• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.13-16
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• 1974

Chlorophyll을 함유(含有)하고 있는 녹색 식물(植物)의 조리(調理)에 의(依)한 색깔 변화(變化)는 대단히 중요(重要)하므로, 본실험(本實驗)은 각각(各各) 다른 열처리(熱處理)와 시간(時間)이 풋고추의 chlorophyll 함량(含量)에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 풋고추는 boiling water steam 그리고 hot air 를 사용(使用)하여, $100^{\circ}C$에서 5 10 15 분간(分間) 가열(加熱)했고, microwave oven에서는 1 2 3 분간(分間) 처리했다. 결과(結果)에 의(依)하면 chlorophyll 함량(含量)은 일반적(一般的)으로 가열시간(加熱時間)이 길어짐에 따라 감소하는 경향이었으며, 가열처리중(加熱處理中) steam이 가장 큰 영향을 주었고, boiling water 가 그 다음이었다. Hot air와 microwave 처리한 풋고추는 아주 적은 양의 chlorophyll이 변화(變化)하였다. 일반적으로 pheophytin 생성(生成) chlorophyll 함량(含量)이 감소함에 따라 증가(增加)하였다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권4호
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• pp.475-484
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• 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the thickness of corn flakes produced by pressurized steam chamber (PSC) on rumen fermentation characteristics and nutrient degradability in Hanwoo and Holstein cows. Corn flakes were treated by PSC, in three groups based on corn flake thickness: < 2.5 mm (T1), 2.5-3.0 mm (T2), and > 3.0 mm (T3). Corn flake thickness significantly influenced pH (p < 0.01) and propionate concentration (p < 0.05) and slightly but not significantly influenced acetate, butyrate, and total-volatile fatty acids (T-VFA) concentrations. The dry matter (DM) degradability increased significantly with a reduction in corn flake thickness (p < 0.01), being significantly greater in T1 and T2 than T3 groups (p < 0.01) and similar between T1 and T2 groups throughout whole incubation time. Also, starch degradability was the lowest in T3 groups than others (p < 0.01). Thus, the present results showed that considering the production efficiency and economic feasibility, the optimal thickness of corn flakes produced in a PSC is recommended to be 2.5-3.0 mm.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.857-871
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• 2017

The major substrates used in soilless growing media are peat moss and perlite, where peat moss is a limited and expensive natural resource. Determination of appropriate substrates based on technical and economic feasibility is the vital aspect of research and the key to success in any soilless production system. This research work was performed to evaluate different low-cost and sustainable alternative substrate as soilless growing media for horticulture plant. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of sawdust species and steam treatment, for physico-chemical properties and growth of horticultural plant. This study involves the physical and chemical characterization and growth test of four substrate (pine sawdust, oak sawdust, steamed pine sawdust and steamed oak sawdust) in order to evaluate their use as components of growing media. Steamed oak sawdust ($121^{\circ}C$, 30 min) showed adequate physical and chemical properties compared to peat moss for their use as growing media. The growing media were prepared using different mixture proportion to grow Brassica campestris L., Festuca arundinacea and Lespedeza cyrtobotrya Miq. The highest germination, stem length and leaf area of Brassica campestris L., Festuca arundinacea and Lespedeza cyrtobotrya were observed in 30 minute steamed oak sawdust mixture growing media. The steam treatment condition of sawdust used in the growing media significantly positive affected the germination, the stem length and the leaf area.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.274-280
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• 2008

Platycosides are the saponins in Platycodi Radix and they have several beneficial effects such as antiinflammatory and anti-obesity activities. This study was designed to determine the changes in the saponin composition in Platycodi Radix (platycosides) after being processed under steam and pressure and to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of their extracts. The change of the platycoside compositions was investigated after 1, 2, 3, 6 and 9h heat processing of Platycodi Radices by using HPLC coupled with an evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) system. After heat treatment ($125^{\circ}C$, 1, 2, 3, 6 and 9 h), the contents of several platycosides such as platycoside E, platycodin $D_3$, platycodin D, polygalacin D, and platycodin A decreased as the processing time was longer. While the total contents of the saponins decreased, the contents of deapi-forms of deapiplatycoside E, deapi-platycodin $D_3$, and deapi-platycodin D increased relatively. These results indicate that the linkage between apiose and xylose located at C-28 is labile to heat and pressure. The LPS-induced iNOS inhibitory activities of the samples treated for 1 and 2 hours were enhanced and after then, the activities were reduced. These results suggested that heat treatment of the samples affect the content of the total saponins and the saponin content may be the important criteria representing the anti-inflammatory activity.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.1190-1194
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• 2000

과열 수증기 공정처리 효과가 현미의 수화 및 조직특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 현미(동진)를 과열수증기의 압력이 $1kg_{f}/$\textrm{cm}^2$$로 유지되는 상태에서 수증기의 온도를 127, 150, 16$0^{\circ}C$로 달리하면서 과열 수증기 처리를 하였다. 수분흡수속도는 수침온도(60~8$0^{\circ}C$)에 따라서 현미와 백미가 각각 0.03569~0.1049 $cm/min^{-1/2}$와 0.03474~0/1618 $cm/min^{-1/2}$의 범위를 보였다. 현미와 백미의 활성화에너지는 각각 6.98 및 9.59 cal/mole을 나타내어 열수화 특성이 다름을 보였다. 한편, 과열 수증기 처리현미의 경우 $65^{\circ}C$에서의 확산계수는 18.96$\times$$10^{-5}$$\textrm{cm}^2$/min)와 처리하지 않은 현미(22.28$\times$$10^{-5}$$\textrm{cm}^2$/min)의 중간 값을 나타내었다. 과열 수증기처리 후 현미의 표면조직은 균열이 발생하였는데, 수증기 온도가 높을수록 균열의 정도가 컸다. 이상과 같은 수증기 처리는 현미 강층의 구조를 변화시킬 뿐만 아니라, 내부 전분층의 부분적 균열에도 효과적으로 작용하는 결과를 보인 것으로 예측된다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.65-73
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• 1989

Steam explosion process is an efficient pretreatment method for sparating and utilizing wood main components has attracted attention in utilization of ligno-cellulosic biomass. In order to obtain the effective pretreatment condition. this study was made explosion apparatus. examined the composition. extraction of exploded wood. Wood chips of pine(Pinus densiflora oak (Quercus serrata) and birch wood (Belula platyphylla var. japonica) were treated with a high pressure steam(20-30 kg/$cm^2$, 2-6 minutes). The results can be summarized as follow; In analysis of exploded wood(EXW). It was found arabinose residues rapidly decreased with increasing of steaming time and pressure. Extractives of EXW with sodium hydroxide increased with increasing of steaming-time and- pressure especially extractives 1% sodium hydroxide has higher than other extracted method extractives of hard wood(oak, birch) has higher than pine wood. In EXW extracted with sodium hydroxide and methanol lignin was partially delignified alkali extraction was more delignified than methanol extraction hardwood than pine wood.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to develope the remediation method of contaminated soils with metals and petroleum. The diesel degrading strain was isolated and identified from the soil contaminated by petroleum at industrial sites. Diesel biodegradation experiment was performed by diesel degrading bacteria in both solution and soil slurry. Contaminated soils by Zn or As and diesel were treated consecutively by steam-vapor extraction, biodegradation, and acid washing. The strain was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and named as Pseudomonas aeruginosa TPH1. The optimal culture conditions of TPH1 were $20^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.0, 3% of diesel concentration. Biodegradation of diesel was performed using the separated strain in liquid medium, and 63% of diesel was degraded in 72 hours. And 52% of diesel was removed in the tested soils. In the treatment of contaminated soils with diesel and Zn or As, 29% ~ 44% of diesel was reduced by steamvapor extraction, 60% ~ 71% of diesel was removed after biodegradation. 47% of Zn and 96% of As were removed after acid(mixture of sulfuric and oxalic acids) washing. It is recommended that consecutive treatment method of steam-vapor extraction, biodegradation and acid washing is effective for remediation of complex contaminated soils with metals and petroleum.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.241-252
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• 2016

Cellulose acetate is one of well-known industrial materials which have various commercial uses. We treated the lignocellulosic biomass using two-step (steam explosion-chemical) reaction followed by acetylation to get the cellulose acetate in this study. The two-step treatment was done to improve the yields of acetylation of the substrates. The yields of the cellulose acetate were about 88.4, 88.1, and 151.7% in barley straw, rice straw, and oak tree, respectively. Also the degree of substitution (DS) of the acetates was 2.1 to 2.5 in the biomass. We found that the biomass were valuable cellulosic sources, including their derivatives, in this study. This means that the biomass can be converted into the high-valued cellulosic stuff.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2017

Modern society has been experiencing by population growth and urbanization that bring, a change of eating habits which has occurred a various types of waste in a large amount. Even though these wastes are required an immediate treatment with difficulties unsanitary handling and existing waste treatment method are by incineration, fermentation, drying and etc. however a bad smell occurs after the treatment that need's a lot of energy in processing organic wastes with high moisture contents and wasteful and inefficient problem. The strength assessment of the organic waste agitating vessel is required in terms of safety due to the differences of loading on the shaft that was treated by agitating the mixture of food waste. The damage of agitating axis is depended on steam pressure, temperature condition and the force moment that exerted by the food waste. Thus the strength assessment and stability evaluation are very important, especially to handle a hard waste. In this study the rotation capacity of agitation is about 5 tons considering general structural rolled steel pressure vessel strength and steam pressure. The purpose is to estimate the safety and strength evaluation for a agitator axis and impellers according to the rotating angle of the axis under the condition of the 3.2 ton capacity reactor.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.183-189
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• 1994

Two experiments were made. In experiment 1, four diets containing 0, 5, 15 and 25% washed seaweed meal were prepared to study the effects of incorporating seaweed meal instead of equivalent amounts of berseem leaf meal in fish feeds on growth performance and feed utilization of common carp. The results showed that average daily gain (ADG), specific growth rate (SGR%), dry matter (DM) and ether extract (EE) of the carcasses were decreased (p<0.05) with the increasing level of seaweed meal in the feeds. Inclusion of 5% seaweed meal in the diet gave the best feed conversion ratio (FCR) among all diets, however, protein productive value (PPV) and energy utilization (EU) were decreased (p<0.05) with increasing level of seaweed meal in the diet. In experiment 2, washed seaweed meal was either steam cooked or sprayed with NaOH (0.5% or 1% NaOH) and incorporated in the diets at the level of 25% instead of equivalent amount of berseem leaf meal. The results showed that steam cooked seaweed gave the best (p<0.05) growth performance, FCR and protein efficiency ratios, PER and PPV, for other treatments in descending order were NaOH treated seaweed, washed seaweed and unwashed seaweed.