• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.62-71
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• 2020

Understanding vegetation structure and the relationship with environmental factors has been crucial for restoration and conservation of riparian zones. In this study, we conducted field survey in a riparian zone of Namhan River in South Korea both before and after flooding in order to understand temporal and spatial variations of riparian vegetation. There were significant temporal and spatial variations in species composition, and distribution patterns of vegetation were different along a gradient of elevation above the water level. At low elevation, Zizania latifolia was dominant throughout the field survey periods, and Bidens frondosa began to grow late and dominated both in post-flooding 1 and 2. Prior to flooding, Scirpus radicans and Polygonum thunbergii were widely distributed at middle elevation, while Artemisia vulgaris, Phragmites australis, and Miscanthus sacchariflorus were dominant at high elevation. After flooding, P. thunbergii was dominant at middle elevation with most other species decreasing, and more invasive or pioneer plants, including Artemisia princeps, H. scandens, and Sicyos angulatus, were observed at high elevation. Species composition and distribution patterns were homogeneous at low elevation, whereas dynamic variations of vegetation were observed both temporally and spatially at higher elevations. Elevation and distance from the water front were the most principal factors governing vegetation structure. Furthermore, soil physicochemical properties were also found to determine species composition and distribution patterns. These results indicate that vegetation structure in the riparian zones is formed by the combined effects of hydrological regime and soil physicochemical properties, inherent characteristics of species, and interspecific competition. Understanding of temporal and spatial variations of riparian vegetation may provide useful insights into ecological restoration and conservation of the vegetation within the riparian zones.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of spatial distributon patterns of users by each type of recreational activities at lawn areas in the parks. Study sites were lawn areas at Kyungju World and Seorabul Plaza in Bomun Resort Complex in Kyungju, Korea. Space types by each recreation activities are Repose Type, Sports Type, Play Type and Strolling Type. Main results are as follows ; 1. Sport Type activities were mainly distributed at the central areas of each lawn areas. 2.The density of Sports Type activities were affected by the form of lawn areas. For natural control of excess dynamic activities, Complex Form has more advantage in the distribution of dynamic activities. So, as the form of lawn areas in the parks, complex form is more desirable. 3.Repose Typo activities were distributed at marginal areas of lawns and surrounding woods. These, the static activities, were affected by Edge Effect in spatial distribution of activities. 4.Play Typo activities also were distributed at marginal areas of lawns. It was also affected by Edge Effect in spatial distribution. 5.Strolling Type activities were distributed evenly over all lawn areas.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.377-393
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• 2011

This study aims to indicate the spatial characteristics of the changes in the Korean farm land. In particular, we analyze the spatial diffusion patterns of organic farms increasing rapidly with the growth in the agricultural product markets as well as the demand for safe food and sustainable growth. For the purpose, we examine the changes in the distribution patterns of organic farms between year 2000 and 2005. We analyze the agglomeration pattern by Location Quotient (LQ) and Local indicator of spatial association (LISA). Organic farms have been spread out from the outscuirts of Seoul, the capital city, to the traditional agriculture spetilized area in the southern parts of the nation. In order to analyze the relationships between organic farm distribution and the geographical variables affecting the organic farming, we develop multivariate regression models. Our findings indicate that organic farming is related with the number of agriculture-based business and information technique adaptation as well as the level of education and farmers age.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 2008

Landscape structure is important to understand a complex patterns and interaction with adjacent habitat in rural area. The aim of this study is to analyze relationship between landscape structure and insect spatial distribution in rural area to suggest applicable possibility of landscape structure as biological indicator. For this purpose, first, four landscape structure criteria such as distance from the forest; density of farmland-forest ecotone; landscape continuity; and field size are selected. Secondly, these criteria are applied to Gangsang-myeon, Yangpyeong-gun where mosaic feature are conserved at various spatial scale. Thirdly, application of landscape structure criteria is verified using correlation with species number, species diversity, and species richness of insect. As a result, it could be suggested that the landscape structure criteria are useful for explaining insect spatial distribution.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.32-39
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• 1999

In this paper, we made CGH patterns that had continuous amplitude distribution binary coded patterns with two different methods, and analyzed those patterns by using LCSLM (liquid crystal spatial light modulator). The error diffusion algorithm and direct quantization method were used as the binarization methods. The parameters of overall average brightness, mean square error, and diffraction efficiency were used in the comparison of reconstruction characteristics. The LCSLM which we used in this experiment was a binary reflective ferroelectric liquid crystal spatial light modulator addressed electrically with 256$\times$256 pixels, 87% fill factor and 15$\mu$m pixel pitch.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.251-258
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• 2023

This study (1) explored spatio-temporal population distribution patterns in Jeonju by using emerging hot spot analysis and (2) identified the influential factors to determine the spatio-temporal patterns by using multinomial logit model. The major findings are as follows. First, the results of emerging hot spot analysis indicated that the 100*100m grid in the urban area of Jeonju was found to have a category of hot spots, whereas most of the cold spot series was concentrated in the outskirts of the city. Also, new towns such as Jeonju Eco City, Jeonbuk Innovation City, and Hyocheon District were persistent or intensifying hot spots, Third, the results of multinomial logit model revealed that the factors influencing deterrmining the spatio-temporal patterns were accessibility to schools, hospitals, parks, and walfare services. This study offered a deeper understanding of urbanization and regional changes in Jeonju, and important information for urban planning.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.337-356
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• 2002

It was proven that the spatial distribution pattern of the parking lots in Cheongju city was clarified through the concentric expansion of the parking lots, which started out from the center for commercial and business function, into the periphery regions. First of ail, in terms of the spatial distribution pattern of the parking lot according to the operational subject, the parking lot is distributed through private, public, and parking lots attached to buildings in the center, and in its adjacent regions, public and parking lots attached to buildings are distributed. And public parking lot, private and parking lots attached to buildings are distributed in sector pattern. And in terms of facility structure, more than half of the parking lots attached to buildings in Cheongju city are composed of Parking lots of self-driver type. In the case of the center, regional structure of self-Parking type of parking lots attacked to buildings, self-parking type lots on plane street parking, mechanical parking types attached to buildings, self-parking type of plane non-street diversely appear to be combined types, its spatial facility distribution patterns appear to be concentric patterns. Also, in terms of the spatial distribution pattern of the parking lots according to the contact types, with the centralizing of a center, southwestern regions show hourly and monthly charged parking lots; northeastern regions show free parking lots. The spatial distribution pattern of the parking lots as above, reflects the regional distribution change of the establishment and residential location.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.377-387
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• 2004

This study has been performed to clarify the characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution of surface ozone concentration over Jeju Island, one of the cleanest areas in Korea with low emissions of air pollutants. Ozone data are monitored at four sites in Jeju Island. These monitoring sites are located at two urban area(referred to Ido and Donghong), coastal area(Gosan site) and forest site(Chuna site). Ozone data has been routinely collected at these sites for the late four years. The patterns of seasonal cycle of ozone concentrations at all stations show the bimodal with the peaks on spring and autumn and a significant summer minimum. However, the patterns of diurnal variations at rural station, i.e., Gosan and Chuna sites are considerably different to those at urban stations such as Ido and Donghong sites. The patterns of $\DeltaO_3$ variations are very similar with those of monthly mean ozone concentrations and $\DeltaO_3$ values are exceeded 30 ppb, at urban stations. This may be that urban stations are more influenced by local photochemical reactions rather than rural stations. In order to assess the potential roles of meteorological parameters on ozone formation, the meteorological parameters, such as radiation, temperature, and wind are monitored together with ozone concentrations at all stations. The relationships of meteorological parameters to the corresponding ozone concentration are found to be insignificant in Jeju Island. However, at Gosan and Donghong stations, when the sea breeze blew toward the station, the ozone concentration is considerably increased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.89-96
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• 2020

Adverse impact of Particulate Matters(PM10, PM2.5; PMs) significantly affects daily lives. Major countermeasures for reducing concentration of PMs were focused on emission source without considering spatial difference of PMs concentration. Thus, this study analyzed spatial·temporal distribution of PMs with observation data as well as potential contributing factors on PMs concentration. The annual average concentration of PMs have been decreased while the particulate matter warnings and alerts were significantly increased in 2018. The average concentration of PMs in spring and winter was higher than the other seasons. Also, the spatial distribution of PMs were also showed seasonality while concentration of PMs were higher in Seoul-metropolitan areas in all seasons. Climate variables, emission source, spatial structure and potential PM sinks were selected major factors which could affects on ambient concentrations of PMs. This paper suggest that countermeasures for mitigating PM concentration should consider characteristics of area. Climatic variables(temperature, pressure, wind speed etc.) affects concentrations of PMs. The effects of spatial structure of cities(terrain, ventilation corridor) and biological sinks(green infrastructure, urban forests) on concentration of PMs should be analyzed in further studies. Also, seasonality of PMs concentration should be considered for establishing effective countermeasures to reduce ambient PMs concentration.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.179-194
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• 2009

The spatial distribution of crime incidences in urban neighborhoods is a reflection of their socio-economic environment and spatial inter-relations. Spatial interactions between offenders and victims lead to spatial autocorrelation of the crime incidences. The spatial autocorrelation among the incidences biases the interpretation of the ecological model in OLS framework. This research investigates residential crimes using residential burglaries and robberies occurred in the city of Columbus, Ohio, for 2000. In particular, the spatial distribution of incidence rates of residential crimes are accounted in OLS framework using eigenvectors, which reflect spatial dependence in crime patterns. Result presents that handling spatial autocorrelation enhanced model estimation, and both economic deprivation and crime opportunity are turned out significant in estimating residential crime rates.