• 설비공학논문집
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.289-294
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• 2001

A well defined electro-spraying and electro-static precipitator(ESP) experiment is carried out to investigate the charging characteristics of the submicron particles and the monodisperse particles. The basic idea is that the highly charged electro-sprayed droplets will be produced into the gas when the Coulombic repulsive force on the surface is higher than the surface tension of the spraying liquid. During this process many highly charged smaller droplets or ions, if the droplets are completely dried out, will be produced in the space. These charged species will be attached ion the particles and then eventually charge the particles. These charged particles will be easily collected with ESP. The experimental results show that the atomizer generated particles with geometric mean diameter (GMD) of 62nm are charged more than 90% even at the mean face velocity of 2.5m/s at the charging zone.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.149-157
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• 1994

The formation of spangles on a hot dip galvanized sheet steel by spray cooling the molten zinc coating with air, water and 2.0wt% $NH_4H_2PO_4$ solution has been studied performing laboratory experiments, and their coating properties have been evaluated. Minimized spangles were easily formed by mist spraying the solution for 1 second at the low nozzle spray pressure onto the molten zinc at 420~$422^{\circ}C$ because the solute $NH_4H_2PO_4$ in the sprayed solution imparted a highly rapid cooling effect to the coating through its endothermic de-composition reactions and because the decomposed products acted as numerous nucleation sites for the mini-mized spangles on the coating. Good surface appearances sand sound coating properties were obtained on this coating. Only regular spangles were formed on the coating by the forced convective air cooling. At the high nozzle spray pressure, zero spangles were formed on the coating by the pure water spray cooling. However, the coating had a dull and rough surface with craters sand cracks.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.64-77
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• 1989

In this study, the experiments were carried out for the purpose of establishment of aluminium cementation to steel surface by diffusible heat treatment after making the coated film onto the substrate by arc spray method. Also, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the cementation layer produced by this study were inspected for various heat treatment and spraying conditions. Main results obtained are as follow ; 1. The coating film characteristics which have excellent errosion-resistance, high temperature oxidation-resistance are obtained by aluminium penetration heat treatment after making the sprayed aluminum coating film onto the steel substrate. 2. Aluminium diffusion penetration takes place at higher temperature than 660.deg.C, and the more heat treatment time and the higher heat treatment temperature adopted, the deeper diffusion layer obtained. 3. Insert gas arc spraying using argon gas as the carrier gas higher improvement of mechanical property than that of compressed air environment. 4. The coating film characteristics appeared to be improvement of adhesive property, porosity plugging effect by heat treatment in air environment.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.101-106
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• 2002

The microstructural changes of $NiCrAlY/ZrO_2$-$Y_2$$O_3$ composite coatings that were manufactured by air-plasma-spraying were investigated using XRD and SEM/EDS. The as-sprayed microstructure consisted of (Ni,Cr)-rich regions, ($ZrO_2$-$Y_2$$O_3$)-rich regions, and $Al_2$$O_3$-rich layers that were formed during spraying owing to the oxidation of Al in NiCrAlY. During oxidation between 900 and $1100^{\circ}C$ in air, Cr in the (Ni,Cr)-rich regions diffused toward the $Al_2$$O_3$-rich layers, and oxidized to be dissolved in $A1_2$$O_3$-rich layers. The oxidation of Ni in the (Ni,Cr)-rich regions was less distinct, except at the outer surface of the coating.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.10-16
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• 1995

This study discribes characteristics of water spray for extinguishment of gasoline fire. Experiments are carried out for the gasoline pool fire nth the atomizing nozzles. Droplet size, spray pressure, amount of water which reaches the flame base and velocity of water spray are measured to find extinguishment conditions. Air entrainment due to the water spray and extinguishing process of gasoline fire by water spray are visualized. Boundary conditions of water spray for extinguishment of gasoline pool fire is quantitatively shown. As the result of experiments, it is found that the velocity of entrainment air and sprayed water are almost same and the water droplets size having small diameter under 40$\mu\textrm{m}$ can not extinguish the fire because too small droplets does not reach the fuel surface.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.533-549
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 지하 콘크리트 구조물 내로 누수된 지하수를 유도하여 배수하는 유도배수공법을 제시하였다. 유도배수공법은 유도배수판, 철망, 고정핀, 광물질 혼입 모르타르로 구성된다. 시공성 향상을 위하여 유도배수판 및 철망은 공압타카와 고정핀를 사용하여 콘크리트 표면에 부착하였다. 고로슬래그미분말을 30% 혼입한 모르타르는 뿜어 붙임 모르타르 장비를 사용하여 유도배수판 및 철망 표면에 타설하였다. 유도배수공법의 현장 시공성 및 성능 검증을 위하여 재래식 콘크리트라이닝 터널과 콘크리트 옹벽에서 시험시공을 수행하였다. 시험시공 완료 3년 후 유도배수공법은 성능저하의 문제점이 없는 것으로 판단되었다. 재령 14일과 3년에 뿜어 붙임 모르타르의 부착력 실험을 수행하였다. 유도배수판 표면에 철망을 적용한 경우 뿜어 붙인 모르타르의 부착력은 재령 14일에 1.04 MPa, 재령 3년에 1.46 MPa로 측정되었다. 철망을 적용하지 않은 경우의 부착력은 재령 14일에 1.13 MPa로 측정되었지만, 재령 3년에는 0.89 MPa로 기준 부착력 1 MPa보다 낮게 측정되었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.342-347
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• 1983

보리차 추출액(抽出被)의 분무(噴霧) 건조(乾燥) 장치(裝置)의 atomizer 로 페인트용(用) spray gun을 사용(使用)할 경우 보리차 추출액(抽出液)의 농도(濃度)와 송입(送入)되는 공기(空氣) 압력(壓力)이 미세액적(微細液滴)의 크기, 균일도(均一度) 및 그 분포(分布)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 조사(調査)하였다. 1. 분무(噴霧)된 미세액적(微細液滴)의 평균(平均)지름 (${\overline{D}}\;{\mu}m$) 은 보리차 추출액(抽出液)의 농도(濃度)(C, %) 증가(增加)에 따라서 직선적(直線的)으로 증가(增加)하였고 보리차 추출액(抽出液)의 농도(濃度)와 미세액적(微細液滴)의 평균(平均)지름 사이에는 다음과 같은 관계(關係)가 성립(成立)하였다. ${\overline{D}}={_{a}}C+{\beta}$ 이때 ${\alpha},\;{\beta}$는 각 농도(濃度)에 따라 결정(決定)되는 계수이다. 2. 공기(空氣) 송입(送入) 압력(壓力)의 증가(增加)에 따라 미세액적(微細液滴)의 평균(平均)지름은 감소(減少)하였으며 특정(特定) 압력(壓力) 이상(以上)에서는 더 이상 감소(減少)하지않는 한계평균(限界平均)지름을 보였는데 농도(濃度) 15.7%에서는 $35{\mu}m$ 의 한계평균(限界平均)지름을 나타내었다. 3. 공기(空氣) 송입(送入) 압력(壓力)이 증가(增加)할수록 미세액적(微細液滴)의 균일도(均一度)는 증가(增加)하였으나 보리차 추출액(抽出液)의 농도(濃度) 증가(曾加)에 따른 균일도(均一度)의 변화(變化)는 20%까지는 각 압력(壓力)에서 근사하였으나 20% 이상에서는 균일도(均一度)의 급격한 감소를 보였다. 4. 공기(空氣) 송입(送入) 압력(壓力)의 변화(變化)에 따른 미세액적(微細液滴)의 크기 (D) 와 누계(累計) 백분율(百分率) 분포(分布)($P_D$) 사이에는 다음과 같은 관계(關係)가 성립(成立)하였다. $P_D$= e1nD + f 식(式)에서 e, f 는 압력(壓力)과 농도(濃度)에 따라 결정(決定)되는 계수이다.

• 동력기계공학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.32-42
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• 2016

Under part load condition of spark-ignition engine, pumping loss had great effect on engine efficiency. To reduce pumping loss, the study designed spark-ignited engines to make direct spray of gasoline to combustion chamber. In spark-ignited direct-injection engines, ignition probability is important for successful combustion and flame propagation characteristics are also different from pre-mixed combustion. This study designed a visualization testing device to study ignition probability of spark-ignited direct-injection LPG fuel and combustion flame characteristics. This visualization device consists of combustion chamber, fuel supply system, air supply system, electronic control system and data acquisition system. Ambient pressure, ambient temperature and ambient air flow velocity are important parameters on ignition probability of LPG-air mixture and flame propagation characteristics, and the study also found that sprayed LPG fuel can be directly ignited by spark-plug under proper ambient conditions. To all successful cases of ignition, the study recorded flame propagation image in digital method through ICCD camera and its flame propagation characteristics were analyzed.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2005

This study was conducted to evaluate air injection mode on stabilization of solid waste in lysimeter. For three lysimeters, one was maintained under anaerobic condition as control, and air was injected into two lysimeters in continuous mode (atmospheric pressure) and intermittent mode (high pressure of 2 bar). Distilled water was sprayed over solid waste in 1.4 l/$m^3$(solid waste)/day, supposing rainfall intensity of 1,200 mm/yr and 30% infiltration. Oxygen in landfill gas was not detected in control lysimeter during operational days. After 30 day-aeration, oxygen concentrations of continuous and intermittent modes were maintained in 14% and 6%, respectively. $COD_{Cr}$ removal efficiencies of continuous and intermittent modes were about 70% and 50%, and BOD5 removal efficiencies were about 80% and 20%, respectively. In view of oxygen supply, and $COD_{Cr}$ and $BOD_5$ removal, continuous air injection mode of atmospheric pressure was more effective than intermittent mode of 2 bar. Settling degree of solid waste in case of two air injection modes was 3 times higher than that of anaerobic condition as control. Considering the above results, it was thought that air injection (especially continuous atmospheric pressure) could improve degradation of solid waste and induce preliminary stabilization in landfill site.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.112-124
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• 1997

According to extensive use of composite resin which have superior esthetic property, every effort on improving bonding strength between a tooth and composite resin has been continued. Acid etching technique is a method that micro-etches the tooth surface which provides bonding with composite resin possible. Recently, there were several reports that mechanical treatment obtained from air-abrasion can provide similar bonding strength with acid etching technique. So, this experimental study was designed to compare the shear bonding strength between using air-abrasion technique and using acid etching technique. Initially, bovine teeth were divided into enamel and dentin experimental groups. Respectively each group was categorized into three subgroups. One subgroup was acid etched with 35% phosphoric acid, then bonded with composite resin. The other subgroup was air-abraded with $50{\mu}m$ $Al_2O_3$ particles sprayed with 160psi air pressure using air abrasion unit(KCP-1000, A.D.T., U.SA), and composite resin was bonded. In another subgroup, composite resin was bonded after acid etching following air-abrasion. So, enamel experimental groups were made of E1 (acid etched only), E2(air-abraded only), E3(acid etched following air-abraded), and dentin experimental groups were made of D1(acid etched only), D2(air-abraded only), D3(acid etched following air-abraded). Each subgroup had 10 specimens. Dentin bonding system(Scotchbond Multi-purpose, 3M Co., U.S.A.) and composite resin(Z-100, 3M Co., U.S.A.) were applied on treated surface using 5mm diameter gelatin capsule as manufacturer's direction. After 1200 times thermocycling between $5^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$, shear bond strength was measured in 5mm/min crosshead speed with Instron(Instron Co., U.S.A.), and also treated enamel and dentin were observed with SEM(JEOL Co., Japan). The following results were obtained: 1. In the enamel experimental groups, acid etched following air-abraded group had highest shear bond strength, but there was no significant difference compared to acid etched group. Air-abraded only group had lowest shear bond strength, and there was significant difference compared to the rest of groups. 2. In the dentin experimental groups, acid etched following air-abraded group had highest shear bond strength, but there was no significant difference compared to acid etched group. Air-abraded only group had lowest shear bond strength, and there was significant difference compared to the rest of groups. 3. In the SEM study, air-abraded enamel and dentin had irregular and rough surfaces.