• 농촌계획
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 1998

This research is concerned with a comparative cognition of environmental issues in the countryside between socio-cultural groups. Environmental issues have been con연nod to litter, soil, sewage, wild life, noise, landscape, air, housing development, waste land and pesticides. Socio-cultural groups consisted of urban and countryside people who live in Korea and UK. The method of this study depended upon a standard questionnaire with a semantic scale. The cognition of Korean and British people are significantly different in every respect(p =.0001)except air issues. There is a significant similarity between Korean groups in 10 environmental issues(p > .03). Both Korean groups have generally recognized that their countryside environment has faced serious problems to be solved while British groups have not recognized serious problems in their countryside compared to the Korean groups. To both Korean and British groups the most worrying amongst the 10 environmental issues is the litter problem. In particular, there is a significant difference between British groups in soils(p = .0001), wildlife(p = .0009), air(p = .0001) and waste land(p = .0027). The existing policies (or countryside environment in Korea should be completely reconsidered and in Britain policies towards soils, wild life, air and waste land need to be reviewed. From the results it can be seen that cognition to countryside environment undergoes more cultural influences rather than social ones.

• 대한수학회보
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.285-293
• /
• 1993

In [4], Baumslag and Tretkoff proved a residual finiteness criterion for HNN extensions (Theorem 1.2, below). This result has been used extensively in the study of the residual finiteness of HNN extensions. Note that every one-relator group can be embedded in a one-relator group whose relator has zero exponent sum on a generator, and the latter group can be considered as an HNN extension. Hence the properties of an HNN extension play an important role in the study of one-relator groups [3], [2]. In this paper we prove a criterion for HNN extensions to be .pi.$_{c}$(Theorem 2.2). Moreover, we can prove that certain one-relator groups, known to be residually finite, are actually .pi.$_{c}$. It was known by Mostowski [10] that the word problem is solvable for finitely presented, residually finite groups. In the same way, the power problem is solvable for finitely presented .pi.$_{c}$ groups. Another application of subgroup separability with respect to special subgroups was mentioned by Thurston [12, Problem 15].m 15].

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.81-91
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in purchase behaviors for school uniforms among adolescent consumer groups which were segmented by the type of retailer they patronized. An online survey was carried out and 907 data sets were analyzed using SPSS. The results support that classifying adolescent consumers according to what type of retailers they patronize lead to a proper understanding of the segmentation of the school uniform market. The adolescent consumers consisted of five groups categorized by the retailer types. These types included special stores, department stores, discount stores, small custom-made stores and stores designated by schools. The results also indicated that consumer groups segmented by retailer patronage differ significantly in their use of multimedia information sources. Five consumer groups showed significant differences in two purchase evaluative criteria: utilities and promotions.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.75-86
• /
• 1995

This study was undertaken to provide useful information to restaurant managers by analyzing eating out behavior and the diverse needs and wants of the people residing in the Seoul area. four hundred twenty-seven(427) people were sampled for this study and classified into three groups : housewives, salarymen and college students. The results of this study are as follows : (10 Among the groups, there were significant differences in general eating out behavior such as 'frequency' 'preferred food style' and 'who pays the check' among others. (2) The study showed housewives listing 'special occasion' as 'taking care of meal' (3) All groups considered 'price' as especially important. (4) When selecting a menu item, taste was considered most important by all groups. Housewives showed nutritional value to be important while salarymen chose the same item as companions an college students showed 'portions' and 'price' to be important. (5) degree of satisfaction of restaurants were found to be low with items such as ' price'. 'range of menu choices' and 'courteousness of employees' being relatively low.

• 대한수학회지
• /
• 제61권3호
• /
• pp.409-425
• /
• 2024

The category of pairs is the category whose objects are maps between two based spaces and morphisms are pair-maps from one object to another object. To study the self-homotopy equivalences in the category of pairs, we use covariant functors from the category of pairs to the group category whose objects are groups and morphisms are group homomorphisms. We introduce specific subgroups of groups of self-pair homotopy equivalences and put these groups together into certain sequences. We investigate properties of these sequences, in particular, the exactness and split. We apply the results to two special functors, homotopy and homology functors and determine the suggested several subgroups of groups of self-pair homotopy equivalences.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.251-260
• /
• 1996

To evaluate the effect of low lactose special formula (MF-1) for the treatment of acute diarrhea, we studied thirty nine infants who were admitted with acute diarrhea to the Department of Pediatics, Yeungnam University Hospital. 39 infants of under 6 months of age who had been fed on formula feeds were randomly allocated to receive either a diluted regular formula milk or a low lactose special formula. Each infant received intravenous rehydration during fasting for 6-12 hours. Group 1 (n=15) was fed half strength of regular formula (80-100cc/kg/day) for the first 24 hours, three quarters strength formula (100-120cc/kg/day) for the next 24 hours, and continued feeding with the full strength regular formula milk. Group 2 (n=24), who fed the same amount of milk as Group 1, continued feeding with the full strength low lactose special formula from the start of feeding. Male to female sex ratio was 1.6 to 1. The characteristics of infants on admission were comparable in the age, the duration of diarrhea and the stool frequency before admission, the degree of dehydration. There were no significant differences in the duration of hospitalization, changes in stool weight and stool frequency after admission between two groups.(p>0.05) The Body weight and skin fold thickness were increased in group 2 who fed low lactose formula, but those who fed diluted regular formula showed reduction of body weight and skin fold thickness ($64.2{\pm}51.4g$ vs $-11.4{\pm}52.2g$, $0.6{\pm}0.8mm$ vs $-0.1{\pm}0.3mm$ respectively) during hospitalization. (p<0.05) We conclude that low lactose special formula milk can be recommended instead of diluted regular formula for acute diarrhea treatment in infants.

• 유통과학연구
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.79-89
• /
• 2017

Purpose - Previous studies have not paid attention to pride type and effort type when consumers feel pride. In the present paper, the pride was divided into the two types such as hubristic pride and authentic pride. The causes attributed to achieve the goals when consumers achieved their personal goals, which could induce their pride were divided into trait, special effort, and universal effort, gratitude. This research attempted to investigate the mediation role of self-reward deservingness in finding the differences of inclination to indulgent consumption among the traits or special effort, the universal effort, and other's help. Research design, data, and methodology - In the empirical study, 'general flour food restaurants, Kimbabchunkuk, Edya, etc.' and 'VIPS, Outback, Starbucks, etc.' were taken as the two groups of subjects as empirical brand goods since they presented good contrast with each other. The single-factor design between subjects was adopted in this study by classifying the causes attributable to achieving the pre-goals of consumers into 4 categories: one attributable to trait; one attributable to special effort; one attributable to universal effort; one attributable to other's help. Results - The outcomes from the empirical analysis are as followings. First, the consumers who attributed to trait or special effort for achieving their personal goals in advance turned out to show stronger inclination toward direct indulgent consumption than those who attributed to universal effort or other's help for achieving the goals, without regard to self-reward deservingness. Second, those consumers who attributed to special effort for achieving their personal goals in advance revealed stronger inclination toward indulgent consumption with mediation of self-reward deservingness than those who attributed to trait or universal effort. And those who attributed to special effort or trait for achieving the goals revealed stronger inclination toward the consumption with the mediation of the deservingness than those who attributed to other's help. Conclusions - The present study is contributing to the progress of theories concerning hubris pride, authentic pride, and indulgent consumption. Marketing managers should endeavor to find pride type consumers felt according the causes attributed to for achieving important goals in advance, and make an efforts to develop messages that could appeal to the pride type.

• Neurospine
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.376-382
• /
• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate factors associated with inpatient admission following 2-level cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA). A secondary aim was to compare outcomes between those treated on an inpatient versus outpatient basis. Methods: Using data from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the independent effect of each variable on inpatient or outpatient selection for surgery. Statistical significance was defined by p-values <0.05. The factors considered were age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification, and comorbidities including hypertension, diabetes, history of dyspnea or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, previous cardiac intervention or surgery, steroid usage, and history of bleeding. In addition, whether the operation was performed by an orthopedic or neurosurgical specialist was analyzed. Results: The number of 2-level CDA procedures increased from 6 cases reported in 2014 to 142 in 2016, although a statistically significant increase in the number of outpatient cases performed was not seen (p=0.2). The factors found to be significantly associated with inpatient status following surgery were BMI (p=0.019) and diabetes mellitus requiring insulin (p=0.043). There were no significant differences in complication and readmission rates between the inpatient and outpatient groups. Conclusion: Patients undergoing inpatient 2-level CDA had significantly higher rates of obesity and diabetes requiring insulin than did patients undergoing the same procedure in the outpatient setting. With no difference in complication or readmission rates, 2-level CDA may be considered safe in the outpatient setting in appropriately selected patients.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• 제4권5호
• /
• pp.968-988
• /
• 2010

Anonymous hierarchical identity based encryption (HIBE) is an extension of identity based encryption (IBE) that can use an arbitrary string like an e-mail address for a public key, and it additionally provide the anonymity of identity in ciphertexts. Using the anonymous HIBE schemes, it is possible to construct anonymous communication systems and public key encryption with keyword search. This paper presents an anonymous HIBE scheme with constant size ciphertexts under prime order symmetric bilinear groups, and shows that it is secure under the selective security model. Previous anonymous HIBE schemes were constructed to have linear size ciphertexts, to use composite order bilinear groups, or to use asymmetric bilinear groups that is a special type of bilinear groups. Our construction is the first efficient anonymous HIBE scheme that has constant size ciphertexts and that uses prime order symmetric bilinear groups. Compared to the previous scheme of composite order bilinear groups, ours is ten times faster. To achieve our construction, we first devise a novel cancelable random blinding technique. The random blinding property of our technique provides the anonymity of our construction, and the cancellation property of our technique enables decryption.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.101-109
• /
• 2009

The Hajong are the ancient tribal forest community among the ethnic minorities of the North-East region of Bangladesh. The study was carried out with respect to three income groups highlighting their indigenous knowledge. A total of forty-five households (fifteen from each income groups) were assessed using different participatory appraisals through semi-structured questionnaires. A special type of indigenous knowledge on food habit was explored in the Hajong community, which correspond to the severe dependence on forest resources. They collect their food resources from homestead forest (45%) followed by forest (40%), market and others. They have indigenous hunting procedure to trap the animal in the forest. Twenty three tree species were tremendously planted in their homestead forests which are the very important source of food. Male are highly responsible to collect the food materials from forest as well as other sources.