• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.163-175
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• 2021

Background: Ginsenosides, which have strong biological activities, can be divided into polar or less-polar ginsenosides. Methods: This study evaluated the phytochemical diversity of the saponins in Panax ginseng (PG) root, American ginseng (AG) root, and Panax notoginseng (NG) root; the stem-leaves from Panax ginseng (SPG) root, American ginseng (SAG) root, and Panax notoginseng (SNG) root as well as the saponins obtained following heating and acidification [transformed Panax ginseng (TPG), transformed American ginseng (TAG), transformed Panax notoginseng (TNG), transformed stem-leaves from Panax ginseng (TSPG), transformed stem-leaves from American ginseng (TSAG), and transformed stem-leaves from Panax notoginseng (TSNG)]. The diversity was determined through the simultaneous quantification of the 16 major ginsenosides. Results: The content of ginsenosides in NG was found to be higher than those in AG and PG, and the content in SPG was greater than those in SNG and SAG. After transformation, the contents of polar ginsenosides in the raw saponins decreased, and contents of less-polar compounds increased. TNG had the highest levels of ginsenosides, which is consistent with the transformation of ginseng root. The contents of saponins in the stem-leaves were higher than those in the roots. The transformation rate of SNG was higher than those of the other samples, and the loss ratios of total ginsenosides from NG (6%) and SNG (4%) were the lowest among the tested materials. In addition to the conversion temperature, time, and pH, the crude protein content also affects the conversion to rare saponins. The proteins in Panax notoginseng allowed the highest conversion rate. Conclusion: Thus, the industrial preparation of less-polar ginsenosides from SNG is more efficient and cheaper.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.186-195
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• 2019

Background: Notoginseng stem-leaf (NGL) ginsenosides have not been well used. To improve their utilization, the biotransformation of NGL ginsenosides was studied using ginsenosidase type-I from Aspergillus niger g.848. Methods: NGL ginsenosides were reacted with a crude enzyme in the RAT-5D bioreactor, and the dynamic changes of multi-ginsenosides of NGL were recognized by HPLC. The reaction products were separated using a silica gel column and identified by HPLC and NMR. Results: All the NGL ginsenosides are protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides; the main ginsenoside contents are 27.1% Rb3, 15.7% C-Mx1, 13.8% Rc, 11.1% Fc, 7.10% Fa, 6.44% C-Mc, 5.08% Rb2, and 4.31% Rb1. In the reaction of NGL ginsenosides with crude enzyme, the main reaction of Rb3 and C-Mx1 occurred through Rb3${\rightarrow}$C-Mx1${\rightarrow}$C-Mx; when reacted for 1 h, Rb3 decreased from 27.1% to 9.82 %, C-Mx1 increased from 15.5% to 32.3%, C-Mx was produced to 6.46%, finally into C-Mx and a small amount of C-K. When reacted for 1.5 h, all the Rb1, Rd, and Gyp17 were completely reacted, and the reaction intermediate F2 was produced to 8.25%, finally into C-K. The main reaction of Rc (13.8%) occurred through Rc${\rightarrow}$C-Mc1${\rightarrow}$C-Mc${\rightarrow}$C-K. The enzyme barely hydrolyzed the terminal xyloside on 3-O- or 20-O-sugar-moiety of the substrate; therefore, 9.43 g C-Mx, 6.85 g C-K, 4.50 g R7, and 4.71 g Fc (hardly separating from the substrate) were obtained from 50 g NGL ginsenosides by the crude enzyme reaction. Conclusion: Four monomer ginsenosides were successfully produced and separated from NGL ginsenosides by the enzyme reaction.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.552-562
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• 2020

Background: Ginsenosides are the unique and bioactive components in ginseng. Ginsenosides are affected by the growing environment and conditions. In New Zealand (NZ), Panax ginseng Meyer (P. ginseng) is grown as a secondary crop under a pine tree canopy with an open-field forest environment. There is no thorough analysis reported about NZ-grown ginseng. Methods: Ginsenosides from NZ-grown P. ginseng in different parts (main root, fine root, rhizome, stem, and leaf) with different ages (6, 12, 13, and 14 years) were extracted by ultrasonic extraction and characterized by Liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Twenty-one ginsenosides in these samples were accurately quantified and relatively quantified with 13 ginsenoside standards. Results: All compounds were separated in 40 min, and a total of 102 ginsenosides were identified by matching MS spectra data with 23 standard references or published known ginsenosides from P. ginseng. The quantitative results showed that the total content of ginsenosides in various parts of P. ginseng varied, which was not obviously dependent on age. In the underground parts, the 13-year-old ginseng root contained more abundant ginsenosides among tested ginseng samples, whereas in the aboveground parts, the greatest amount of ginsenosides was from the 14-year-old sample. In addition, the amount of ginsenosides is higher in the leaf and fine root and much lower in the stem than in the other parts of P. ginseng. Conclusion: This study provides the first-ever comprehensive report on NZ-grown wild simulated P. ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.12-20
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• 2011

The characteristics of absorption and accumulation of inorganic germanium in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer were examined. In 4-year-old P. ginseng, the germanium content of the field soil increased with increased amounts and frequencies of inorganic germanium application, while chemical components of the soil, such as available phosphate and exchangeable calcium, potassium, and magnesium, decreased with the increased inorganic germanium application. In the 4-year-old P. ginseng, the germanium content was highest in the rhizome and increased in the order of stem, leaf, lateral root, and main root, suggesting that inorganic germanium was absorbed from the root and translocated to the stem and leaf via the rhizome. As for changes in ginsenosides in 4-year-old P. ginseng rhizomes, the contents of ginsenosides $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Re, and Rf decreased as the germanium content in soil increased. Ginsenosides $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Re, and Rf in the main root also decreased with increasing germanium content in the main root. The results suggest that inorganic germanium treatment may increase organic germanium in harvested P. ginseng, thus enhancing the medicinal effi cacy of ginseng products.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.335-339
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• 1987

인삼(人蔘)의 근(根) 엽(葉) 및 경(莖)에서 사포닌 추출과정중(抽出過程中) 지용성(脂溶性) 용매류(溶媒類)에 따른 콜로르필 및 색소류(色素類) 등 가시부(加視部) 흡수물질(吸收物質)의 정제효과와 사포닌의 수율(收率)에 미치는 영향을 조사(調査)하였다. 근(根)사포닌의 정제(精製)는 여러 지용성(脂溶性) 용매류(溶媒類)가 효과적이었고, 엽(葉)과 경(莖)사포닌의 정제(精製)는 chloroform과 benzene이 효과적이었다. 또한 지상부(地上部)사포닌의 경우는 ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, chloroform 및 benzene으로 1회씩 순차적(順次的)으로 정제(精製)할 경우가 단일용매만으로 4회 추출하는 편보다는 효과적이었으며 지용성(脂溶性) 용매류(溶媒類)에 따른 사포닌 수율(收率)은 거의 차이가 없었다. 한편 조사포닌 분획물 및 ginsenoside 함량을 볼때 엽(葉)에 있어서는 $18.5{\sim}19.5%$ 및 $10.8{\sim}11.4%$로서 근(根)의 $4.6{\sim}5.1%$ 및 $2.0{\sim}2.6%$나 경(莖)의 $2.2{\sim}2.5%$및 $0.63{\sim}0.67%$에 비하여 현저하게 높았다 따라서 인삼엽(人蔘葉)은 사포닌 화합물(化合物)이나 $ginsenoside-Rg_1,\;-Re,\;-Rd,\;-Rc,\;-Rb_2,\;-Rf$ 등의 분리용(分離用) 원료(原料)로 매우 적합하였다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.352-359
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to develop a new preparation process of ginseng leaf and stem extracts having high concentrations of ginsenoside Rg2, Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, a special component of red and black ginseng. Chemical transformation from ginseng saponin glycosides to prosapogenin was analyzed by the HPLC. Extracts of ginseng (Panax ginseng) leaf and stem were processed under several treatment conditions including ultrasonication treatments. The content of total saponin reached their heights at 17 hr (UGL-17) of ultrasonication treatment, followed by 16 hr (UGL-16) and 7 hr (UGL-7) of ultrasonication treatment at $100^{\circ}C$. UGL-17 findings show that the ginseng leaf and stem that had been processed with ultrasonication for 17 hours peaked in the level of Rg2, Rg3 and Rh1. In addition, UGL-16 contained ginsenoside Rg5 at high concentrations. It is thought that such results provide basic information in preparing ginseng leaf and stem extracts with functionality enhanced.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.286-292
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• 1986

Saponin생합성의 개체발생학적 정보를 얻기 위하여 인삼종자의 개갑과정과 묘삼생육초기에 saponin및 유리당의 변화를 HPLC로 조사하있다. 개갑처리 40일 후에 약 80%의 saponin이 없어졌으며 Rc, Rb$_2$, Rb$_1$이 없어지고 PD가 더 많이 없어졌다. 70일 후에는 40일 후보다 증가하였으며 Rg$_2$와 Rg$_3$(추정), 20-gluco Rf(추정)의 증가는 분해용탈 외에 생합성 가능성을 배제하지 아니하였다. F$_3$(추정)는 과육에 없고 미숙배유와 배에 있고 개갑과정에서 적어졌다. Rg$_3$는 과육에 없고 배유와 배에 흔적으로 있으나 개갑에서 증가되었다. 20-gluco Rf는 개갑 중 배유와 배에서만 나타났다. 4월 20일의 묘삼근에서 saponin은 없었으나 줄기에서는 개갑시 보다 많았다. 근의 saponin 생성은 5월 29일에 나타났으나 6월 30일에야 Rc, Rb$_2$, Rb$_1$이 처음 생기며 본 궤도에 이르는 것 같다. 6월 중 단위 생중당 saponin 생합성 속도는 뿌리보다 잎에서 배가 높았다. 잎사포닌 F$_3$와 F$_{6}$가 뿌리에서 발견되고, 근 saponin Rg$_3$와 20-gluco-Rf가 엽에서 나타났으나 점점 감소하였다. Saponin함량의 변화에는 PD가 주역이여서 PT/PD는 saponin 함량과 부상관을 보였다. 재갑처리 70일에도 sucrose의 함량이 높았으나 glucose는 흔적, fructose는 없었다. 묘삼의 잎은 sucrose보다 glucose와 fructose가 초기에는 많았으나 후에는 상당히 적어졌다. 줄기는 glu-cose가 많고 기타는 흔적 정도 였으며 뿌리는 초기에 sucrose가 종자에서 보다 높았으나 그 후 모든 당이 거의 흔적뿐이었다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.340-344
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• 1987

인삼(人蔘)의 근(根) 및 지상부(地上部) 사포닌을 얇은 막 크로마토그래피로 동정(同定)한 결과(結果) 인삼근(人蔘根)에 함유된 사포닌 중 $ginsenoside-Re,\;-Rg_1,\;-Rc,\;-Rf,\;-Rb_2$ 및 $-Rb_1$ 은 각각 엽(葉)과 경(莖)에서도 동정(同定)되었으며 이외에도 엽(葉)에서 10개과 경(莖)에서 9개의 unknown spot를 동정(同定)할 수 있었다. 또한 부위별(部位別) 총(總)사포닌을 50% 초산으로 온화한 조건에서 산(酸) 가수분해(加水分解)하여 생성(生成)된 prosapogenin의 조사결과(調査結果), panaxadiol계 사포닌 및 ginsenoside-Re의 산(酸) 가수분해물(加水分解物)인 $ginsenoside-Rg_3$ 및 $ginsenoside-Rg_2$가 각각 동정(同定)되었다. 한편 근(根), 엽(葉) 및 경(莖)의 총사포닌을 황산 가수분해(加水分解)하여 sapogenin 조사결과, 근(根)에서는 panaxadiol, panax atriol 및 oleanolic acid가 검출되었고, 엽(葉)과 경(莖)에서는 panaxatriol 및 panaxadiol만이 동정(同定)되었다.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1988년도 학술대회지
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• pp.141-146
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• 1988

북미가 원산지인 왜생삼(Panax trifolius L.)은 인삼속(오가과)에 속하며 카나다 남부에서 북미에 걸쳐 서식한다. 왜생삼 잎에서 4종류의 프라보느이드와 5종류의 진세노사이드로 확인된 총 9종류의 화합물을 분리하였다. 2종류의 진세노사이드로 확인된 총 9종류의 화합물을 분리하였다. 2종류의 프라보노이드는 kaempferol-3,7-dirhamnoside와 kaempferol-3-gluco-7rhamnoside로 각각 확인되었다. 4종류의 진세노사이드는 각각 notoginsenoside-Fe, ginsenoside-Rd, ginsenoside-Rc와 ginsenoside-$Rb_3$로 확인되었으며, 이들 왜생삼의 ginsenoside 공통된 골격구조는 (20S)-protopanaxadiol인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 프라보노이드와 진세노사드의 동정은 왜생삼의 뿌리, 줄기, 잎, 꽃과 열매에서 추출하여 2차원 박층 그로마토그라피(2D-TLC)와 고압 액체크로마토그라피(HPLC)로 하였다. 왜생삼과 근연종인 고려인삼(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)및 미국삼(Panx quinquefolium L.)의 뿌리, 줄기, 잎, 꽃과 열매에서 추출한 프라보노이드와 진세노시드의 정량은 고압 액체크로마토그래피 만을 사용하여 분석하였다. 화합물 1,3과 4로 명명한 kaempferol 유도체인 프라보노이드 3가지는 왜생삼의 뿌리에 $10.8\%,\;2.8\%$와 $8.4\%$가 각기 함유되어 있었으나 고려인삼과 미국삼에서는 함유되어 있지 않았다. 오가과 인삼속식물 뿌리에서 프라보노이드가 확인, 동정된 것은 이것이 처음이다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.180-187
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• 2017

Background: The incidence of halitosis has a prevalence of 22-50% throughout the world and is generally caused by anaerobic oral microorganisms, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Clostridium perfringens, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Previous investigations on the structure-activity relationships of ginsenosides have led to contrasting results. Particularly, the antibacterial activity of less polar ginsenosides against halitosis-related bacteria has not been reported. Methods: Crude saponins extracted from the Panax quinquefolius leaf-stem (AGS) were treated at $130^{\circ}C$ for 3 h to obtain heat-transformed saponins (HTS). Five ginsenoside-enriched fractions (HTS-1, HTS-2, HTS-3, HTS-4, and HTS-5) and less polar ginsenosides were separated by HP-20 resin absorption and HPLC, and the antimicrobial activity and mechanism were investigated. Results: HPLC with diode-array detection analysis revealed that heat treatment induced an extensive conversion of polar ginsenosides (-Rg1/Re, -Rc, -Rb2, and -Rd) to less polar compounds (-Rg2, -Rg3, -Rg6, -F4, -Rg5, and -Rk1). The antimicrobial assays showed that HTS, HTS-3, and HTS-4 were effective at inhibiting the growth of F. nucleatum, C. perfringens, and P. gingivalis. Ginsenosides-Rg5 showed the best antimicrobial activity against the three bacteria, with the lowest values of minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. One major reason for this result is that less polar ginsenosides can more easily damage membrane integrity. Conclusion: The results indicated that the less polar ginsenoside-enriched fraction from heat transformation can be used as an antibacterial agent to control halitosis.