• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.299-307
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• 2022

Cement-based matrixes have low tensile strength and negligible ductility. Adding fibres to these matrixes will improve their mechanical properties and make these composites suitable for structural applications. Post-cracking tensile strength of steel fibers-reinforced cementitious composite materials is directly related to the number of transverse fibers passing through the crack width and the pulling-out behavior of each of the fibers. Therefore, the exact recognition of the pullout behavior of single fibers is necessary to understand the uniaxial tensile and bending behavior of steel fiber-reinforced concrete. In this paper, an experimental study has been carried out on the pullout behavior of 3D (steel fibers with totally two hooks at both ends), 4D (steel fibers with a total of four hooks at both ends), and 5D (steel fibers with totally six hooks at both ends) in which the fibers have been located either perpendicular to the crack width or in an inclined manner. The pullout behavior of the mentioned steel fibers at an inclination angle of 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 degrees and with embedded lengths of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 millimetres is studied in order to explore the simultaneous effect of the inclination angle of the fibers relative to the alongside loading and the embedded length of fibers on the pullout response in each case, including the maximal pullout force, the slip of the maximum point of pullout force, pullout energy, fiber rupture, and concrete matrix spalling. The results showed that the maximum pullout energy in 3D, 4D, and 5D steel fibers with different embedded lengths occurs at 0 to 30° inclination angles. In 5D fibers, maximum pullout energy occurs at a 30° angle with a 25 mm embedded length.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.195-204
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• 2022

As a brittle failure mode, punching-shear failure can be widely found in traditional RC slab-column connections, which may lead to the entire collapse of a flat plate structure. In this paper, a novel RC slab-column connection with inner steel truss was proposed to enhance the punching strength. In the proposed connection, steel trusses, each of which was composed of four steel angles and a series of steel strips, were pre-assembled at the periphery of the column capital and behaved as transverse reinforcements. With the aim of exploring the punching behavior of this novel RC slab-column connection, a static punching test was conducted on two full-scaled RC slab specimens, and the crack patterns, failure modes, load-deflection and load-strain responses were thoroughly analyzed to explore the contribution of the applied inner steel trusses to the overall punching behavior. The test results indicated that all the test specimens suffered the typical punching-shear failure, and the higher punching strength and initial stiffness could be found in the specimen with inner steel trusses. The numerical models of tested specimens were analyzed in ABAQUS. These models were verified by comparing the results of the tests with the results of the analyzes, and subsequently the sensitivity of the punching capacity to different parameters was studied. Based on the test results, a modified critical shear crack theory, which could take the contribution of the steel trusses into account, was put forward to predict the punching strength of this novel RC slab-column connection, and the calculated results agreed well with the test results.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.405-420
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• 2016

Section model wind tunnel test is currently the main technique to investigate the flutter performance of long-span bridges. Further study about applying the wind tunnel test results to the aerodynamic optimization is still needed. Systematical parameters and test principle of the bridge section model are determined by using three long-span steel truss suspension bridges. The flutter critical wind at different attack angles is obtained through section model flutter test. Under the most unfavorable working condition, tests to investigate the effects that upper central stabilized plate, lower central stabilized plate and horizontal stabilized plate have on the flutter performance of the main beam were conducted. According to the test results, the optimal aerodynamic measure was chosen to meet the requirements of the bridge wind resistance in consideration of safety, economy and aesthetics. At last the credibility of the results is confirmed by full bridge aerodynamic elastic model test. That the flutter reduced wind speed of long-span steel truss suspension bridges stays approximately between 4 to 5 is concluded as a reference for the investigation of the flutter performance of future similar steel truss girder suspension bridges.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1405-1421
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• 2015

Semi-rigid connections are the actual behavior of beam-to-column connections in steel frames. However, the behavior of semi-rigid connections is not taken into account for the simplicity in the conventional analysis and design of steel frames. A computer-based analysis and design has been studied for the three-dimensional steel frames with semi-rigid connections. The nonlinear analysis which includes the effects of the flexibility of connections is used for this study. It is designed according to the buckling and combined stress constraints under the present loading after the joint deformations and the member end forces of the space frame are determined by the stiffness matrix method. The semi-rigid connection type is limited to the top and bottom angles with a double web angle connection. The Frye-Morris polynomial model is used to describe the non-linear behavior of semi-rigid connections. Various design examples are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the method. The results of design and analysis of unbraced semi-rigid frames are compared to the results of unbraced rigid frames under the same design requirements.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.1453-1461
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• 2015

In this article the non-linear behavior of the shear wall with low yield stress retrofitted with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) is investigated under pushover loading. The models used in this study are in ${\frac{1}{2}}$ scale of one story frame and simple steel plates with low yield stress filled the frame span. The models used were simulated and analyzed using finite elements method based on experimental data. After verification of the experimental model, various parameters of the model including the number of GFRP layers, fibers positioning in one or two sides of the wall, GFRP angles in respect to the wall and thickness of the steel plate were studied. The results have shown that adding the GFRP layers, the ultimate shear capacity is increased and the amount of energy absorbed is decreased. Besides, the results showed that using these fibers in low-thickness plates is effective and if the positioning angle of the fibers on the wall is diagonal, its behavior will improve.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.815-826
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• 1994

신설교양(新設橋梁)이 기존(旣存)의 도로(道路)나 철도(鐵道) 또는 하천(河川)을 횡단(橫斷)하는 경우에 지형적(地形的)인 여건(與件)으로 인하여 사교(斜橋)(skew bridge)의 건설(建設)이 불가피한 경우가 흔히 있게 된다. 강상판(鋼床板)은 최근(最近) 구조용강재(構造用鋼材)의 품질향상(品質向上), 용접기술(熔接技術)의 발달(發達)에 힘입어 사하중(死荷重)의 감소(減少) 및 공기단축(工期短縮) 등을 위하여 특히 장대교(長大橋)의 바닥판으로 널리 사용되어지고 있다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 강상판(鋼床板)을 정교(精巧)한 유한요소(有限要素)로 모델링하여 사각(斜角)에 따른 정적거동(靜的擧動)의 변화(變化)률 범용(汎用) 유한요소해석(有限要素解析)프로그램인 SAP90을 사용하여 분석(分析) 고찰(考察)하였다. 유한요소분석(有限要素分析)을 통하여 상판(床板)의 사각(斜角)이 $90^{\circ}{\sim}30^{\circ}$ 사이로 변화(變化)할 때에 발생(發生)되는 예각부(銳角部)와 둔각부(鈍角部) 및 중앙부(中央部)에서의 거동(擧動)을 등방성평판(等方性平板)과 직교이방성평판(直交異方性平板)에 대하여 비교분석(比較分析)하였다. 해석결과(解析結果)로부터 사각(斜角)을 갖는 원판(原板)은 등방성(等方性), 직교이방성(直交異方性)에 상관없이 둔각부(鈍角部)에서의 모멘트, 반력(反力) 및 처짐이 상판(床板)의 중앙부(中央部)에 비하여 그 값이 크게 나타났으며, 특히 $45^{\circ}$이하(以下)의 사각(斜角)에서는 그 차이(差異)가 매우 크게 발생(發生)함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 $55^{\circ}$이하(以下)로 사각(斜角)이 감소(減少)할수록 상판(床板) 둔각부(鈍角部)에서의 모멘트가 중앙부(中央部)의 모멘트 크기를 초과(超過)하며, 그 차이(差異)는 사각(斜角)이 감소(減少)할수록 현저하게 커짐을 확인하였다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 사각(斜角)의 사각(斜角)에 따른 거동특성(擧動特性)에 대한 정량적(定量的)인 평가(評價)를 하고, 사교(斜橋)에 있어서 위약부위(脆弱部位)와 사각(斜角)의 한계(限界)를 제시하였다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.403-426
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• 2012

This paper deals with the structural behaviour of tapered concrete-filled steel composite (TCFSC) columns under eccentric loading. Finite element software LUSAS is used to perform the nonlinear analyses to predict the structural behaviour of the columns. Results from the finite element modelling and existing experimental test are compared to verify the accuracy of the modelling. It is demonstrated that they correlate reasonably well with each other; therefore, the proposed finite element modelling is absolutely accurate to predict the structural behaviour of the columns. Nonlinear analyses are carried out to investigate the behaviour of the columns where the main parameters are: (1) tapered angle (from $0^{\circ}$ to $2.75^{\circ}$); (2) steel wall thickness (from 3 mm to 4 mm); (3) load eccentricity (15 mm and 30 mm); (4) L/H ratio (from 10.67 to 17.33); (5) concrete compressive strength (from 30 MPa to 60 MPa); (6) steel yield stress (from 250 MPa to 495 MPa). Results are depicted in the form of load versus mid-height deflection plots. Effects of various tapered angles, steel wall thicknesses, and L/H ratios on the ultimate load capacity, ductility and stiffness of the columns are studied. Effects of different load eccentricities, concrete compressive strengths and steel yield stresses on the ultimate load capacity of the columns are also examined. It is concluded from the study that the parameters considerably influence the structural behaviour of the columns.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.23-35
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• 2023

Steel bolted joint is an important part of steel structure, and its damage directly affects the bearing capacity and durability of steel structure. Currently, the existing research mainly focuses on the identification of corroded bolts and corroded bolts respectively, and there are few studies on multiple states. A detection framework of corroded and loosened bolts is proposed in this study, and the innovations can be summarized as follows: (i) Vision Transformer (ViT) is introduced to replace the third and fourth C3 module of you-only-look-once version 5s (YOLOv5s) algorithm, which increases the attention weights of feature channels and the feature extraction capability. (ii) Three states of the steel bolts are considered, including corroded bolt, bolt missing and clean bolt. (iii) Line segment detector (LSD) is introduced for bolt rotation angle calculation, which realizes bolt looseness detection. The improved YOLOv5s model was validated on the dataset, and the mean average precision (mAP) was increased from 0.902 to 0.952. In terms of a lab-scale joint, the performance of the LSD algorithm and the Hough transform was compared from different perspective angles. The error value of bolt loosening angle of the LSD algorithm is controlled within 1.09%, less than 8.91% of the Hough transform. Furthermore, the proposed framework was applied to fullscale joints of a steel bridge in China. Synthetic images of loosened bolts were successfully identified and the multiple states were well detected. Therefore, the proposed framework can be alternative of monitoring steel bolted joints for management department.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.449-472
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• 2016

This paper studies the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) walls with encased cold-formed and thin-walled (CFTW) steel truss, which can be used as an alternative to the conventional RC walls or steel reinforced concrete (SRC) composite walls for high-rise buildings in high seismic regions. Seven one-fourth scaled RC wall specimens with encased CFTW steel truss were designed, manufactured and tested to failure under reversed cyclic lateral load and constant axial load. The test parameters were the axial load ratio, configuration and volumetric steel ratio of encased web brace. The behaviors of the test specimens, including damage formation, failure mode, hysteretic curves, stiffness degradation, ductility and energy dissipation, were examined. Test results indicate that the encased web braces can effectively improve the ductility and energy dissipation capacity of RC walls. The steel angles are more suitable to be used as the web brace than the latticed batten plates in enhancing the ductility and energy dissipation. Higher axial load ratio is beneficial to lateral load capacity, but can result in reduced ductility and energy dissipation capacity. A volumetric ratio about 0.25% of encased web brace is believed cost-effective in ensuring satisfactory seismic performance of RC walls. The axial load ratio should not exceed the maximum level, about 0.20 for the nominal value or about 0.50 for the design value. Numerical analyses were performed to predict the backbone curves of the specimens and calculation formula from the Chinese Code for Design of Composite Structures was used to predict the maximum lateral load capacity. The comparison shows good agreement between the test and predicted results.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2008

In many cases, open-type plate breakwaters use plates with multiple holes; the holes serve as energy dissipaters and weight reducers. Because of the multi-holes configuration, stress concentration should be considered during the design process. Among several design loading conditions, the loads from a possible collision with a man-made vessel or other unexpected events many damage a multi-perforated steel plate. In that case, the structural behavior of a multi-perforated steel plate is quite significant, and is not well understood. This study presents a collision analysis for a multi-perforated steel plate. First, four different perforation topologies (three with circles and one with squares) were selected to investigate the effect of different hole shapes on the structural response. Second, the wave force at a specific site was calculated and loaded onto a steel plate as a static load. The static stresses were used for reference values. Third, two rigid body impacters (cubical & cylindrical) were applied to the steel plates to investigate the transient stress responses. In addition, two different impacting angles ($45^{\circ}\;&\;90^{\circ}$) were selected to investigate the angle effect. From the collision analysis, the significance of the transient stresses was emphasized.