• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.31-34
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• 2006

The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of cutting interval and cutting height on the yield and nutrient composition of hedge lucerne (Desmanthus virgatus) when grown on a sandy soil in the Northeast of Thailand. The cutting intervals compared were 30, 40 and 50 days between harvests and the cutting heights 30, 40 and 50 cm above ground level. The experiment was a $3{\times}3$ factorial layout in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications-giving a total of 36 plots each $3{\times}3m^2$. Harvested plant material was weighed, dried and the ground subsamples taken for analyses of crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ash, ether extract (EE) and nitrogen-free extract (NFE). At the last harvest the hedge lucerne samples were separated to determine leaf to stem ratios and then analyzed for nutrient composition in the leaf and stem. Results showed that increasing the cutting interval (i.e. advancing age of maturity) increased dry matter and nutrient yields significantly. In terms of nutrient content, it also increased the crude fiber, ash, ether extract and nitrogen free extract percent in the plant. However, crude protein percent was markedly decreased as the cutting interval increased. Increasing cutting height had no effect on dry matter yield and yields of nutrients, but in terms of nutrient content, it increased crude protein and ash content, but decreased crude fiber content. The percent EE and NFE in the plant was unaffected by cutting height. From the results presented it is clear that cutting a stand of hedge lucerne every 40 to 50 days will achieve greater dry matter and nutrient yields than cutting more frequently, at 30 days. The cutting height at harvest, whether 30, 40 or 50 cm above ground level had no effect on dry matter or nutrient yields of hedge Lucerne. Hedge lucerne therefore offers the Thai poultry farmer a useful alternative protein supplement for poultry diets rather than relying on the more expensive soybean meal. As it can be readily and successfully grown on a range of soil types and climates throughout Thailand, hedge lucerne also offers the Thai farmer a valuable additional source of income.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.69-81
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• 1970

1. Four soybean varieties in pure stand and mixtures were grown in 20 competition treatments of genotypes at within-row spacings of 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 cm and were investigated in 10 characters for different genotypes. 2. Yield, weight of 100 seeds, height, number of branches, pods per plant, and seeds per pod were highly significant for within-row spacing treatment. 3. There was no spacing treatment effect for number of nodes and days to flower. Maturity did not respond equally in four varieties for spacing effect. 4. Fruiting period was influenced by spacing treatment. Height and number of branches were increased as within-row spacings were increased. Seed yield per area was increased oppositely. 5. Difference between fertilizing and non-fertilizing treatment was not significant in this experiment. At 80 cm spacing no competition effect occurred for yield. 6. In the competition effect, Kumkang Daerip was strong competitor ani Chungbuck Back and Shelby were weak competitors. 7. The within-row spacing of uniformity in roder to increase yield per area was proved as 20 cm in this study. 8. Oil percent was increased as spacings were increased and protein percent was as spacings were decreased.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.411-414
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine proper method for alternative row culture of two varieties to increase seed yield in soybean. The test varieties 'Hwangkeumkong' and 'Taekwangkong' which were planted monoculture of each variety, seeding after mixing same number of seeds of two varieties, 1-row alternation, 2­row alternation, 2-row 'Hwangkeumkong' and 1-row 'Taekwangkong' and 1-row 'Hwangkeumkong' and 2­row 'Taekwangkong'. Alternative planting of 1-row 'Hwangkeumkong' and 1-row 'Taekwangkong' resulted the highest canopy height and reduced lodging most effectively. The terminal and the 9th leaves of 'Taekwangkong' in alternative variety planting showed the higher photosynthetic ability than pure stand of that. Alternative planting of two varieties in every other row increased yield by $17\%$ in 'Hwangkeumkong' and by $8\%$ in 'Taekwangkong'.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.458-463
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• 2009

This study was conducted to find out some conditions for optimum cultivation of Angelica gigas Nakai by the investigation of root yield and decursin content from different seeding sizes and accumulative temperature. Accumulative temperature from April to October was $4,309^{\circ}C$ on altitude 100 m, $4,242^{\circ}C$ on 250 m, $3,662^{\circ}C$ on 530 m, $3,435^{\circ}C$ on 730 m, and altitude 530~730 m was less $650{\sim}870^{\circ}C$ than altitude 100 m cultivation areas of A. gigas. Seedling stand rate was increased from 86.4% to more than 90% as accumulative temperature decreases, and was increased in above 7 mm of seedling size, and 10% in non-mulching more than PE film mulching. Yield was increased as accumulative temperature decreases and in PE film mulching as 310.2 kg/10a. Also, Yield was increased in 7~9 mm than seedling diameter 5~7 mm as 313.0 kg/10a. Decursin content of primary roots was increased as altitude rises, ie, as 2.55% on altitude 100 m, 3.33% on 250 m, 5.51% on 530 m, and 6.24% on 730 m. Decursinol angelate content appeared little than decursin content as 1.08% on altitude 100 m, 1.37% on 250 m, 1.99% on 530 m, 2.38% on 730 m, and as altitude was heightened, content was increased.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.223-229
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• 1996

To investigate the effect of seeding date, seeding rate, and sprouted seeds on seedling establishment, yield and its components of rice in barley /rice reley cropping as a minimum tillage, Gancheokbyeo rice seeds sowed by hand broadcast in various overlapped days befer barley harvest. The highest rice seedling stand was at sowed on the day just before barley harvest and l00kg per hectare of seeding rate with sprouted seeds. Also number of tiller and panicle showed the similar tendency. Delayed rice heading dates were found 2 days at l0-day overlap, 2 days at 5-day overlap, and 4 days at 0-day overlap before barley harvest compared with machine transplanting rice at just after barley harvest using l0-days old seedling. The culm length of broadcast rice shortened 2∼4cm compared with the transplanting rice. The rice plants lodged slightly at seeding rate l00kg per hectare and at sowed on the day of barley harvest. The rice panicle number increased with later date sowing and higher seeding rate. Number of spikelets per panicle and ripened grains decreased at higher seeding rates. Sprouted seeds and higher seeding rates showed higher rice yield at later sowing dates.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.229-235
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• 1999

To identify the differences on plant growth and yield of two rice cultivars among direct water-seeding methods broadcasting on flooded paddy surface(BF), drilling on flooded paddy surface(DF), and puddled-soil drill seeding(PD) under markedly different weather condition between 1995 and 1996. The mean air temperature for duration from May to June, early growth stage of rice in 1995 was lower $1{\sim}3^{\circ}C$ than that in normal or 1996. In 1995 the respiratory consumption index during panicle formation stage and early ripening stage was higher than those of in 1996 or normal year. Number of seedling stand among the methods of direct seeding rice appeared slightly higher in order of BF>DF>PD. Properly in Nonganbyeo, the number of seedling stand was much low in 1995 compared with in 1996. The leaf area index and shoot dry weight at early growth stage of rice plant and culm length at mature in 1995 were larger in direct water seeding rice than those of machanical transplanting rice, but in 1996. Faster ripening speed and shorter ripening period of rice crop appeared in 1996 compared to in 1995. It was due to higher growing degree-days, sunshine hours and solar radiation during rice growing season in 1996. Dongjinbyeo rice showed higher yield than Nonganbyeo which had lower ripened grains especially in 1995.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.459-463
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• 2001

Changes of rice yield and soil physicochemical properties of the dry-seeded rice-barley double cropping system were investigated for 10 years from 1990 to 1999. Generally, seedling stand was more unstable in the rice-barley cropping system regardless of barley straw addition or removal than in the rice single cultivation as indicated by higher standard deviation of seedling stand across year. Rice yield in rice-barley double cropping cultivation was increased due to barley straw application starting from the second year, recording 2 to 19％ increase (average of 9％ for 10 years) due to higher spikelet number. Protein content and Mg/K equivalent ratio were similiar among the barley straw applied field, rice single crop and barley straw removed plots. Also, amylose content was not significantly different among cropping patterns. Physicochemical properties of soil was improved by applying the barley straw; soil porosity was higher and content of organic matter and cation exchange capacity of Ca increased but those of Mg and K did not differ.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.662-668
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• 2016

No-tillage dry-seeding of rice can offer potential benefits by reducing time and labor cost compared with conventional tillage practices. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of no-tillage dry-seeding on rice growth and soil hardness in comparison with other rice cultivation methods, machine transplanting and wet-hill-seeding on puddled paddy. The seedling stand fell within optimum range for both no-till dry-seeding and wet-hill-seeding on puddled paddy. Plant height, number of tillers and SPAD values in no-tillage dry-seeding cultivation were higher than those observed in other methods. There were no significant differences in grain yield of rice among three cultivation methods. The quality characteristics of milled rice grown in no-tillage dry-seeding were similar to those grown in other cultivation methods. Soil hardness in top 10 cm depth was significantly higher in no-tillage dry-seeding than other cultivation methods, while soil hardness below 10 cm depth was highest in machine transplanting cultivation. Results indicate that no-tillage dry-seeding practice is comparable to conventional tillage system in terms of seedling establishment, growth, yield and grain quality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.1-11
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• 2001

This study was carried out to analyze the characteristics of forest environmental and stream morphological factors by using the quantification theory(I) for evaluation of the watershed stability. Present annual mean sediment yield of erosion control dams were investigated in 167 sites of erosion control dam constructed during 1986 to 1999 in Gyeongbuk. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows; According to the coefficients of partial correlation, each factor affecting to sediment was shown in order of gravel contents, number of first streams order, number of total streams, length of total streams, forest type, length of main stream, parent rock, stand age, soil texture, stream order, slope gradient, soil depth and aspect. Descriptions of class I were as follow; Igneous rock of parent rock, hardwood stands of forest type, less than 20 year of stand age, less than 30cm of soil depth, sandy clay loam of soil texture, more than 41% of gravel contents, south~east of aspect, 2,501~3,500m of length of main stream, 21~25 of number of total streams, 5,501~10,000m of length of total streams, 3 or more than 4 of stream order, more than 16 of number of first stream orders and more than $31^{\circ}$ of slope gradient. Descriptions of class II were as follow; Metamorphic rock of parent rock, coniferous stands of forest type, more than 25 year of stand age, 31~40cm of soil depth, silt loam of soil texture, 11~20% of gravel contents, north~west of aspect, 2,501~3,500m of length of main stream, 16~20 of number of total streams, 3,501~5,500m of length of total streams, 3 of stream order, 11~15 of number of first stream orders and more than $31^{\circ}$ of slope gradient. Descriptions of class III were as follow; Sedimentary rock of parent rock, mixed stands of forest type, more than 25 year of stand age, more than 51cm of soil depth, silty clay loam of soil texture, less than 10% of gravel contents, south~west of aspect, less than 500m of length of main stream, less than 5 of number of total streams, less than 1,000m of length of total streams, less than 1 of stream order, less than 2 of number of first stream orders and less than $25^{\circ}$ of slope gradient. The prediction method of suitable site for erosion control dam divided into class I, II, and III for the convenience of use. The score of class I evaluated as a very unstable area was more than 8.4494. A score of class II was 8.4493 to 6.0452, it was evaluated as a moderate stable area, and class III was less than 6.0541, it was evaluated as a very stable area.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.66-80
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• 1997

Pinus koraiensis is one of the major speciese which have been recently planted for ten years and consists of 31% of total plantation. Presently young stand less than 30 years consists of 87% of total forest, but tending thinning of it is hardly carried out and the desirable direction for the thinning is not established yet. The objective of the study is to introduce the optimum thinning plan and thinning method through the long-run experiment of tending thinning for the Pinus koraiensis stand. The experiments carry out to interprete its growth model on the subject of two thinning experimental plots and yield table of Pinus koraiensis. As the basic step for understanding the thinning process, a theoretical growth model which is suitable to express the growth process is required. For that purpose, three growth functions (Mitscherlich, 4 parameter Richards, 3 parameter Richards) are applied to the diameter growth of the sample trees which are taken in the two plots. The results show that 3 parameter Richards is the most suitable. It is also verified that the diameter growth, the height growth, and the decrease in the number of stocks can be estimated by this function. To estimate the growth change of single tree, growth model including parameter h which is related to the occupation area of single tree are introduced. The parameter h can be estimated by using the data of the diameter growth obtained from the established experimental plots. Therefore, if both verification and modification of the usefulness of the model suggested is made, equations which tell about the thinning effects could be drived by estimating the growth process of single tree in advance.