• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.36-42
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• 2021

This study aims to examine whether there are some differences in the cost stickiness of R&D expenses of IT companies before and after the COVID-19 crisis. Before COVID-19, IT companies did not reduce R&D expenses even if sales decreased, resulting in cost stickiness. As a result, it appears that during the COVID-19, IT companies adjust R&D expenses in proportion to changes in sales. This is interpreted as a reduction in R&D investment, which takes a long time to create results, in case of a decrease in sales due to uncertainty in future management performance due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In other words, during the COVID-19 risk period, IT companies, like other companies, reduced R&D expenses as sales decreased, resulting in reduced cost stickiness. This study differs from existing literature in that it examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the R&D expenditure behavior of companies in the IT industry.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.149-157
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• 2021

This study aims to understand how an influencer's social and physical attractiveness, background and value homophily influences consumer's emotional attachment, which in turn causes user stickiness with regards the influencer's live commerce. We tested all proposed hypotheses among users of the online shopping platform "TaoBao". Ultimately, 297 questionnaires were collected by means of an online survey. The results revealed that social and physical attractiveness positively influence emotional attachment. Meanwhile only value homophily significantly affected emotional attachment, whereas background homophily did not significantly affect emotional attachment. Additionally, emotional attachment was found to significantly influence live commerce stickiness. We also investigated the moderation effect of perceived beauty trends of products sold on live commerce, where the results indicated that high beauty tends to have a higher effect on live commerce stickiness behavior. Lastly, theoretical and managerial implications have been offered.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.51-57
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• 2016

Purpose - If control-ownership disparity is large, managers will not actively reduce costs; rather, they will maintain unutilized resources or possess surplus resources even when sales decrease with the purpose of increasing personal utility from status, power, compensation, and prestige. These managers' utility maximizing tendencies cause cost stickiness. We examine whether asymmetric behavior related to costs becomes stronger when there is a large disparity between ownership and control rights. Research design, data, and methodology - We construct a regression model to examine the relationship between control-ownership disparity and cost stickiness. STICKY, a dependent variable representing cost stickiness is a value found using the method of Weiss (2010), and Disparity is an interest variable that shows control-ownership disparity. Results - This study is based from the unique situations in Korea, in which high control-ownership disparity is common in firms. Large control-ownership disparity was found to increase cost stickiness of corporations. Conclusions - The results of this study imply that controlling shareholders may be regarded as a threat to the interests of minority shareholders and corporate values especially when controlling shareholders have significant influence over managers or the power to make managerial decisions as owners of a corporation.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.539-557
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• 2012

This study purposes to analyze how the level of diversification affects cost stickiness behavior. Specifically, we document that cost stickiness behavior is bigger in case of firm with a high level of related diversification. The purpose mentioned above are empirically tested using 1,508 firm-year data listed on Korea Stock Exchange from 2000 to 2009 and regression analysis methods were used for the analysis of the research hypotheses. The following are the results of this study : First, the increase in SG&A(selling, general and administrative costs) as sales increases is greater than the decrease in SG&A in respect to the equivalent decrease in sales. Second, cost stickiness behavior is bigger in case of firm with a high level of diversification. Also, cost stickiness behavior is bigger as the level of related diversification increase. These results imply that the level of diversification effects on the cost stickiness behavior.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.371-382
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• 2020

There have been continuous attempts to quantify sensory attributes of cosmetic products by measuring relevant physical properties. The most representative method to evaluate stickiness is to measure axial force using texture analyzer. Stickiness is known to correlate with AUC which abbreviates area under curve in the obtained axial force curve as a function of time. Recently, Normandie University research group developed in vivo stickiness evaluation method considering the characteristics of skin along with established evaluation method[8]. Based on the study, we tried to optimize in vivo stickiness evaluation method especially for cosmetic creams. The experiment was carried out on 5 different facial creams products by changing the amount and the times of rolling of creams, and the shape and material of probes. Based on the results of the sensory evaluation, the most consistent conditions were established as the optimal evaluation method. As a result, applying 70 μL of cream and rubbing 10 times for 7 s inside the 3.4 cm circle were judged to be suitable. As for the probes, spherical metallic probe was more proper due to its reproducibility. We conducted the settled method on 10 subjects to check its validity. Although the absolute values of AUC differed depending on the individuals, the AUC values were all ranked the same. Finally, for the standardization of stickiness of AUC, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was set as a reference material and we measured AUC of its aqueous solution by changing concentration. Then, the degree of stickiness recognition for 5 different creams was surveyed to check the correlation between AUC and stickiness.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.155-160
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• 1990

An oral adhesive tablet of acyclorir [9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine] for herpetic stomatitis was prepared and its physical properties were evaluated. 300 mg weighed tablets containing 30 mg of acyclovir were prepared with six kinds of polymers from direct compression, and the stickiness, fracture resistance and dissolution in pH 6.8 buffer solution were tested. HPMC and MC showed good stickiness and fracture resistance, and their dissolution rates were significantly different from each other. Three factors-HPMC:MC ratio, acyclovir content, compression force-were chosen as an important factor of manufacture and factorial analyses for these three factors were carried out. Eight kinds of formulations from different combination of three factors were prepared and tested in stickiness, fracture resistance and dissolution in pH 6.8 buffer solution. Dissolution rate was significantly affected by polymer ratio, fracture resistance was affected by compression force, and stickiness was not significantly affected by acyclovir content and polymer ratio.

• Korea Journal of Cosmetic Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.33-46
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• 2020

Cosmetics are representative complex fluids, and there have been many studies focusing on the correlation between the rheological properties and sensory attributes. Various instrumental measurements have been suggested to evaluate the sensory attributes, and one of the most common instruments is Texture Analyzer (TA). Although it is reported that the adhesiveness measured by TA is related to the stickiness of cosmetics, there exists reproducibility problem because measurements with TA are sensitive to application conditions. In this study, an instrumental protocol using rotational rheometer has been set up to measure the stickiness of cosmetics. This protocol consists of two steps. The first step is a preconditioning step, and various types of shear deformations are applied to the samples. The next step is the extensional flow and the axial force is measured. When the amplitude of the shear flow corresponded to the linear viscoelastic region, the axial force is the same as those without preconditioning. On the other hand, an axial force decreases as variation nonlinearity increases. It is because the effects of microstructure changes caused by nonlinear deformation affects the extensional flow. It is worth noting that a new protocol facilitates to evaluate the stickiness of cosmetics in a more systematic way.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.339-346
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• 2022

Corona-virus(COVID-19), which has affected the world economy and Korea economy widely since 2020 could have an effect on management future perspectives. Thus this paper investigate whether the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on cost stickiness is contingent on operating uncertainty. By using the sample listed in KOSPI and KOSDAQ from 2018 to 2020. I find that COVID-19 increase cost stickiness when sales growth volatility is low. This paper contribute to the literature by providing the empirical evidence which contains that the effect of COVID-19 on cost stickiness varies with operating uncertainty.

• Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.90-108
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to investigate how uses and gratifications motivations increase social media stickiness, with a special focus on media engagement as a key mediator. Data were gathered via a survey questionnaire from Bangladeshi Z Generation social media users, which was quantitative in nature. For the analysis of 258 survey samples, structural equation modeling methodology was used. The results show that social media engagement and social media stickiness are positively impacted by uses and gratifications motivations such as social interaction, information, convenience, and entertainment. The study also found evidence of a relationship between uses and gratification motivations and social media stickiness, which is also mediated by emotional attachment. Understanding the motivations and gratifications sought by Z Generation users on social media platforms can help design strategies to enhance engagement and loyalty, ultimately leading to improved user retention and platform success. By identifying and addressing the specific needs and desires of the Z Generation, social media platforms can tailor their features, content, and user experiences to foster a stronger sense of connection and satisfaction, resulting in increased user engagement and prolonged usage.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.22 no.1_2
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• pp.45-51
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• 1979

From 32 angiosperm species, pollen surface characters such as sculpture pattern, roughness, oil abundance and stickiness were subjectively scored, and compared with size and weight of the grains, and pollination mechanisms. There was a linear relationship between size and weight of the grains. Animal-pollinated grains showed significantly higher roughness, oil abundance and stickiness than wind-pollinated grains. In the former, the grain size was highly correlated with roughness and oil abundance. No such relationship was found in the latter. It was suggested, therefore, that the large the animal-pollinated grains, the greater is the stickiness required, where the stickiness depends on the surface soil abundance and roughness. No functional significance of the sculpture pattern could not be detected in this study.