• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.79-96
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• 1973

In order to elucidate the effects of copper on Corassius carassius, the following were studied: 1) lactate dehydrogenase isozyme patterns by cellulose acetate electrophoresis, 2) LDH activity and copper effect on LDH enzyme system y spectrophotometry, 3) esterase isozyme patterns by agar thin layer electrophoresis, 4) hemoglobin patterns by starch gel electrophoresis, and 5) histological study. 1. There were two bands of LDH isozymes (LDH-3 and LDH-5) in the gill, three bands (LDH-2, LDH-4, and LDH-5) in the liver, and two bands (LDH-3 and LDH-4) in the muscle of the normal fish. The LDH-1 bond was not found in the above three tissues. When the fish were exposed to copper, LDH-3 appeared in the liver, LDH-5 in the muscle, but no new LDH band appeared in the gill. 2. The sepcific activities of the LDH were lowest in the gill and highest in the muscle of the normal fish, and they were gradually decreassed in the gill and highest in the muscle of the normal fish, and they were gradually decreased in the liver and mucle except in the gill from 1-day to 10-day exposure to copper. It indicates that LDH activities in the liver and muscle of the fish were inhibited by copper. 3. Through in vitro experiment, it is clear that the decrease of the LDH activities of the liver and muscle of the fish exposed to copper is mainly caused by the inhibition on the M-LDH in the fish. 4. The numbers of the esterase isozyme bands of the gill, liver, muscle, blood, brain, and kidney of the normal fish were 3, 6, 2, 2, 2, and 2 respectively, and these numbers were the same as those exposed to copper. The relative mobilities of the esterase bands in the gill, liver, blood, and kidney of the exposed group were different from those of the control. 5. There was one hemoglobin band on the anode in the normal fish. It seems that the nobility of hemoglobin band of the fish exposed to copper was slightly faster than that of the normal fish. 6. The normal gill lamellae of the fish consisted of centrally located pillar cells and a number of mucus cells. When the fish were exposed to copper, the epithelial layer was divorced first, disintegrated, and then destroyed completely. 7. The liver of the normal fish had prominent central veins, cords of hepatic cells, and sinusoids. When the fish were exposed to copper, numerous droplets of fat appeared in the cells around the central vein of the liver. It is assumed that the fatty droplets were accumulated by the lesion due to fatty metamorphosis of the liver caused by copper. 8. There was no histological difference between the muscle of the normal fish and that of the fish exposed to copper. 9. In the normal fish, the tubules of the kidney were surrounded by hemopoetic tissues. However, the kidney tissue of the fish exposed to copper received some damage on the proximal tubules. Since the tubule cells were reduced in height, the lumens of the tubules were enlarged. Consequently many proximal tubules exhibited some pink-stained granular casts and various stages of degeneration.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.403-409
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• 2000

The formation and dissociation rates of $Zn^{2+}$ Complexes with l,4,7,10-tetraaza-13,16-diox-acyclooctadecane-N,N',N",N'"-tetraacetic acid (1), 1,4,7,10-tetraaza-13,16- dioxacyclooctadecane-N,N',N",N'"-tetramethylacetic acid (2), and 1,4,7,10-tetraaza-13,16- dioxacyclooctadecane-N,N',N",N'"-tetrapropionic acid(3) have been measured by stopped-flow and conventional spectrophotometry. Observations were made at 25.0$\pm$0.1 $^{\circ}C$ and at an ionic strength of 0.10 M NaClO$_4$. The formation reactions of $Zn^{2+}$ ion with 1 and 2 took place by the rapid formation of an intermediate complex (ZnH$_3L^+$) in which the $Zn^{2+}$ ion is incompletely coor-dinated. This might then lead to be a final product in the rate-determining step.ln the pH range 4.76-5.76, the diprotonated (H2L2-) form is the kinetically active species despite of its low concentration. The stability con-stants (log$K_{(ZnH$_3$3$L^+$)}$) and specific water-assisted rate constants (koH) of intermediate complexes have been deter-mined from the kinetic data. The dissociation reactions of $Zn^{2+}$ complexes of 1,2, and 3 were investigated with $Cu^{2+}$ ions as a scavenger in acetate buffer. All complexes exhibit acid-independent and acid-catalyzed con-tributions. The effect of buffer and $Cu^{2+}$ concentration on the dissociation rate has also been investigated. The ligand effect on t dissociation rate of $Zn^{2+}$ complexes is discussed in terms of the side-pendant armsand the chelate ring sizes of the ligands.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.299-304
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of different experience level and different light source on shade selection ability comparing prosthodontist group and dental student group under 4,000 K and 5,500 K light. Materials and methods: After color difference of Vitapan 3D-master shade guides was measured, 3 sets of 5 shade tabs were selected with similar value but have different chroma (set a, b, c). Also 3 sets of 5 shade tabs were selected with similar chroma but have different values (set d, e, f). Under 4,000 K and 5,500 K light sources, ten prosthodontists and ten dental students were allowed to match in one set of 5 tabs the same shade tab with the tab which was originally selected in the other set of 5 tabs. Color differences of original tab and matched tab were measured by spectrophotometer and the shade selection ability was evaluated with those data. Evaluation of color difference value was performed in regard to different light conditions and different level of experience, followed by t-test with 95% confidence interval. Results: Color difference values under 4,000 K and 5,500 K light source were $1.62{\pm}2.0$, and $1.33{\pm}1.7$ respectively. In addition, color difference values of prosthodontist group and dental student group were $1.34{\pm}1.7$, and $1.61{\pm}2.0$ respectively. Difference of shade selection ability was not found under either different light sources (P=.398), or different experience level (P=.221). Conclusion: Level of experience did not affect on the shade selection ability when prosthodontists and dental students matched the shades with the same shade tab under the same light source.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.459-464
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• 2017

Biphenyl is used as an intermediate in the production of crop protection products, a solvent in pharmaceutical production, and as a component in the preservation of citrus fruits in many countries. Biphenyl is not authorized for use and also does not have standards or specifications as a food additive in Korea. National and imported food products are likely to contain biphenyl. Therefore, control and management of these products is required. In this study, a simple analytical method was developed and validated using HPLC to determine biphenyl in food. These methods are validated by assessing certain performance parameters: linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ). The calibration curve was obtained from 1.0 to $100.0{\mu}g/mL$ with satisfactory relative standard deviations (RSD) of 0.999 in the representative sample (orange). In the measurement of quality control (QC) samples, accuracy was in the range of 95.8~104.0% within normal values. The inter-day and inter-day precision values were less than 2.4% RSD in the measurement of QC samples. Recoveries of biphenyl from spiked orange samples ranged from 92.7 to 99.4% with RSD between 0.7 and 1.7% at levels of 10, 50, and $100{\mu}g/mL$. The LOD and LOQ were determined to be 0.04 and $0.13{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. These results show that the developed method is appropriate for biphenyl identification and can be used to examine the safety of citrus fruits and surface treatments containing biphenyl residues.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.388-396
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• 1998

Background: Etiologic diagnosis of pleural effusion is usually made by clinical characteristics, pleural fluid analysis and pleural biopsy. But, despite careful diagnostic study, the cause of pleural effusion cannot be found in about 20 percent of patients, especially in loculated pleural effusions. Tuberculous pleurisy is one of the most common cause of pleural effusion in Korea. But, pleural fluid culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis are positive in only 20 to 30 percent of patients and typical pleural biopsy finding in less than 50 percent of patients with this disease. In recent studies, adenosine deaminse(ADA) and its isoenzymes were proposed to be a useful diagnostic tool for differential diagnosis of pleural effusion. We investigated the pattern of ADA and its iscenzyme activities in various cause of pleural effusions to evaluate the diagnostic value of measuring ADA and its isoenzymes. Method: We measured total ADA and its isoenzyme activities in pleural fluid and serum from 54 patients with pleural effusion(25 tuberculous pleural effusion, 10 parapneumonic effusion, 14 malignant pleural effusion, 5 transudative pleural effusion), including 5 loculated tuberculous pleural effusions and 6 loculated parapneumonic effusions. Total ADA activity was measured by the spectrophotometric method and ADA2 isoenzyme activity was measured with same method using EHNA, potent inhibitor of ADA1 isoenzyme activity. Result: Total ADA activity of tuberculous pleural effusion was higher than malignant pleural effusion(p<0.01), but no significant difference was found between tuberculous pleural effusion and parapneumonic effusion(tuberculous pleural effusion: $148.9{\pm}89.9IU/L$, parapneumonic effusion: $129.0{\pm}119.4IU/L$, malignant pleural effusion: $48.7 {\pm}39.7IU/L$). Percentage of ADA2 activity to total ADA activity(ADA2%) of pleural effusion of tuberculous pleurisy was higher than parapneumonic effusion(p<0.05). but no significant difference was found between tuberculous pleural effusion and malignant pleural effusion(tuberculous pleural effusion: $57.2{\pm}10.7%$, parapneumonic effusion: $35.9{\pm}17.8%$, malignant pleural effusion: $60.7{\pm}4.1%$). In loculated pleural effusion, ADA2% of tuberculous pleural effusion was higher than parapneumonic effusion(tuberculous pleural effusion: $53.3{\pm}3.9%$, parapneumonic effusion: $27.8{\pm}7.9%$). Conclusion: Measurement of ADA isoenzyme activity is useful for differentiating tuberculous pleural effusion from parapneumonic effusion, especially in loculated pleural effusion.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.25 no.3 s.39
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• pp.287-302
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• 1992

Hemoglobin (Hb), zinc protoporphyrin(ZPP) and blood lead (PbB) levels were determined for 1,851 blood samples collected from healthy urban population to establish reliable baselines for Hb, ZPP and PbB levels by age and sex. ZPP values were analyzed with a hematofluorometer and PbB determinations were concurrently carried out using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The blood sampling period was about 6 months from May, 1991 and the summarized results were as follows ; 1. The mean value of Hb in male and female were $14.55{\pm}1.81g/dl$ and $12.61{\pm}1.18g/dl$ respectively and there was statistically significant difference(p<0.05). 2. The mean value of ZPP in pre-schoolchildren was $37.49{\pm}13.31{\mu}g/dl$ for male, $35.77{\pm}11.85{\mu}g/dl$ for female and that of ZPP in after 7 years groups was $31.91{\pm}8.23{\mu}g/dl$ for male, $30.11{\pm}9.11{\mu}g/dl$ for female and there was statistically significant difference(p<0.05). 3. The mean value of PbB in pre-schoolchildren was $25.10{\pm}5.21{\mu}g/dl$ for male, $24.45{\pm}4.18{\mu}g/dl$ for female and that of PbB in after 7 years groups was $24.28{\pm}3.00{\mu}g/dl$ for male, $21.99{\pm}5.05{\mu}g/dl$ for female and there was statistically significant difference(p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.133-140
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• 1993

A study was conducted to investigate the concentrations of Ca, P and ash in metatarsal bone of broiler chicks exposed to UV light in different Interval. Day-old Hubbard broiler chicks (199＝10 control＋3 irradiation interval $\times$ 9 elapsed time $\times$ 7 replicate) were fed vitamin D3 deficient diet for 3 wk in a windowless subdued-light room and exposed to 297 nm UVB light by 0.068 mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$ three times In 0, 12 or 24 h interval. The metatarsal bones were taken at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, 96, 144 or 240 h after last irradiation, separated from adhering tissue, ether extracted, dried and ashed. The Ca concentration was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and P by ammonium metavanadate colorimetry. When the birds were continuously exposed to UVB light for 30 min without interval, the Ca content in metatarsus increased gradually according to the time after irradiation and reached the highest value 16.75% at 240 h after exposure. The P content also increased gradually until 144 h, where it was 9.75%. The ash content in metatarsus increased continuously until 240 h, the final time in this research, where 42.75% was shown. As 10 min three times irradiation in 12 h interval was applied to the chicks, the metatarsal Ca presented a small peak(13.31%) at 12 h after irradiation and a large peak(16.91%) at 144 h. P content showed a small peak(7.18%) at 12 h and a large level(8.34%) at 240 h. Ash content increased continuously until 240 h, where it was 46.53%. The small peaks in Ca and P concentration were thought to be derived from preirradiation at 12 and 24 h before final irradiation for 10 min. When 24 h interval system was treated, the peak value of Ca content(24.18%) occurred earlier(96 h) than those in 0 and 12 h interval systems. P content also showed the maximum value at 96 h(7.29%). Ash content presented an increasing trend until 240 h, where 45.75% was appeared. In respecting the method of UVB irradiation, the peak value of Ca content in metatarsus appeared earlier in 24 h interval system than in other systems. Meanwhile the ash contents in metatarsus of birds exposed to UVB light in 12 and 24 h interval procedures were higher than those in 0 h interval one. Therefore, it was concluded that a daily 10 min irradiation of UVB light would be desirable for increasing the Ca and ash content in metatarsus of brolier chicks.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.90-98
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• 1996

The mineral contents were analyzed for 12 varieties of Korean apples and 9 commercial apple juices by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. On the fresh matter basis, the ash contents of tested apples ranged 0.21-0.48%, Mn 0.20-2.52 ppm, Cu 0.10-1.03 ppm, Fe 0.24-9.88 ppm, Zn 0.09-1.06 ppm, Mg 21.08-99.00 ppm, Ca 15.16-99.56 ppm, K 842.10-1788.10 ppm, Na 10.32-40.53 ppm, P 24.43-90.07 ppm, Pb nd-98.05 ppb, Cd nd-36.08 ppb and Cr 2.25-123.76 ppb. Overally mineral contents of Aori and Jonathan were higher than those of Fuji. The mineral contents of apple cultivated at Wonju, Kangwon and Taegu, $Ky{\check{o}}ngbuk$ were higher than those of the other growing region. The mineral contents of commercial apple juice were ash 0.13-0.36%, Mn 0.24-0.99 ppm, Cu 0.10-0.61 ppm, Fe 0.19-3.70 ppm. Zn 0.20-1.77 ppm, Mg 18.16-49.56 ppm, Ca 14.42-42.30 ppm, K 785.07-1440.30 ppm, Na 14.71-52.58 ppm, P 16.57-63.56 ppm, Pb nd-95.55 ppb, Cd nd-17.65 ppb and Cr 8.60-110.98 ppb, respectively. Comparing mineral contents of apples and commercial apple juices, Cu, Mg, K, Ca and Fe contents of apples were higher and Zn, Na contents were lower than those of apple Juices.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.111-129
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• 1970

As a series of studies on the nucleic acids and their related substances 210 samples were collected from 76 places such as farm soil, compost of heap, nuruk and meju to obtain microbial strains which produce 5'-phosphodiesterase. From these samples total of 758 strains were isolated by the use of dilution pour plate method. For all isolated strains primary screening of the productivity of RNA depolymerase was performed and useful strains with regard to 5'-phosphodiesterase productivities were identified. For these useful strains optimum condition, the effect of various compounds on the activity of 5'-phosphodiesterase, and the optimum condition for enzyme reaction were discussed. The quantitative of 5'-mononucleotides produced by the action of 5'-phosphodiesterase was performed using anion-exchange column chromatography and their identified was done by paper chromatography, thinlayer chromatography, ultra violet spectrophotometry, and characteristic color reaction using carbazole and schiff's reagent. (1) Penicillium citreo-viride PO 2-11 and Streptomyces aureus SOA 4-21 from soil were identified as a potent 5'-phosphodiesterase producing strains. (2) Optimum culture conditions for Penicillium citreo-viride PO 2-11 strain isolated were found to be pH 5.0 and $30^{\circ}C$, and the optimum conditions for enzyme action of 5'-phosphodiesterase were pH 4.2 and $60^{\circ}C$. Best carbon source for the production of 5'-phosphodiesterase was found to be sucrose and ammonium nitrate for nitrogen source. Addition of 0.01% corn steep liquor or yeast extract exhibited 20% increase in the amount of 5'-phosphodiesterase production compared to the control. 5'-phosphodiesterase produced by this strain was activated by $Mg^{++},\;Ca^{++},\;Zn^{++},\;Mn^{++}$ and was inhibited by EDTA, citrate, $Cu^{++},\;CO^{++}$. 5'-phosphodiesterase produced 5'-mononucleotide from RNA at a rate of 65.81%, and among the 5'-mononucleotides accumulated 5'-GMP only was found to have flavorous and the strain was also found lack of 5'-AMP deaminase. Productivity of flavorous 5'-GMP was found to be 186.7mg per gram of RNA. (3) Optimum culture canditions for the isolated Streptomyces aureus SOA 4-21 strain were pH 7.0 and $28^{\circ}C$, and the optimum conditions for the action of 5'-phosphodiesterase were pH 7.3 and $50^{\circ}C$. The best carbon source for 5'-phosphodiesterase production was found to be glucose and that of nitrogen was asparagine. Addition of 0.01% yeast extract exhibited increased productivity of 5'-phosphodiesterase by 40% compared to the non-added control. 5'-phosphodiesterase produced by this strain was activated by $Ca^{++},\;Zn^{++},\;Mn^{++}$ and was inhibited by citrate, EDTA, $Cu^{++}$. It was also found that the strain produce 5'-AMP deaminase in addition to 5'-phosphodiesterase. For this reason although decomposition rate was 63.58% the accumulation of 5'-AMP, 5'-CMP, 5'-GMP and 5'-UMP occurred by the breakdown of RNA. In the course of these reaction 5'-AMP deaminase converted 60% of 5'-AMP thus produced into 5'-IMP and flavorous 5'-mono nucleotide production was significantly increased by this strain over the above mentioned one. Production rates were found to be 171.8mg per grain of RNA for 5'-IMP and 148.2mg per gram of RNA for 5'-GMP, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.297-308
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• 1985

Differences in lipid composition including fatty acid, lipid class, sterol and especially carotenoid between fleshes of wild and cultured prawn, Penaeus japonicus, were studied. Total lipids were extracted from the flesh during the spawning period and fractionated into two lipid classes of polar and nonpolar lipids by silicic acid column chromatography. The fatty acid composition of each lipid classes, total lipid (TL), nonpolar lipid (NL) and polar lipid (PL) were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. The sterol and carotenoid composition of total lipids were determined by using thin layer chromatography, gas liquid chromatography and column chromatography using MgO-celite 545 and silicic acid-celite 545 as an absorbent, and by UV spectrophotometry. Total lipid contents of both fleshes from the wild and cultured prawn were about $2.0\%$ on average, but the content of the unsaponifiable matters in the cultured prawn (about $16.2\%$ in total lipid) showed a little higher than that of the wild prawn (about $13.9\%$ in total lipid) and the ratio of NL to PL in total lipid was 1:1.7. In the fatty acid composition of TL, the contents of $Cl_{16:0}\;and\;C_{20:3}$ fatty acids were higher in wild prawn than in cultured prawn, while the contents of $Cl_{18:1}\;and\;C_{20:5}$ fatty acids in cultured prawn were higher than those in wild prawn. The cultured prawn contained higher amounts of monoenoic acids and lower amounts of polyenoic acids than the wild prawn. In the fatty acid composition of NL, the wild prawn showed higher levels in $Cl_{18:0}\;and\;C_{20:1}$ fatty acid contents than the cultured prawn, while the cultured prawn contained much amout of $Cl_{16:0}\;and\;C_{18:1}$ fatty acids. On the other hand, the fatty acid composition of PL showed that $Cl_{16:1}\;and\;C_{17:1}$ fatty acid were higher in the wild prawn than in the cultured prawn, but in $Cl_{16:0}\;and\;C_{18:1}$ fatty acids, the levels were reversed. Consequently, the cultured prawn contained higher amount of monoenoic acids, and similar amounts of saturated acids and polyenoic acids to the wild prawn in NL. And the cultured prawn contained lower amount of monoenoic acids, and similar amounts of saturated acids and polyenoic acids to the wild prawn in PL. In sterol composition of both the wild and cultured prawn, the predominant sterol was cholesterol with the proportion of $78.7{\sim}88.9\%$ to the total sterol. In addition to the cholesterol, the other minor sterols such as 24-methylene cholesterol and sitosterol were detected. Total carotenoid content in flesh of the wild prawn was relatively higher than that of the cultured prawn marking 70 mg/100g of lipid in wild prawn and 40 mg/100 g of lipid in cultured prawn, respectively. The main carotenoids of the both prawns were astaxanthin($54.1{\sim}60.8%$), phoenicoxanthin ($16.5{sim}22.9%$),${\bata}-carotene\;(20.0{\sim}22.0%)$.