• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.11-18
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• 2000

The tonal music organizes the tones based on the hierarchy of the relative importance of musical tones. So listeners who are familiar with a certain musical style internalize the tonal schema of that music in mind, though they have no formal training about these organizing principles. This research examined how the western music experts who are not familiar with classical Korean music interpret classical Korean music. In the other researches about musical styles outside the western music, the superficial informations such as the distribution and the duration of tones in the experimental stimulus might be used as cues to extract the tonal schema of that music. In this study, these superficial informations were controlled in order to reduce this possibility. The results showed that the western music experts might interpret classical Korean music with the tonal schema of western music. but, thought the western music experts perceived classical Korean music on the base of the western musical framework and so their interpretation was not match with the tonal schema of classical Korean music. their interpretation was more similar to classical Korean tonal schema than the non-musicians interpretation of classical Korean music. These results suggested that the extensive experiences in a specific musical style can facilitate the listeners proper apprehension of the other musical styles.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.101-113
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• 2020

This study aimed to explore how effective explicit form-focused instruction (FFI) is in teaching the schwa vowel /ə/ to EFL students in a classroom setting. The participants were 25 female high school students, who were divided into the experimental group (n=13) and the control group (n=12). One female American also participated in the study for a speech sample as a reference. The treatment, which involves shadowing model pronunciation by the researcher and a free text-to-speech software and the researcher's feedback in a private session, was given to the control group over a month and a half. The speech samples, for which the participants read the 14 polysyllabic stimulus words followed by the sentences containing the words, were collected before and after the treatment. The paired-samples t test and non-parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used for analysis. The results showed that the participants of the experimental group in the post-test reduced the duration of the schwa by around 40 percent compared to the pre-test. However, little effect was found in approximating the participants' distribution patterns of /ə/ measured by the F1/F2 formant frequencies to the reference point, which was 539 Hz (F1) by 1797 Hz (F2). The findings of this study suggest that explicit FFI with multiple repetitions and corrective feedback is partly effective in teaching pronunciation.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.263-268
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• 2010

Purpose: Eye movements and fixation ability are an important procedure to obtain external information and essential means of clear vision. The purpose of this study was to determine the reading performance such as reading time and number of fixations when random text was viewed at varying distances. Methods: Twenty two presbyopes were participated. All subjects were screened for their suitability to participate in the study by clinical examination, and none of the participants had previously worn contact lenses and no previous experience of wearing any types of presbyopic vision correction except single vision. The reading time and number of fixations were recorded using eye tracker while each subjects was waring four vision corrections which included single vision for distance (SV), bifocal spectacle lenses (BIF), progressive addition lenses (PAL), and monovision (MV). The reading material was presented at distance and near distance. Results: Reading time and number of fixations for near stimulus were significantly different among vision correction used in this study (p<0.001). In particular, wearing SV required longer reading time and produced longer fixation duration for near text. However, reading distance text was similarity performed across vision corrections tested and there was no statistical difference found for either reading time and number of fixations. Conclusions: Wearing presbyopic vision correction is advantageous for reading task of near stimuli, but not having near correction such as wearing SV could result in longer reading time and higher number of fixation due to lacks of accommodative ability for near task. For the future studies, it would be interesting to examine the performance of reading both at adapted and unadapted stages as examining only unadapted wearers was limitation of this study.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.3 s.39
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• pp.36-44
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• 1999

Objectives: It has been well known that electroacupuncture(EA) has an analgesic effect and there is a pain control system in the central nervous system(CNS). The pain control system is composed of three major nuclei, which are periaqueductal gray(PAG), raphe nuclei, and the pain inhibitory complex located in the spinal cord. It has been suggested that the analgesic effect of EA might be the result of activation of the pain control system in the CNS. However, there may be a possibility that other nuclei are also involved in this pain modulation. Thus, we investigated whether the posterior intralaminar thalamic nuclei (PTIN) are involved in the pain modulation. Methods: To measure the level of pain, the jaw opening reflex (JOR) was used as a pain index. The magnitude of JOR is estimated by averaging the area of 10 successive responses. JOR was evoked by tooth-pulp stimulation with bipolar electrode carrying stimulus with the following parameters: intensity ranging from 420uA to 680ulA, 0.3ms duration of square pulse, and 0.5 Hz. Hapkog($LI_4$) and Taechung ($LR_3$) were the chosen acupoints. The Hapkog point was stimulated ipsilaterally at 5V, 3 Hz, for 15min in total, and the Taechung was stimulated at 2-3 V, 3 Hz, and for a total of 15 or 30 minutes. Different intensities of stimulation were given the PITN; one was given at $300{\mu}A$ and the other was at 500uA. The position stimulated in these nuclei by Paxinos Atlas was AP; from bregma $-4.0{\sim}-4.3mm,\;L; 0.5{\sim}1.8mm,\;D;\;4.8{\sim}6.3mm$. Results: The Hapkog point had a significant analgesic effect (P<0.05). However, the Taechung point had no effect. Both types of stimulation in the PITN did not reveal any analgesic effects. Conclusions: From these results, it was suggested that the posterior intralaminar thalamic nuclei are not involved in the modulation of pain.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.164-171
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• 1997

Introduction : Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) is shown to common in patients with OSA and may become evident or worsened when treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Whether this is due to im proved sleep continuity. adverse nocturnal body positioning, uncovered by CPAP, or due to the CPAP stimulus is still debat-ed. We hypothesized that the increase in PLM activity following CPAP is associated with more supine-sleeping tendencies when being treated with CPAP. In the present work, we compared differences in the PLMD index (PLMI) and sleeping position of patients with sleep disordered breathing before and after CPAP treatment. Method : We studied 16 patients (mean age 46 yr, 9M, 7F) with OSA (11 patients) or UARS (5 patients) who either had PLMD on initial polysomnogram (baseline PSG) or on nasal CPAP trial (CPAP PSG). All periodic leg movements were scored on anterior tibialis EMG during sleep according to standard criteria (net duration; 0.5-5.0 seconds, intervals; 4-90 seconds. 4 consecutive movements). Paired t-tests compared PLMD index (PLMI), PLMD-related arousal index (PLMD-ArI), respiratory disturbance index (RDI), and supine sleeping position spent with baseline PSG and CPAP PSG. Results : Ten patients (63%) on baseline PSG and fifteen patients (94%) on CPAP PSG had documented PLMD ($PLMI{\ge}5$) respectively with significant increase on CPAP PSG(p<0.05). Ten patients showed the emergence (6/10 patients) or substantial worsening (4/10 patients) of PLMD during CPAP trial. Mean CPAP pressure was $7.6{\pm}1.8\;cmH_2O$. PLMI tended to increase from baseline PSG to CPAP PSG, and significantly increase when excluding 2 outlier (baseline PSG, $19.0{\pm}25.8/hr$ vs CPAP PSG, $29.9{\pm}12.5/hr$, p<0.1). PLMD-ArI showed no significant change, but a significant decrease was detected when excluding 2 outlier (p<0.1). There was no significant sleeping positional difference (supine vs non-supine) on baseline PSG, but significantly more supine position (supine vs non-supine, p<0.05) on CPAP PSG. There was no significant difference in PLMI during supine-sleeping and nonsupine-sleeping position on both of baseline PSG and CPAP PSG. There was also no significant difference in PLMI during supine-sleeping position between baseline PSG and CPAP PSG. With nasal CPAP, there was a highly significant reduction in the RDI (baseline PSG, $14.1{\pm}21.3/hr$ vs CPAP PSG, $2.7{\pm}3.9/hr$, p<0.05). Conclusion : This preliminary data confirms previous findings that CPAP is a very effective treatment for OSA, and that PLMD is developed or worsened with treatment by CPAP. This data also indicates that supine-sleeping position is more common when being treated with CPAP. However, there was no clear evidence that supine position is the causal factor of increased PLMD with CPAP. It is, however, suggested that the relative movement limitation induced by CPAP treatment could be a contributory factor of PLMD.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.288-294
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• 1996

Background : Most studies of the pituitary hormonal responses to electroconvulsive therapy(ECT) have used limited blood sampling schedules. Little is known about the precise sequence of neuroendocrine events immediately following en ECT application. or about the regulation of the hormonal responses. Methods : Blood was sampled at three minute intervals from eleven patients(two schizophrenics and nine affective disorder patients) undergoing ECT. Each sample was immunologically assayed for arginine vasopressin(AVP), adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH), prolactin(PRL), and cortisol. Baseline hormone concentrations and several measures of response were determined for each hormone. The temporal and quantitative relationships among the hormonal responses were determined. Correlations were calculated between seizure duration and secretory responses. Results : All four hormones demonstrated significant secretory responses to ECT, with AVP increasing from 1.2 to 33.3pg/ml(P<0.001), ACTH from 5.4 to 32.3fmol/ml(P<0001). PRL from 21.8 to 102.2ng/ml(P<0.005) and cortisol from 20.1 to 31.1ug/dl(P<0.001). The three pituitary hormones showed consistent time courses of secretion with onset of responses by three minutes but clearly differing peak times of 3, 6, and 12-15 minutes for AVP, ACTH, and PRL, respectively. Cortisol began to rise after 6minutes and pecked between 20-30minutes. There ware no significant correlations between seizure duration and any of the secretory response measures. Conclusions : 1) The pituitary hormone response to ECT is sequential rather than synchronous 2) The AVP response was extremely rapid and more massive than those of any other hormones. 3) The ACTH response of this study was more rapid and mare robust than thai revealed by the mast of past studies. 4) The results strongly suggest that the pituitary hormones are released as a result of the seizure rather tho, the electrical stimulus. 5) The sequential pattern of responses suggests that neuroendocine feedback-regulatory mechanisms determine the response profile.