• Toxicological Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.132-139
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• 2009

The toxicity test of ammonium persulfate was conducted to ensure of its potential toxic effects according to the single-dose acute oral toxicity study (OECD Guideline 423) and 90-day repeated dose sub-chronic oral toxicity study guideline (OECD Guideline 408) for establishing national chemical management system, and matching in the Globally Harmonized Classification System (GHS) category. In acute oral toxicity study, pasty stool, perineal contamination and temporary body weight decrease were observed after dosing 1st and 2nd challenge (300 mg/kg body weight). All test animals were dead within 6 hours after dosing at 3rd challenge (2000 mg/kg body weight). Therefore, the GHS class of test substance is considered class 4. In sub-chronic toxicity study, body weight changes, food consumptions, hematological, biochemical and pathological examination did not show any noticeable and significant differences between the administered (5, 20, 80 mg/kg body weight) and control (vehicle only) group animals. Based on these results, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) is considered above 80 mg/kg body weight.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Rural Health Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Clonorchiasis and factors related to it among inhabitants of the area near the Sumjin River. Method: The data were collected from December 16, 2008 to January 10, 2009. Participants were 511 people who responded to a questionnaire. The formalinesther sedimentation technique was used to detect Clonorchiasis. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, $x^2$-test with the SPSS WIN 14.0 program. Results: The prevalence of Clonorchiasis by stool examination was 21.3%. There were statistically significant differences in prevalence of Clonorchiasis by gender ($x^2$=5.71, p=0.017), habit of eating raw fish ($x^2$=13.26, p<0.001), and alcohol consumption ($x^2$=10.54, p=0.032). The mean score for knowledge on Clonorchiasis was 10.68 (range 0-17) and there was no significant difference between the Clonorchiasis positive group and Clonorchiasis negative group. There were statistically significant differences in intention to change their habits of eating raw fish between Clonorchiasis positive group and Clonorchiasis negative group ($x^2$=26.10, p<0.001). Clonorchiasis positive group's intention was lower than the others. Conclusion: These results suggest that the prevalence of Clonorchiasis still high among the inhabitants in near the Sumjim River. Therefore, an effective management program for Clonorchiasis should be developed and administered.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Rural Health Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.87-93
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was done to investigate the knowledge, attitude and prevalence status of Clonorchiasis Sinensis (C.S.) for inhabitants in the Nakdong riverside area. Method: Data were collected from December 16, 2008 to January 10, 2009. Participants were 552 people who responded to a questionnaire and had a stool examination. Results: The overall prevalence of C.S. was 13.8%. As for knowledge of C.S., the Clonorchiasis group had a mean score of 10.78 $({\pm}3.54)$ on a 17-point scale compared to a score of 10.58 $({\pm}4.15)$ for the negative group. The intended behavioral change related to risk of infection, according to presence of infection or not, was not significant but the Clonorchiasis group had a greater desire for behavioral change intention than the negative group. Conclusion: These results suggest that prevalence investigation of C.S. in all areas in the Nakdong riverside is needed and indicates that it is necessary to set up persistent and systematic management programs for patient care and prevention of C.S..

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.161-169
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• 2015

Objectives : This study is aimed to report the outcomes of the treatment of a patient with chronic anal fissure during a 8-year period. Methods : Basic patient’s data was analyzed as a CARE guideline. And related psychological state was measured with BAI, STAI-X-II test. Results : The treatment is based on Shanghanlun and the patient reported better outcomes. The main symptoms of the patient were chronic constipation, blood in the stool. The main clinical findings were that the patient’s symptoms got worse during the examination period because of the anxiety of the exam. And loss of appetite and digestive disorders are due to Jue-Yin-Bing(厥陰病) and the clue of bleeding can be found in article 375 in Shanghanlun. The main diagnoses was chronic anal fissure and main interventions were Chijasi-tang according to article 375 in Shanghanlun and counseling on anxiety. As a results bleeding has stopped after taking herbal medicine and constipation has been treated at the same time. After 6 months, the patient performed BAI, STAI-X-II test and scores got lowered indicating decreasing anxiety level. Conclusion : Chijasi-tang with counseling achieved valid positive results to the patient with chronic anal fissure.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.312-317
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• 1979

1] During the period of Jan. 1959, to Aug. 1979, 47 patients of paragonimiasis have been treated in the department of Chest Surgery. 2] The total number of patients who has been admitted and treated in the department of Chest Medicine are 262 and annual distribution of number of patients has been decreased. However, since 1964, the number of patients has been stationary. On the other hand, the total number of patients who has been admitted and treated surgically in the department of Chest Surgery are 47 and the annual distribution of number of patients has not been decreased. 3] The peak age incidence lies in fourth decade [34%], and over halves of patients is in third to fifth decade. Male to female is 8.4 to 1. 4] The symptoms, which are mainly cough, chest pain, dyspnea and blood tinged sputum, developed mostly in two to five years after infestation by Paragonmius westermani. 5] Sputum tests for eggs of Paragonimus westermani were positive in 16 out of 43 patients [37%]. The 93% of patients were positive in skin test for Paragonimus westermani. The patients with negative skin test were 7%, but sputum or stool examination for Paragonimus westermani`s eggs were positive in these negative group of skin test. 6] Chest roentgenogram revealed pleural effusion [41 cases], hydropneumothorax [1 case], atelectasis [1 case] and mediastinal mass [1 case]. 7] All patients were preoperatively treated with Bithionol. The mode of surgery were decortication only [31 cases], pleuropneumonectomy [3 cases], decortication & lobectomy [2 cases], decortication & closure of bronchial fistula [1 case], thoracentesis [1 case] and postural drainage [1 case]. 8] Paragonimiasis is primarily medical disease and well treated by the administration of Bithionol. But the delayed diagnosis and missed diagnosis, especially as pulmonary tuberculosis, make the disease aggravated and chronic. Subsequently, surgical treatment is infrequently required. Chronic empyema due to Paragonimus westermani is much benign than tuberculous empyema thoracis.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.137-147
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• 2007

1. Objectvies This study is to examine the expected general condition change, clinical distinctive feature about using Ohgapichangchuk-Tang and Mihooteungshikchang-Tang and the range of using them based on the patient taken care by Taeyangin herb-medicines. 2. Methods We had observed 20 patients who visited Sasang Constitutional medical department in Dongguk Univ. oriental medical hospital from October 2003 to October 2006, diagnosed as Taeyangin and took Taeyangin herb-medicines more than twice. 3. Results and Conclusions 1) The chief complains of Taeyangins were 5 skin problem, 5 rhinitis, 2 digestion problem, 2 neurological problem, 3 fatigue ${\cdot}$ general weakness, 2 hand and foot hyperhidosis, 2 chest pain and discomfort, 2 genecological problem, 1 halitosis. Ohgapichangchuk-Tang was used for 4 rhinitis, 2 atopy, 1 fatigue, 1 halitosis. Mihooteungshikchang-Tang was used for 3 skin problem, 2 digestion problem, 2 neurological problem like dizziness or dysphagia ${\cdot}$ dysarthria, 2 hand and foot hyperhidosis, 2 chest pain and discomfort and 2 genecological problem. 2) The meaningful part after using Ohgapichangchuk-Tang and Mihooteungshikchang-Tang is 'dyspepsia', 'insomnia', 'dyspnea', 'dry skin' and 'sialosis'. It is necessary to check the general symptom. 3) Taeyangin used to have hard stool and not to sweat. 4) Ohgapichangchuk-Tang seemed to be used when there is digestion problem comparing with Mihooteungshikchang-Tang however it is not significant differences. 5) We require further examination to study Taeyangin's prescriptions.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.17
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• pp.7803-7807
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• 2015

Opisthorchis viverrini infection is a serious public health problem in Southeast Asia especially in the northeast and north of Thailand. Therefore, a cross-sectional survey using multistage sampling was conducted from the rural communities of Surin province, Thailand, during September 2013 to July 2014. O. viverrini infection was determined using Kato's thick smear technique. Socio-demographic, information resources, and history data were collected using predesigned semi-structured questionnaires. A total of 510 participants completed interviews and had stools collected. Some 32 (6.47%) participants were infected with O. viverrini. The rate was slightly higehr in males (6.61%) than females (6.32%). High frequencies were found in the age groups 61-70 (19.4%) and 71-80 years (19.4%), those involved in agriculture (10.5%), and in primary school (10.3%). The distribution of high infection was found in Tha Tum (16.7%) and Sankha district (16.7%), followed by Samrong Thap (13.3%), Si Narong (13.33%), and Buachet district (13.33%). Chi-square testing indicated that age (61-70 and 71-80 year old), education (primary school) and occupation (agriculture), were significantly associated with O. viverrini infection (p-value<0.05). Of 72.6% participants who had past histories with stool examination, 17.0% of them had been infected with O. viverrini and 43.2% treated with praziquantel. This finding confirmed that O. viverrini is still a problem in Surin province, Thailand, and therefore, interventions are urgently required for mass treatment and health education implementation.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.579-582
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• 2017

To investigate the prevalence of intestinal parasite infections in Yanbian Prefecture, Jilin Province, China, epidemiological surveys were conducted on a collaboration basis between the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Yanbian Center for Disease Control and Prevention. A total of 8,396 (males 3,737 and females 4,659) stool samples were collected from 8 localities and examined with the formalin-ether sedimentation technique, and additionally examined with the cellotape anal swab to detect Enterobius vermicularis eggs. The overall rate of intestinal parasites was 1.57%. The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides was the highest (0.80%), followed by Entamoeba spp. (0.23%), heterophyid flukes (0.15%), Clonorchis sinensis (0.08%), Enterobius vermicularis (0.07%), hookworms (0.06%), Trichostrongylus spp. (0.06%), Giardia lamblia (0.04%), Paragonimus spp. (0.02%), Diphyllobothrium spp. (0.02%), Trichuris trichiura (0.02%). The prevalence by sex was similar, 1.58% (n=59) in males and 1.57% (n=73) in females. By the present study, it is partly revealed that the prevalences of intestinal parasite infections are relatively low among the inhabitants of Yanbian Prefecture, Jilin Province, China.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.195-197
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• 2007

Currently praziquantel is used for treatment of not only clonorchiasis but also other trematodes and cestodes. But cure rate of praziquantel is just 60-80% for most trematodes. It needs for the treatment-failed patients to have more drugs. The cause of failure of treatment is not studied. We just know that the blood level of praziquantel is severely different among the people. We guess that this factor may influence the results of treatment. In an endemic area of human clonorchiasis in Heilongjiang Providence, China, 78 subjects were selected for the study. Three doses of 25 mg/kg (total 75 mg/kg) of praziquantel were administered to 78 clonorchiasis patients. After three weeks of treatment, stool examination was undertaken once again to confirm the cured and uncured subjects. To analyze SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) of CYP3A5 PS2-1, CYP3A5 PS2-2, and CYP3A5*6, PCR method was done with specifically designed primers. The mutation rates of all sites were not significant statistically. The number of subjects was too small, so we need more subjects and other delivery proteins of bile ducts (ex. MRP etc.) were also considered for effects of praziquantel. We analyzed, for the first time, the entire CYP3A5 gene in a French population, using a polymerase chain reaction- single strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) strategy.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.205-214
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• 2012

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to develop the constipation assessment tool for identifying their bowel movement patterns, and to provide basic information for the assessment and intervention protocol on constipation for patients with terminal cancers. Methods: The study followed the steps: the first step was to build a conceptual framework based on literature review; the second step was to develop a tentative instrument by analyzing the conceptual framework and existing instruments; the third step was to test content validity and reliability; and the final step was to apply the tool to patients with terminal cancers (N=112). Results: The constipation assessment tool was consisted of total nine items; under the categories of subjective and objective data for diagnosis had 4 items, and under the initial assessment category which includes stool type, physical examination, and abdomen X-ray had 5 items. Conclusion: The constipation assessment tool developed in this study is very easy to use and useful in nursing practice, especially in hospice and palliative care setting. Particularly this tool has items on patient assessment which would be considered as an evidence for choosing nursing interventions. Based on the constipation assessment tool, the development and application of intervention protocol on constipation for patients with terminal cancers is warranted in future research.