• 대한수의학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 1991

For the observations of both the membrane properties and the excitability on the unfertilized eggs of female mice, changes of the membrane resistance and the membrane potential by hyerpolarizing current stimulation were recorded. As current-voltage relation was linear over the entire range (-180mV~+60mV), membrane resistance($R_m$) was calculated from the amplitude of electrotonic potential to a given stimulus current. Also the presence of anode-break excitation was confirmed. The results were as follows; 1. There was a linear relation between the membrane resistance and resting membrane potential, the expected input resistance was 61. 4M$\Omega$(resting membrane potential was $-18.9{\pm}8.7mV$, mean${\pm}$SD, n=30). 2. Transient depolarization with overshoot was generated just after hyperpolarizing current stimulus and showed the dependency of stimulus duration. 3. Transient depolarization lasted over 30ms, amplitude of these depolarization was increased by high $Ca^{{+}{+}}$(20mM) and inhibited by $Ca^{{+}{+}}$-antagonist, $Mn^{{+}{+}}$. 4. From the above results, it was suggested that the unfertilized mouse egg showed the characteristics of the excitable cell.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.73-78
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• 2015

This study explores the degree of velarization of English word-final /l/ (i.e., /l/-darkness) according to the lexical status. Lexical status is defined as whether a speech stimulus is considered as a word or a non-word. We examined the temporal and spectral properties of word-final /l/ in terms of the duration and the frequency difference of F2-F1 values by varying the immediate pre-liquid vowels. The result showed that both temporal and spectral properties were contrastive across all vowel contexts in the way of real words having shorter [l] duration and low F2-F1 values, compared to non-words. That is, /l/ is more heavily velarized in words than in non-words, which suggests that lexical status whether language users encode the speech signal as a word or not is deeply involved in their speech production.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.609-619
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• 1997

The concept of human emotion is recently demanded to be imbedded in industrial product and environment for enhancing quality of life. Human emotion is attempted to be qualified and quantified by physiological measurements. EEG variation, one of the physiological measurement, is observed to characterize psychological response in this study. This study is to find function and process of brain according to emotion. Twenty university students participated in this study and experienced positive and negative emotion by auditory stimulus. Delta, theta, alpha and beta waves showed characteristic variation in normalized sense according to positive and negative emotion. Local area showing significant difference between positive and negative emotion decreases with stimulus duration. Delta, theta and beta waves increase with negative emotion while alpha wave does with positive emotion.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.3-11
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• 2018

This study aims to investigate whether there is intensionally changing eye - gaze on the cafe space images with floor finishing materials. In the Yarbus' experiment, he argued that changing information that an observer is asked to obtain from an image changes pattern of eye movements. Based on the scan path evidence, this research have questions as (1) the difference of visual attention on finishing floor material stimulus, (2) visual attention of initial activity time and type of movement paths on AOIs, and (3) visual relation floor area with another AOIs. Eye movements were recorded with the SMI REDn Scientific, which sampled eye position at 30Hz and lasted 2 minutes(120s). Although viewing was binocular, only the right eye was tracked. Of the 66 observers(mean age 22 years, standard deviation: ${\pm}1.82$) who participated in the experiment done by the four point calibration and validation procedures at the beginning tasks. Analyzing qualitative data from the number of fixation and duration on AOIs divided into four parts (AOI I-Floor, AOI II-Wall, AOI III-Ceiling, and AOI IV-Counter) in the stimulus. The results from this experiment analyzed as follows. First, it was significant in the difference of the average number of AOIs fixation times observed for the spatial image using the wood tile flooring material and the polishing tile. The wood tile flooring of stimulus had higher fixation number on AOI-II, AOI-III, and AOI-IV than the polishing tile. On seeing AOI-I was higher attention in the polishing tile stimulus. Second, the observers examined AOI-II intensively in both stimuli. However, the visual intensity was also followed by on the AOI-IV and AOI-I in the wood tile flooring stimulus, and on AOI-I, AO-IV in the polishing tile. Third, visual attention data on each AOIs have divided into the time range of "5 sec" for both images. In the wood tile stimulus, the horizontal movement path followed by AOI-II, AOI-IV, and AOI-II. In the polished tile stimulus, the movement path followed by moving vertically to AOI-II, AOI-I, and AOI-II. This study approached meaningfully and found out the characteristics of visual attention, according to the different intentions of visual attention, the relationship pathways of visual mechanism appeared and also activated by eye-tracking experiments.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.748-754
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• 2007

Electroacupuncture is the combined treatment of mechanical and electric stimuli on the needle head, on which electricity runs after acupuncturing at the acupuncture points. It is reported that its treatment effect depends on the parameter of stimulus, which is wave of stimulus, frequency, voltage, and duration of electric current. To get the effective treatment, stimulus intensity over threshold is needed. We planned to experiment whether acupuncture effect is affected by sex, age, and weight. After we conducted electric stimulus at Zusanli(ST 36) which is known to increase small intestinal motility in normal rats, we observed the effects and got the following results. Though the increased effects of small intestinal motility of electro-acupuncture at Zusanli(ST 36) did not show the difference of sex, this effect was observed to have a tendency to decrease according to weight increase without distinction of sex. But the effect of electro-acupuncture shown in 4, 5, 7 weeks old without distinction of sex was observed to have a tendency to decrease with the growing of weeks-old in the male rat group. And the significant change without specific tendency was observed in the 4, 5 weeks old female rat group. This result suggested that sex, weight, and age should be considered to get the efficient electro-acupuncture. The more experimental study should be advanced to investigate the correlation between the factors that can affect the acupuncture treatment, and, afterward, the interconnection into the clinical use.

• 인지과학
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.181-196
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• 2023

크기, 속도, 시간 항등성은 이차원 망막상의 오차에도 불구하고 삼차원 공간 속 대상을 일관적으로 지각할 수 있도록 돕는 기제이다. 이 기제들은 공통적인 단서를 바탕으로 동작하며 이는 운동거리, 운동속도, 운동시간의 지각이 공통된 처리 과정을 공유할 가능성을 시사한다. 따라서 시각자극의 공간적 특성이 시간지각을 왜곡시킴에도 불구하고, 환경 속에서 운동하는 물체에서 관찰되는 바와 동일하게 운동속도 지각과 운동시간 지각이 서로 반대되는 경향성을 보일 것이라는 가설을 세울 수 있다. 본 연구는 이 가설을 검증하기 위하여 뮐러-라이어 착시 자극을 사용하여 지각된 속도를 측정하여, 선행연구에서 관찰된 운동자극의 시간지각 결과와 본 연구에서 측정한 속도지각 사이의 관계를 규명하였다. 실험 1은 망막상 운동거리를 동일하게 유지하고 지각된 운동거리를 조작하였고, 실험 2는 망막상 운동거리를 조작하여 지각된 운동거리를 동일하게 유지하였다. 그 결과 이동거리가 실제보다 더 길게 지각되는 외측 유도자극에 비해 이동거리가 더 짧게 지각되는 내측 유도자극의 지각된 속도가 증가했다. 이 결과를 외측 유도자극에서 내측 유도자극보다 지각된 움직임 지속시간이 과대추정 되었던 선행연구와 연결지어 정리하자면, 뮐러-라이어 착시에 의하여 조작된 자극의 지각된 운동거리가 일정할 때 지각된 운동시간이 증가하면 지각된 운동속도가 줄어들고, 지각된 운동시간이 줄어들면 지각된 운동속도가 증가한다. 이 관계는 공간단서에 의하여 지각된 시간 및 속도 사이의 관계가 환경 속에서 운동하는 물체가 가지는 속성, 즉 운동거리를 동일하게 유지하였을 때 운동시간이 증가하면 속도가 감소하고 운동시간이 감소하면 속도가 증가하는 관계에 대응함을 시사한다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.85-98
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• 1991

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low - power laser used in the medical field for various purposes to suppress pain responses evoked by noxious electrical or mechanical stimuli. After both inferior alveolar nerves and the left anterior digastric muscle of cats under general anesthesia were exposed, a recording electrode for the jaw opening reflex was inserted into the anterior digastric muscle. The right inferior alveolar nerve was dissected under a surgical microscope until the response of the functional single nerve could be evoked by the electrical stimulation of the dental pulp or oral mucosa. The electrical stimulus was applied with a rectangular pulse of 10 ms duration for measuring the threshold intensity of a single nerve fiber in the inferior alveolar nerve which responds to stimulation of dental pulp and oral mucosa. Then a pulse of 1 ms duration was applied for determination of conduction velocity. A noxious mechanical stimulus to the oral mucosa was applied by clamping the receptive field with an arterial clamp. The Ga-As diodide laser(wave length, 904 nm ; frequency, 1,000 Hz) was irradiated to the prepared tooth cavity, inferior alveolar nerve and oral mucosa as a pulse wave of 2 mW for 6 minutes. This was followed by a continuous wave of 15 mW for 3 minutes. The action potential of the nerve and EMG of the digastric muscle evoked by the noxious electrical stimulus and nerve response to noxious mechanical stimulus were compared at intervals of before, immediately after, and at 5, 10, 20, 40, 60 minutes after laser irradiation. The results were as follows: The conduction velocity of the intrapulpal $A{\delta}$- nerve fiber recorded from the inferior alveolar nerve before irradiation had a mean value of $6.68{\pm}2.07m/sec$. The laser irradiation did not affect the conduction velocity of the AS - nerve fiber and did not change the threshold intensity or amplitude of the action potential either. The EMG of the digastric muscle evoked by noxious electrical stimulation to the tooth was not changed by the laser irradiation, whether in latency, threshold intensity or amplitude. The laser irradiated to the receptive field of the oral mucosa which was subjected to noxious stimuli did not affect the amplitude of the action potential or the frequency either.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.183-190
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• 1999

본 논문은 족하수 환자를 대강으로 휴대가 간편하고 사용이 편리한 피드백 제어형 전기자극기를 제안하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 이 시스템은 교통사고, 산업재해, 뇌졸중 등으로 인하여 하지마비를 동반한 환자에서 마비된 하지근의 위축 및 괴사를 방지하고 혈액순환을 증가시킬 뿐만아니라 보행을 보조하여 안정된 활동을 가능케 한다 피드백 제어형 전기자극기는 환자가 오랜 시간 보행시 전극의 임피던스 변화나 근피로에 의해 족하수증이 다시 발생하게 되면 관절각의 변화가 관절각 센서에 의해 검출되고 이때의 오차는 PID 제어에 의한 자극전압의 변화를 가져와 설정된 위치에 발목이 도달하도륵 자극레벨이 자동 조절된다. 자극조건은 자극주파수 40 Hz, 자극펄스 0.2 ms, 30∼80 V이다. 족하수 환자 5명을 대상으로 42일 동안 첫째 1주일 동안에는 하루에 15분을 자극하고, 다음 주기는 1주일 단위로 하루에 30분, 60분, 70분, 120분씩 점차적으로 시간을 증가하면서 자극하였다. 이때 근력은 27.7%가 향상되었고, 근 피로도는 22.9%가 감소되었다. 이런 결과를 종합할 때 피드백 제어형 전기자극기는 족하수 환자의 보행기능 및 운동기능을 회복하는 데 효과적이라 하겠다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.7-16
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• 1980

The effects of various inotropic interventions on the shape of the steady state length tension relation and the length-dependent activation process in cardiac muscle were studied. The influence of inotropic interventions upon the action potential was also observed. The range of varying muscle length was from the optimal length$(l_{max})$, where the active tension production is maximal, to 0.85 $l_{max}$. Changes in stimulus frequency or in external bathing Ca concentration constituted the inotropic interventions in this experiment. The papillary muscles were isolated from the rabbit right ventricles and perfused with $HCO-_3\;-buffered$ normal Tyrode solution which was aerated with $3%\;CO_2-97%\;O_2$ mixed gas and kept at $35^{\circ}C$. Resting Passive tension at $l_{max}$ was approximately 30% of the total tension and appeared from the muscle length of 0.90 $l_{max}$. The effect of stimulus frequency on the steady state level of developed tension was: As the stimulus frequency was increased from 0.1 to 0.5 Hz, there was little change in developed tension. As the frequency was increased further, to a value of about 3 Hz, tension increased steeply. Further increase of the frequency to 5 Hz had little additional effect on the developed tension. The length-tension curves for isometric peak tension became more steeper with the degree of potentiation by inotropic interventions. The relative steepness of the normalized length-tension curves where tension production was expressed as a percentage of maximal tension developed at $l_{max}$, varied inversely with the level of inotropic state and these curves were not superimposable one another. Thus at the stimulus frequency of 2 Hz or at the external Ca concentration of 8 mM, the relative decline in the developed tension for a given change in muscle length was considerably less than the decline observed at the frequency of 0.5 Hz or at the concentration of 2 mM Ca. Action potential duration was prolonged significantly as the frequency increased from 0.2 to 2 Hz, and this change in action potential duration was not observable on the changes in muscle length. There was a tendency of the hyperpolarization of membrane potential when the muscle length was shortened from $l_{max}$ to 0.95 $l_{max}$. These results support the hypothesis that there is a length-dependence of the activation process.

• 감성과학
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.79-90
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• 2022

시감각기관을 통해 지각하는 1초 미만의 시간은 자극이 지속되었던 지속시간 이외의 요소인 비 시간적 특성에 의해 영향을 받는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그런데 거리 정보가 풍부하여 크기 항상성이 유지될 경우, 대상의 지속시간을 항상성 있게 지각한다는 연구들이 있다. 본 연구는 이전 연구들과는 달리 거리 정보를 제한한 실제 환경에서 크기 항상성과 시간 지각 항상성의 관계를 검증하였다. 이를 위해 참가자들의 양안 단서와 단안 단서를 제한하기 위한 장치를 고안하였다. 참가자들은 크기 항상성을 유지할 수 없었으며, 크기 착시가 발생하여 물리적 크기를 정확하게 지각할 수 없었다. 실험 1에서는 관찰 거리별 참조 자극과 시험 자극의 물리적 크기를 동일하게 제시하였다. 실험 결과 물리적 크기가 동일했음에도 불구하고 관찰 거리가 가까운 자극을 더 크게 지각하였으며, 자극이 더 오래 지속되었다고 지각하였다. 실험 2에서는 관찰 거리별 참조 자극과 시험 자극의 망막상 크기를 동일하게 통제하였다. 관찰 거리가 멀어질수록 자극의 물리적 크기는 커졌으나, 모든 자극의 지각된 크기가 동일하였다. 그 결과 모든 관찰 거리에서 대상의 지속시간을 항상성 있게 지각하였다. 본 연구 결과는 거리 정보가 제한되었을 때에도, 시간 지각이 대상의 지각된 크기에 영향을 받음을 보여준다. 또한 풍부한 거리 정보가 존재할 때, 관찰 거리가 달라지더라도 대상의 지속시간을 항상성있게 지각할 수 있음을 시사한다.