cylinder speed of the original machine be increased from 500-600 rmp up to a minimum of 800 rpm to obtain a greater abrasive effect between the grain and the screen. The pitch of the feed screw should be also reduced to decr?ease the level of internal radial pressure and to obtain higher machine efficiency and increased quality of milled rice with increased cylinder speeds. Further study on the interaction between cylinder speed and feed screw pitch is recommended. 5. An increase in the counter pressure level produced a negative effect On the head rice recovery with an increase in radial pressure, capacity, and machine efficiency over all combinations and at every level of cylinder speed. 6. Head rice recovery rates were conditioned primarily by the pressure inside the whitening chamber. According to the empirical cha racteristics curve developed in this study, the relationships of head rice recovery ($Y_h$) and machine capacity ($Y_c$/TEX>) to internal radial pressure ($X_p$) followed an inverse quadratic function and a linear function respectively: $$Y_h^\Delta=\frac{1}{{1.4383-0.2951X_p^\ast+0.1425X_p^{\ast\ast}}^2} , (R^2=0.98)$$$$Y_c^\Delta=-305.83+374.37X_p^{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.88)$$The correlation between capacity and power consumption per unit of brown rice expressed in the following exponential function: $$Y_c^\Delta=1.63Y_c^{-0.7786^\{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.94)$$These relationships indicate that when radial pressure increases above a certain range (1. 6 to 2.0 kg/$cm^2$ based On the results of the experiment) head ricerecovery decrea?ses in a quadratic relation with a inear increase in capacity but without any decrease in power consump tion per unit of brown rice. On the other hand, if radial pressure is below the range shown above, power consumption increases dramatically with a lin?ear decrease in capacity but without significant increases in head rice recovery. During the operation of a given whitening machine, the optimum radial pressure range or the correct capacity range should be selected by controlling the feed rate and/or counter-pressure keeping in mind the condition of the grain, particulary the hardness. It was observed that the total number of passes is related to radial pessure level, feed rate and counter-pressure level. The higher theradial pressure the fewer num?ber of pass required but with decreased head rice recovery. In particular, when using high feed rates, the total number of passes should be increased to more than three by reducing the counter-pressure level to avoid decreaseases in head rice recovery (less than 65 percent head rice recovery on the basis of brown rice) at every cylinder speed. 7. A rapid rise in grain temperature seemed to have a close relationship with the pressure generated inside the whitening chamber and, subsequently with head rice reco?very rates. The higher the rate of increase, the lower were the resulting head rice recoveries.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.17-48
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• 1976

In analyzing the operational characteristics of a rice whitening machine, the internal radial pressure of the machine was measured using strain gage equipment. Changes in cylinder and feed screw configurations, screen type, cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels were examined to determine their impact on the quality and quantity of milled rice and the performance of the machine. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The internal radial pressure in the whitening chamber varied with the surface condition of the grain being processed. During the first or second pass through the machine, pressure was relatively low, reached a maximum after two to three passes with combinations I and II, three to six with combination III and then began to fall. 2. The pitch of the feed screw and the size of the feed gate opening which determine the rate of entry of grain into the whitening chamber, appeared to be the most important factor aff-::cting the degree of radial pressure, quality and quantity of milled rice and the efficiency of the machine. Using a feed screw with a wide pitch (4.8cm), radial pressure was relatively high and head rice recovery ratio \vere quite low. In this case capacity and machine effic\ulcorneriency were much higher than obtained when using a feed screw with a narrow pitch (2.3cm). Very significant responses in radial pressure, head rice recovery rates and machine capacity were observed with changes in cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels when using the wide pitch feed screw. 3. The characteristics of the screen which surrounds the whitening chamber had an important effect on whitening efficiency. The existence of small protuberances on the original screen resulted in significant increases in both machine capacity and efficiency but without a significant decrease in head rice recovery or development of excessive radial pressure. Further work is required to determine the effects of screen surface conditions and the shape of the cylinderical steel roller on the rate of bran removal, machine efficiency and recovery rates. The size of the slotted perforations 0:1 the screen affects total milled rice recovery. The opening size on the original screen was fabricated to accommodate the round shape of Japonica rice varieties but was not suitable for the more slender Indica type. Milling Indica varieties with this screen resulted in a reduction in total milled rice recovery. 4. An increase in cylinder speed from 380 to 820 rpm produced a positive effect on head rice recovery for all machine combinations at every level of counter-pressure used in the tests. Head rice recovery was considerably lower at 380rpm using a wide screw pitch when compared to the results obtained at speeds from 600 to 820 r.p.m. The effects of cylinder speed On radial pressure, capacity and machine efficiency showed contrasting results, depending on the width of the feed screw pitch. With a narrow feed screw pitch (2.3cm), a direct proportional relationship was observed bet\ulcornerween cylinder speed and both radial pressure and machine efficiency. In contrast, using a 4.8 centimeter pitch feed roller produced a series of inverse relationships between the above variables. Based on the results of this study it is recommended when milling Indica type long grain rice varieties that the cylinder speed of the original machine be increased from 500-600 rmp up to a minimum of 800 rpm to obtain a greater abrasive effect between the grain and the screen. The pitch of the feed screw should be also reduced to decr\ulcornerease the level of internal radial pressure and to obtain higher machine efficiency and increased quality of milled rice with increased cylinder speeds. Further study on the interaction between cylinder speed and feed screw pitch is recommended. 5. An increase in the counter pressure level produced a negative effect On the head rice recovery with an increase in radial pressure, capacity, and machine efficiency over all combinations and at every level of cylinder speed. 6. Head rice recovery rates were conditioned primarily by the pressure inside the whitening chamber. According to the empirical cha racteristics curve developed in this study, the relationships of head rice recovery ($Y_h$) and machine capacity ($Y_c$/TEX>) to internal radial pressure ($X_p$) followed an inverse quadratic function and a linear function respectively: $$Y_h^\Delta=\frac{1}{{1.4383-0.2951X_p^\ast+0.1425X_p^{\ast\ast}}^2} , (R^2=0.98)$$ $$Y_c^\Delta=-305.83+374.37X_p^{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.88)$$ The correlation between capacity and power consumption per unit of brown rice expressed in the following exponential function: $$Y_c^\Delta=1.63Y_c^{-0.7786^\{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.94)$$ These relationships indicate that when radial pressure increases above a certain range (1. 6 to 2.0 kg/$cm^2$ based On the results of the experiment) head ricerecovery decrea\ulcornerses in a quadratic relation with a inear increase in capacity but without any decrease in power consump tion per unit of brown rice. On the other hand, if radial pressure is below the range shown above, power consumption increases dramatically with a lin\ulcornerear decrease in capacity but without significant increases in head rice recovery. During the operation of a given whitening machine, the optimum radial pressure range or the correct capacity range should be selected by controlling the feed rate and/or counter-pressure keeping in mind the condition of the grain, particulary the hardness. It was observed that the total number of passes is related to radial pessure level, feed rate and counter-pressure level. The higher theradial pressure the fewer num\ulcornerber of pass required but with decreased head rice recovery. In particular, when using high feed rates, the total number of passes should be increased to more than three by reducing the counter-pressure level to avoid decreaseases in head rice recovery (less than 65 percent head rice recovery on the basis of brown rice) at every cylinder speed. 7. A rapid rise in grain temperature seemed to have a close relationship with the pressure generated inside the whitening chamber and, subsequently with head rice reco\ulcornervery rates. The higher the rate of increase, the lower were the resulting head rice recoveries.