• 제목/요약/키워드: starch digestibility

검색결과 155건 처리시간 0.024초

Effects of Supplements with Different Protein Contents on Nutritional Performance of Grazing Cattle During the Rainy Season

  • Figueiras, J.F.;Detmann, E.;Franco, M.O.;Batista, E.D.;Reis, W.L.S.;Paulino, M.F.;Valadares Filho, S.C.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제29권12호
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    • pp.1710-1718
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    • 2016
  • The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplements with different crude protein (CP) contents on grazing cattle intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation pattern, and nitrogen (N) metabolism characteristics during the rainy season. Five ruminal and abomasal cannulated Holstein${\times}$Zebu steers (296 kg body weight, BW) were used in a $5{\times}5$ Latin square design. The animals grazed five signal grass paddocks (0.34 ha). The five treatments evaluated were: Control (no supplement) and 1.0 g of supplement/kg BW with 0, 330, 660, and 1,000 g of CP/kg as-fed. The supplement was composed of starch, soybean meal, urea, and ammonium sulphate. There was a positive linear effect ($p{\leq}0.033$) of the CP content in the supplements on the organic matter (OM), CP, and digested OM intakes. The provision of supplements did not increase ($p{\geq}0.158$), on average, total and ruminal digestibilities of OM and CP. However, the increase in CP content in the supplements caused a positive linear effect ($p{\leq}0.018$) on ruminal digestibilities of OM and CP. Additionally, a quadratic effect of the CP contents of the supplements were observed (p = 0.041) for the ruminal digestibility of neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein, with the highest estimate obtained with the CP content of 670 g/kg. The supply of supplements increased (p<0.001) the ruminal ammonia N concentration, which also changed linearly and positively (p<0.001) according to increase in CP content in the supplements. The apparent N balance and relative N balance (g/g N intake) were not, on average, changed ($p{\geq}0.164$) by the supplements supply. However, both showed a tendency of a linear increase ($p{\leq}0.099$) with increasing supplement CP content. The supplements increased (p = 0.007) microbial N production in the rumen, which also changed linearly and positively (p = 0.016) with increasing supplement CP content. In conclusion, protein supplementation in grazing cattle during the rainy season, while stimulating voluntary forage intake, results in higher efficiency of N utilization when compared to energy supplementation. This is a possible response to increased microbial protein synthesis in the rumen and improved N status in the animal body.

β-Xylosidase and β-mannosidase in combination improved growth performance and altered microbial profiles in weanling pigs fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet

  • Liu, Shaoshuai;Ma, Chang;Liu, Ling;Ning, Dong;Liu, Yajing;Dong, Bing
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제32권11호
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    • pp.1734-1744
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    • 2019
  • Objective: In this study, two glycosidases (XMosidases), ${\beta}$-xylosidase and ${\beta}$-mannosidase, were investigated on their in vitro hydrolysis activities of feed and on the improvement of growth performance in vivo in weanling pigs. Methods: Enzyme activities of XMosidases in vitro were evaluated in test tubes and simulation of gastric and small intestinal digestion, respectively, in the presence of NSPase. In vivo study was performed in 108 weaned piglets in a 28-d treatment. Pigs were allotted to one of three dietary treatments with six replicate pens in each treatment. The three treatment groups were as follows: i) Control (basal diet); ii) CE (basal diets+CE); iii) CE-Xmosidases (basal diets+ CE+${\beta}$-xylosidase at 800 U/kg and ${\beta}$-mannosidase at 40 U/kg). CE was complex enzymes (amylase, protease, xylanase, and mannanase). Results: In vitro XMosidases displayed significant activities on hydrolysis of corn and soybean meal in the presence of non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes (xylanase and ${\beta}$-mannanase). In vitro simulation of gastric and small intestinal digestion by XMosidases showed XMosidases achieved $67.89%{\pm}0.22%$ of dry matter digestibility and $63.12%{\pm}0.21%$ of energy digestibility at $40^{\circ}C$ for 5 hrs. In weanling pigs, additional XMosidases to CE in feed improved average daily gain, feed conversion rate (p<0.05), and apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein (p = 0.01) and dry matter (p = 0.02). XMosidases also altered the gut bacterial diversity and composition by increasing the proportion of beneficial bacteria. Conclusion: Addition of a complex enzyme supplementation (contained xylanase, ${\beta}$-mannanase, protease and amylase), XMosidases (${\beta}$-xylosidase and ${\beta}$-mannosidase) can further improve the growth performance and nutrient digestion of young pigs.

Potential to mitigate ammonia emission from slurry by increasing dietary fermentable fiber through inclusion of tropical byproducts in practical diets for growing pigs

  • Nguyen, Quan Hai;Le, Phung Dinh;Chim, Channy;Le, Ngoan Duc;Fievez, Veerle
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제32권4호
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    • pp.574-584
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    • 2019
  • Objective: Research was conducted to test the effect of including fiber-rich feedstuffs in practical pig diets on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance and ammonia emissions from slurry. Methods: Three Vietnamese fiber sources were screened, namely cassava leaf meal (CL), cassava root residue (CR), and tofu by-product (TF). Accordingly, a control diet (Con) with 10% of dietary non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and three test diets including one of the three fiber-rich feedstuffs to reach 15% of NSP were formulated. All formulated diets had the same level of crude protein (CP), in vitro ileal protein digestible and metabolisable energy, whereas the in vitro hindgut volatile fatty acid (VFA) production of the test diets was 12% to 20% higher than the control diet. Forty growing barrows with initial body weight at $28.6{\pm}1.93kg$ ($mean{\pm}standard$ deviation) were allocated to the four treatments. When pigs reached about 50 kg of body weight, four pigs from each treatment were used for a nitrogen balance trial and ammonia emission assessment, the remaining six pigs continued the second period of the feeding trial. Results: The TF treatment increased fecal VFA by 33% as compared with the control treatment (p = 0.07), suggesting stimulation of the hindgut fermentation. However, urinary N was not significantly reduced or shifted to fecal N, nor was slurry pH decreased. Accordingly, ammonia emissions were not mitigated. CR and CL treatments failed to enhance in vivo hindgut fermentation, as assessed by fecal VFA and purine bases. On the contrary, the reduction of CP digestibility in the CL treatment enhanced ammonia emissions from slurry. Conclusion: Dietary inclusion of cassava and tofu byproducts through an increase of dietary NSP from 10% to 15% might stimulate fecal VFA excretion but this does not guarantee a reduction in ammonia emissions from slurry, while its interaction with protein digestibility even might enhance enhanced ammonia emission.

멸치(Engraulis japonicus) 잔사 분말을 첨가한 칼국수의 최적화 (Optimizing Recipes of Korean-style Cut Noodles with Anchovy Engraulis japonicus Soup Base Residue Powder)

  • 이소연;류홍수
    • 한국수산과학회지
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    • 제47권5호
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    • pp.545-555
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    • 2014
  • To develop Korean-style cut noodles with enhanced protein and calcium levels, we manipulated the ratio of dried anchovy Engraulis japonicus soup base residue powder to wheat flour, using a response surface methodology based on trained panel trials to determine the optimum ratio. Texture analysis and nutritional evaluation were also performed on cut noodles containing dried anchovy soup base residue (CNAR). Higher umami taste and springiness, and lower fishy flavor were strongly correlated with overall acceptability. The optimal CNAR formulation consisted of wheat flour (96.02 g), anchovy residue powder (2.67 g), and water (50.64 mL). CNAR had lower gumminess and adhesiveness (P<0.001), but higher springiness, cohesiveness (P<0.001), and chewiness (P<0.05), than the control (original wheat flour cut noodles). The addition of anchovy soup base residue elevated protein, lipid, and ash levels relative to the control. Color values decreased with increasing residue powder content. In vitro protein and starch digestibility of CNAR were lower than in the control (P<0.001). CNAR yielded significantly higher total free amino acid content than the control (P<0.01), leading to CNAR's improved palatability. Dried anchovy soup base residue can be used in wheat flour cut noodles to improve nutrition, sensory acceptability, and profitability.

야초 사일리지의 품질향상에 관한 연구 I. 칡 사일리지 제조에 있어서 물, 전분, 포도당 첨가효과 (Studies on the Quality of Silage from Domeestic Herbage I. Effects of water , corn starch and glucose as additives on Kudzu ( Puerarie thunbergii Bentham ) silage)

  • 김대진;임완
    • 한국초지조사료학회지
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    • 제7권3호
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    • pp.162-167
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    • 1987
  • 本 실험은 등과야초인 칡에 당분을 첨가한 사일리지를 조제하여 사료배치를 향상시키기 위하여 실시하였다.칡은 줄기와 잎을 2.0~2.5cm로 절단하여 2l들이 플라스틱 용기에 물8% 첨가한 사일리지, 물8%와 전분3%첨가한 사일리지, 물8%와 포도당3% 첨가한 사일리지 그리고 아무것도 첨가하지 않은 칡 사일리지를 조제하였으며 이들과 옥수수 사일리지를 비교하였다. 사일리지의 발표품질인 유기산과 조직성분의 특성(NOF, AOF, AOL)과 pepsin-cellulase 에 의한 건물消化率(OMO)을 예정하였던 바 결과는 다음과 같이 要約된다. 1. 모든 처리의 칡 사일리지는 10% 이상의 무게 손실이었다. 2. pH에 있어서 포도당첨가 칡 사일리지가3.80, 전분첨가 칡 사일리지가 4.04, 대조구의 칡 사일리지가 4.57 그리고 물만을 첨가한 칡 사일리지는 5.34 순위로 높았다. 3. 유산함량에 있어서는 옥수수 사일리지(1.93 %), 포도당첨가 칡 사일리지 (1.89%), 전분첨가 칡 사일리지(1. 31 %), 대조구의 칡 사일리지 (0.57%), 그리고 물만을 첨가한 칡 사일리지(0.44%) 순위로 낮았다. 4. Fliegs 평점은 대조구의 칡 사일리지 22, 물첨가만의 칡 사일리지가 60, 전분 첨가한 칡 사일리지가 87이었으며, 옥수수 사일리지와 칡 사일리지는 각각 100이었다. 5. 칡 사일리지의 조단白質含量은 13.50-15.59%로서 처리간 유의성이 없었다 (P>0.05). 6. 포도당과 전분을 첨가한 힘 사열리지의 NO-F, ADF, ADL含量이 다른 處리구에 비해 유의적으로 감소되었다. (P< O. 05). 7. 포도당과 전분을 첨가한 칡 사일리지의 건물消化率은 다른 처리에 비하여 크게 增加하였다(P <0.05). 8. pH (X)와 총산(Y) 과의는 Y=-0.70X +4.96 (P< 0.01), 유산(X)과 세포내용울(Y) 과는 Y=10.61X+25.84 (P< 0.05). 그리고 리그닌 (X)과 건물소화율(Y)과는 Y=-2.48X +74.35 (P<0.05)이였다.

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저장에 따른 녹두전분 겔의 노화 특성 변화 (Changes in Retrogradation Characteristics of Mungbean Starch Gels during Storage)

  • 최은정;오명숙
    • 한국식품조리과학회지
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    • 제17권4호
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    • pp.391-398
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    • 2001
  • 녹두전분 겔을 온도(5$^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$) 및 기간(1, 24, 48, 72시간)별로 저장하여 겔의 열적 특성, 점도 특성, 효소소화도, X-선 회절도, 미세구조의 변화를 조사하였다. DSC 실험 결과 5$^{\circ}C$ 저장시 $25^{\circ}C$ 저장시보다 용융피크가 저온측에 있고, 용융엔탈피 값은 더 큰 값을 나타내어 저온에서 겔의 노화가 빠르게 진행됨을 나타내었다. RVA에 의한 점도 측정 결과 $25^{\circ}C$에서 3일간 저장한 시료를 제외하면, 5$^{\circ}C$$25^{\circ}C$ 저장 모두 peak 점도, 최종점도 등의 점도 특성이 저장에 의해 증가하였는데, 이러한 현상은 5$^{\circ}C$ 저장시 보다 현저하였다. 효소소화도는 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 감소했으며, 이러한 경향은 5$^{\circ}C$ 저장시 더 현저하였다. X-선 회절도는 $25^{\circ}C$ 저장시에는 매우 약한 피크가, 5$^{\circ}C$ 저장에서는 보다 강한 피크가 관찰되었지만, 동일 온도에서 저장한 시료 사이의 차이는 구별하기 어려웠다. 주사전자현미경에 의한 미세구조 관찰 결과 모든 겔에서 잘 발달된 망상구조가 관찰되었으며, $25^{\circ}C$에서 저장시에는 3일째에 전분쇄의 망상구조가 두꺼워졌고, 5$^{\circ}C$ 저장시는 저장 초기부터 망상구조가 두꺼워졌다.

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해양식량자원의 가공조건별 영양적 품질평가 -1. 가열 및 저장조건에 따른 수산연제품의 단백질 품질변화- (Effects of Processing Conditions on the Nutritional Quality of Seafood -1. Effects of Heating and Storage Conditions on Protein Quality of Surimi Products-)

  • 류홍수;문정혜;박정현
    • 한국수산과학회지
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    • 제27권3호
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    • pp.282-291
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    • 1994
  • 영양적으로 우수한 수산연제품 제조를 위한 가공조건을 알아보기 위하여 산업적으로 채택되고있는 가열 공정에 따른 제품의 단백질 품질을 점검하고, 제품가공에 사용되는 여러 첨가물들이 단백질 품질에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 또한 우리나라 주요 수산가공 회사들이 생산한 연제품의 저장수명을 알아보기 위하여 저장온도에 따른 품질안정성을 실험하였다. 1. 연육에 대하여 전분첨가량이 $5\%$ 이면서 첨가수량이 $33\%$ 정도인 어묵의 단백질 품질이 가장 좋았다. 가열 처리 전 보다 가열처리 후가 소화율은 비슷하지만, 단백효율비는 훨씬 높았으며 소화저해물질은 어묵 제조과정 중 원료육에 있었던 총량의 $90\%$ 이상이 소실 되어 단백질 품질에는 큰 영향을 미치지 않았다. 2. 해산물 추출물의 경우 연육에 대해 $2\%$ 정도 첨가하여도 소화율은 변화하지 않았지만, 효소활성저해제로서의 역할이 커서 $1\%$ 정도가 바람직할 것으로 생각되었다. 3. $40^{\circ}C$에서는 25분으로 가열한뒤 $95^{\circ}C$에서 10분간 2단가열을 시도하면 소화율이 높은 어묵제품을 만들 수 있었다. 4. 시판 찐어묵류 및 게맛살류의 단백질 소화율은 $86{\sim}88\%$$87{\sim}89\%$ 범위였고 단백효율비는 $2.8{\sim}2.9$(찐어묵) 및 $2.9{\sim}3.2$(게맛살)의 범위였으며, 회사별에 따라 차이가 컸었다. 5. 시판 맛살류를 $4^{\circ}C$에서 저장할 때 15일 경과 후에는 거의 부패단계에 이르렀고 찐어묵은 $4^{\circ}C$에서 20일, $15^{\circ}C$에서는 5일까지 저장성이 있었다.

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유아식품(乳兒食品)의 소화율(消化率)과 영양적(營養的) 의의(意義) (Digestibility of Infant Food and its Nutritional Meaning)

  • 홍기욱;유재자
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • 제7권1호
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    • pp.17-23
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    • 1974
  • 밀가루, 보리가루, 감자가루, 고구마가루 등 재료용(材料用)가루 4종과 비스켓, 크랙카, popped-cake (corn-flour), 식빵, 카스테라, 라면과자, 이유식(離乳禽)(I), 이유식(離乳食)(II)등 전분질(澱粉質) 식품(食品) 8종(種)에 대(對)해서${\beta}-Amylase$에 대(對)한 소화율(消化率)을 30분(分), 1시간(時間), 3시간(時間)등 경시적으로 측정(測定)한 결과(結果)와 설문지법에 의한 유아식품(乳兒食品)의 기호도(嗜好度)를 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. (1) 재료용(材料用) 가루들의 소화율(消化率)은 생분(生粉)의 경우 $5{\sim}11%(3hrs)$였고, 고구마가루가 가장 낮았으며, 호화처리(糊化處理)한 가루들은 $20{\sim}30%(3hrs)$로 상승(上昇)하였고, 역시 감자가루, 고구마가루가 보리가루, 밀가루보다 낮은 편이다. (2) 비스켓, 크랙카, popped cake (corn-flour)의 소화율(消化率)은 호화처리(糊化處理)를 하지 않은 경우, 비스켓, 크랙카는 popped cake(corn-flour) (29%)에 비(比)하며 크게 떨어지고, 비스켓 ,크랙카를 호화처리(糊化處理)하면 $19{\sim}29%(3hrs.)$${\alpha}$화(化) 재료분(材料粉)에 비슷하였다. (3) 식빵, 카스테라의 소화율(消化率)은 $21{\sim}32%$${\alpha}$화(化) 재료분(材料紛)과 비슷하였고, 카스테라보다 식빵이 높았다. (4) 이유식(離乳食)의 소화율(消化率)은 이유식(離乳食)(I)이 24.1%(3hrs.)에 비(比)하여, 이유식(離乳食)(II)는 15%(3hrs.)로 크게 낮았다. (5) 제조(製調) 시기(時期)가 $1{\sim}2$개월(個月) 경과한 일부(一部) 과자류에서는 소화율(消化率)이 떨어지는 경향이며, 시판(市販) 이유식(離乳食) 중(中)에는 소화율(消化率)이 크게 낮은 것도 있다. (6) 어머니들이 아기들의 이유식(離乳食)을 선택(選擇)할 때 양양가(營養價)(42%), 소화율(消化率)(27%)을 많이 고려하며, 집에서 이유식(離乳食)을 만들어 주는 경우, 쌀가루(41%), 밀가루(23%)가 높은 빈도수를 보이고, 소화정도(消化程度)는 쌀가루가 49%, 밀가루가 23%로 그 다음이다. (7) 소화(消化)가 잘 된다고 생각되는 이유식(離乳食)으로서는 밥류(16%)와 시판이유식(市販離乳食)(13%)이 다소 높은 편이고, 선택성(選擇性)이 비교적(比較的) 높은 간식(間食)으로는 비스켓류(類)(44%)이었다.

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Energy and Ileal Digestible Amino Acid Concentrations for Growing Pigs and Performance of Weanling Pigs Fed Fermented or Conventional Soybean Meal

  • Wang, Y.;Lu, W.Q.;Li, D.F.;Liu, X.T.;Wang, H.L.;Niu, S.;Piao, X.S.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제27권5호
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    • pp.706-716
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    • 2014
  • A new strategy of co-inoculating Bacillus subtilis MA139 with Streptococcus thermophilus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to produce fermented soybean meal (FSBM). Three experiments were conducted to determine the concentration of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) (Exp. 1), apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) (Exp. 2), and feeding value (Exp. 3) of FSBM produced by this new strategy (NFSB) compared with soybean meal (SBM) and conventionally available FSBM (Suprotein). In Exp. 1, twenty-four barrows (initial body weight [BW] of $32.2{\pm}1.7kg$) were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 diets with 6 replicates per diet. A corn basal diet and 3 diets based on a mixture of corn and 1 of 3 soybean products listed above were formulated and the DE and ME contents were determined by the difference method. The results showed that there were no differences in DE and ME between SBM and either FSBM product (p>0.05). In Exp. 2, eight barrows (initial BW of $26.8{\pm}1.5kg$) were fitted with ileal T-cannulaes and used in a replicated $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Three corn-starch-based diets were formulated using each of the 3 soybean products as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure endogenous losses of AA. The results showed that the SID of all AA except arginine and histidine was similar for NFSB and SBM (p>0.05), but Suprotein had greater (p<0.05) SID of most AA except lysine, aspartate, glycine and proline than NFSB. In Exp. 3, a total of 144 piglets (initial BW of $8.8{\pm}1.2$ kg) were blocked by weight and fed 1 of 4 diets including a control diet with 24% SBM as well as diets containing 6% and 12% NFSB or 12% Suprotein added at the expense of SBM. During d 15 to 28, replacing SBM with 6% NFSB significantly improved average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p<0.05) for nursery piglets. During the overall experiment, ADG of piglets fed diets containing 6% NFSB was significantly greater (p<0.05) than that of piglets fed SBM. In conclusion, fermentation with the new strategy did not affect the energy content or the AID and the SID of AA in SBM. However, inclusion of 6% NFSB in diets fed to nursery piglets improved performance after weaning likely as a result of better nutritional status and reduced immunological challenge.

IKUTON" 발효(醱酵) 고구마 전분박(澱粉粕)의 양돈사료(養豚飼料) 대체(代替)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (Studies on "IKUTON" Fermented Sweet Potato Starch Pulp for Growing-Finnishing Swine Ration)

  • 한성욱;정창조
    • 농업과학연구
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    • 제3권2호
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    • pp.192-197
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    • 1976
  • IKUTON 발효(醱酵) 고구마 전분박(澱粉粕)의 농후사료대축수준(濃厚飼料代蓄水準) 調査하기 위하여 Large Yorkshire, Landrace, Duroc Jersey 삼품종(三品種) 교잡종(交雜種) 25두(頭)를 공시(供試)하여 농후사료(濃厚飼料)를 급여(給與)한 대조구(對照區)와 IKUTON 발효(醱酵) 고구마 전분박(澱粉粕) 10%, 20%, 30% 및 40%를 대치한 5개처리구(個處理區)를 완전임의배치(完全任意配置)하여 시험(試驗)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 사료섭취량(飼料攝取量)은 40% 구(區)를 제외(除外)한 기타(其他)의 각처리구(各處理區)에서는 대조구(對照區)에 비(比)하여 유의적(有意的) (P<0.05)인 차이(差異)를 인정(認定)할 수 없었으며 40% 이상(以上)의 대체수준(代替水準)에서 사료섭취량(飼料攝取量)이 감소(減少)되고 있었다. 사료효율(飼料效率)은 20% 구(區); 3.43, 30% 구(區); 3.80, 10% 구(區) 3.97, 40% 구(區); 4.20, 0% 구(區0; 4.53의 순(順)으로 대조구(對照區)에 비(比)하여 높은 사료효율(飼料效率)을 나타내고 있었다. 증체량과 80kg 도달주수(到達週數)는 10% 구(區); 12주(週), 0%구(區); 13주(週), 20% 및 30%구(區)가 14주(週)였고 40%구(區)는 15주(週)까지도 80kg에 도달(到達)치 못하고 있었으며 대조구(對照區)에 비(比)하여 64%의 증체밖에 되지 않었다. 시험사료(試驗飼料)의 소화율(消化率)은 75.2~87.5%였으며 급수율(給水率)은 사료섭취(飼料攝取) 1kg당(當) $1.95-2.01{\ell}$로 되고 있어 사료급여회수(飼料給與回數)는 소화율(消化率)과 급수율(給水率)에 아무런 영향을 주지 않었다.

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