• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.521-526
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• 2005

Within wafer non-uniformity(WIWNU) improves as the stiffness of pad decrease. We designed the pad groove to study of pad stiffness on WIWNU in Chemical mechanical polishing(CMP) and measured the pad stiffness according to groove width. The groove influences effective pad stiffness although original mechanical properties of pad are unchanged by grooving. Also, it affects the flow of slurry that has an effect on the lubrication regime and polishing results. An Increase of the apparent contact area of pad by groove width results in decrease of effective pad stiffness. WIWNU and profile of removal tate improved as effective pad stiffness decreased. Because grooving the pad reduce its effective stiffness and it makes slurry distribution to be uniform. Futhermore, it ensures that pad conforms to wafer-scale flatness variability. By grooving the top pad, it is possible to reduce its stiffness and hence reduce WIWNU and edge effect.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.228-233
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• 2002

The transition between bridge or tunnel and plain track has different rail pressure and distributed stress on formation. This paper shows distribution of rail pressure on transition at which spring stiffness are changed. By this study, it is revealed that the changing into relatively high stiffness causes increased rail pressure visibly and draw up dynamic track force. A medium stiffness structure and reinforced rail could be effective for reducing track force on the transition.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.327-341
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• 2012

With the advantages of large span, light deadweight and convenient construction, the steel-concrete composite beam (SCCB) has been rapidly developed as a medium span bridge. Compared with common beams, the global stiffness of SCCB is discontinuous and in a staged distribution. In this paper, the analysis model for the simply-supported SCCB is established and the vibration equations are derived. The natural vibration characteristics of a simply-supported SCCB are analyzed, and are compared with the theoretical and experimental results. A curvature mode measurement method is proposed to identify the shear connector damage of SCCB, with the stiffness reduction factor to describe the variation of shear connection stiffness. By analysis on the $1^{st}$ to $3^{rd}$ vertical modes, the distribution of shear connectors between the steel girder and the concrete slab are well identified, and the damage locations and failure degrees are detected. The results show that the curvature modes can be used for identification of the damage location.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.881-887
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• 2015

The stiffness and natural frequencies for blades, flexbeam, and torque tube of bearingless rotor system are measured to determine the material input properties such as mass distributions and stiffness distribution for the rotor dynamics and load analysis. The flap stiffness, lag stiffness, and torsional stiffness are calculated by measuring section strain or twist angle, gages position, and applied loads through bending and twist tests. The modal tests are undertaken to find out the natural frequencies for flap, lag, torsion modes in non-rotating conditions. The stiffness values and mass properties are tuned and updated to match prediction frequencies to the measured frequencies. The rotorcraft comprehensive code(CAMRAD II) is used to analyze the natural frequencies of the specimens. The analysis results with the updated material properties agree well with the measured frequencies. The updated properties will be used to analyze the rotor stability, dynamic characteristics and loads for the rotor rotation test in a whirl tower.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.191-203
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• 2010

To investigate the critical buckling load and post-buckling behavior of an axially loaded pile entirely embedded in soil, the non-linear large deflection differential equation for a pinned pile, based on the Winkler-model and the discretionary distribution function of the foundation coefficient along pile shaft, was established by energy method. Assuming that the deflection function was a power series of some perturbation parameter according to the boundary condition and load in the pile, the non-linear large deflection differential equation was transformed to a series of linear differential equations by using perturbation approach. By taking the perturbation parameter at middle deflection, the higher-order asymptotic solution of load-deflection was then found. Effect of ratios of soil depth to pile length, and ratios of pile stiffness to soil stiffness on the critical buckling load and performance of piles (entirely embedded and partially embedded) after flexural buckling were analyzed. Results show that the buckling load capacity increases as the ratios of pile stiffness to soil stiffness increasing. The pile performance will be more stable when ratios of soil depth to pile length, and soil stiffness to pile stiffness decrease.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.5 no.8
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• pp.977-989
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to analyze how the human body having more muscles than its degree-of-freedom modulates an effective stiffness using redundant actuation, and to apply this concept to the design and control of advanced machines which requires adaptable spring. To investigate the adaptable stiffness phenomenon due to redundant actuation in the human body, this paper derives a general stiffness model of the Human body. In particular, for a planar 1 DOF human arm model, a planar 2 DOF human arm model, a spherical 3 DOF shoulder model, a 4 DOF human arm model, and a 7 DOF human arm model, the required nonlinear geometry ad the number of required actuator for successful modulation of the effective stiffness are analyzed along with a load distribution method for modulation of the required stiffness of such systems. Secondly, the concept of motion frequency modulation is introduced to show the usefulness of adaptive stiffness modulation. The motion frequency modulation represents a control of stiffness and / or inertia properties of systems. To show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, simulations are performed for 2 DOF anthropomorphic robot.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 1998.05a
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• pp.525-532
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• 1998

In this study, dynamic characteristics of catenary that supplies electrical power to high-speed trains is investigated. A particular emphasis is placed on the effect of droppers on the dynamic response of the contact wire, a dropper is an element that connects the contact wire with the messenger wire so as to maintain near uniform compliance, Finite element model compressing 3 spans is constructed. For the linear model, droppers are modeled as linear springs with various stiffness values. Modal analysis is performed to obtain the natural frequencies and modes and the variation in the modal density distribution for changing stiffness values are noted. Impulse response is also obtained through computer simulation. In practice, dropper is a nonlinear element with low stiffness in compression and high stiffness in tension. Hence, dropper can be modeled as a nonlinear spring with hi-directional stiffness values. Impulse and harmonic responses are obtained for the nonlinear model through simulation. The responses aye also compared with the linear cases.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.377-402
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• 2014

In this study, optimal distribution of springs which supports a cantilever beam is investigated to minimize two objective functions defined. The optimal size and location of the springs are ascertained to minimize the tip deflection of the cantilever beam. Afterwards, the optimization problem of springs is set up to minimize the tip absolute acceleration of the beam. The Fourier Transform is applied on the equation of motion and the response of the structure is defined in terms of transfer functions. By using any structural mode, the proposed method is applied to find optimal stiffness and location of springs which supports a cantilever beam. The stiffness coefficients of springs are chosen as the design variables. There is an active constraint on the sum of the stiffness coefficients and there are passive constraints on the upper and lower bounds of the stiffness coefficients. Optimality criteria are derived by using the Lagrange Multipliers. Gradient information required for solution of the optimization problem is analytically derived. Optimal designs obtained are compared with the uniform design in terms of frequency responses and time response. Numerical results show that the proposed method is considerably effective to determine optimal stiffness coefficients and locations of the springs.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.95-102
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• 1996

In this study, a stochastic finite element model is proposed with a view to consider the uncertainty of physical properties of discontinuous rock mass in the analysis of structural behavior on underground caverns. In so doing, the LHS(Latin Hypercube sampling) technique has been applied to make up weak points of the Crude Monte Carlo technique. Concerning the effect of discontinuities, a joint finite element model is used that is known to be superior in explaining faults, cleavage, things of that nature. To reflect the uncertainty of material properties, the variables such as the the elastic modulus, the poisson's ratio, the joint shear stiffness, and the joint normal stiffness have been used, all of which can be applicable through normal distribution, log-normal distribution, and rectangulary uniform distribution. The validity of the newly developed computer program has been confirmed in terms of verification examples. And, the applicability of the program has been tested in terms of the analysis of the circular cavern in discontinuous rock mass.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.387-393
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• 2015

Torque ripple is necessarily generated in interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) due to the non-sinusoidal distribution of flux density in the air gap and the magnetic reluctance by stator slots. This paper deals with an asymmetric rotor shape to reduce torque ripple which can make sinusoidal flux density distribution in the air gap. Meanwhile the average torque is relatively increased by the asymmetric rotor. Response surface method (RSM) is applied to find the optimum position of the permanent magnets for the IMPSM with improved torque performance. Consequently, an asymmetric structure is the result of RSM and the structure has disadvantage of a mechanical stiffness. Finally, the performance of suggested shape is verified by finite element analysis and structural analysis is conducted for the mechanical stiffness.