• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.25 no.2 s.67
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• pp.113-120
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• 1986

Soybeans collected from different locations in Korea were planted for tests of seed transmission of soybean mosaic virus (SMV). The percentage of seed transmission ranged from 20.5 to 29.5% in 14 seedlots including soybean cultivar Namhe and 12 to 19% in other 44 seedlots. However, no seed transmission of SMV was observed in soybean cultivar Younkiyongho. SMV was detected from embryo and cotyledon of soybean seeds. The infection of SMV was highly detected from premature seeds than from fully mature seeds, and higher from seeds harvested from plants infected before June 20 than plants infected around July 20 and August 20. No significant relationship was observed between seed transmission of SMV and mottling of seeds. The incidence of soybean mosaic disease followed by one month after peak of aphid population. The number of aphids was less on leaves of soybeans with short and dense trichomes whereas it was higher on leaves of soybean with long and sparse trichomes. Generally, the number of aphids was decreased on leaves with long and dense trichomes as the growth progressed. Soybean cultivar Columbus and 14 cultivars were susceptible, Chief and 14 cultivars were moderate, but Jangbaek and 17 other cultivars were resistant to SMV when inoculated with one isolate of SMV.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.47-68
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• 1988

This study was conducted to define the optimal conditions for embryo growth during seed stratification and for breaking dormancy as well as seed germination of stratified ginseng seeds. The experiments were also carried out to detect some materials which were expected to induce seed dormancy in the ginseng seeds. The results summarized as follows; 1. The growth of embryo during seed stratification was significantly inhibited by the existence of endocarp. The fastest embryo growth was resulted at $15^{\circ}C$ and an estimated optimal temperature for embryo growth was about $18^{\circ}C$. 2. There was no significant difference between the embryo growth and germination ratio of ginseng seeds which were sown in seed bed at Aug-5 without seed stratification and that of artificial seed stratification. 3. Embryo growth and germination ratio was significantly inhibited by high temperature treatment at $30^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours or respiration stress by immersing seeds in water for 10 days or more. 4. When the seed stratification was started at $10^{\circ}C$, growth of embryo in the ginseng seeds were almost stopped. But, when the seeds were stratified first at $20^{\circ}C$ for 50 days and next at $10^{\circ}C$ for 50 days, the embryo growth was significantly promoted compared with the embryo growth in the seeds which were stratified at $20^{\circ}C$ for 100 days. 5. The successive embryo growth after seed stratification was significantly accelerated at $10^{\circ}C$ but the seeds chilled at $5^{\circ}C$ for 100 days were resulted in the highest germination ratio as well as the shortest days for germination. 6. The successive embryo growth during chilling treatment and seed germination were significantly inhibited by immersing seeds in water just before chilling treatment or during chilling treatment and by interruption of chilling treatment with raising temperature to $20^{\circ}C$ for 20 days during chilling treatment. 7. The germination ratio of ginseng seeds which finished chilling treatment was highest at $10^{\circ}C$ and 62.5% was the estimated soil moisture for the best germination of ginseng seeds. The ginseng seeds were found to require high amount of oxygen for germination. 8. Only water soluble material in homogenized ginseng seeds showed a significant inhibiting effect on the seed germination of sesame, millet and soybean. Water soluble material dissolved from undehisced ginseng seeds showed stronger inhibiting effect on the seedling growth of sesame than material from dehisced ginseng seeds. Extraction temperature did not influence the inhibiting effect of the material dissolved from ginseng seeds on the seedling growth of sesame. 9. Water soluble materials dissolved from the berry pulps, leaves, fresh roots and dried roots also showed a significant inhibiting effect on the seedling growth of sesame. 10. Water soluble materials dissolved from the ginseng seeds, leaves and fresh roots showed a significant inhibiting effect on the germination of true fungi and the growth of spawn but the growth of phytopathogenic bacteria was not. 11. Among the water soluble materials dissolved from ginseng seeds, the materials of low molecular weight less than 3,000 were resulted a significant inhibiting effect on the seedling growth of sesame and the materials of high molecular weight also showed an inhibiting effect.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.31-42
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• 1995

This study was to investigate the effects of dietary linoleic acid(18:2\omega6, LA) and aipha-linolenic acid(18:3\omega3. \alpha-LNA) levels on brain development and fatty acid compositions of various lipid classes in the chicken embryo brain tissues. Thirty two ISA Brown layers, 52 weeks-old, were divided into four groups. Birds of each group were given corn-soybean meal based diets added with 1) safflower oil 8%, 2) safflower oil 6% + perilla oil 2%, 3) safflower oil 2% + perilla oil 6%, or 4) perilla oil 8%. Mter 15 days fed the diets. the layers were artificially inseminated to obtain fertile eggs. During the incubation. embryonic brains were sampled at 15th and 21st days. Fatty acid contents were quantitated by using heptadecanoic acid (17:0) as an internal standard. No significant differences in brain weight and in contents of various lipids such as phospholipid. triglyceride, cholesterol. cholesterol ester and free fatty acid in the tissues were found among the dietary groups (P<0.05). The ratios of AA/LA in the brain lipid classes were lowered as the dietary levels of perilla oil were increased. Higher LA was found in phosphatidylcholine(PC) than arachidonic acid (20:4\omega6. AA), meanwhile the level of LA was less than AA in phosphatidylethanolamine(PE). Docosahexaenoic acid(22:6\omega3, DHA) was the* major fatty acid in the tissue and its content in PE was 2.5~3 times higher than in PC. DHA level in the phospholipid reached at a peak (1.7~1.8 mg/brain) in dietary groups added with 6% or 8% perilla oil. suggesting that no more increase in that fatty acid level in the brain tissue could be obtained by consuming more \alpha-LNA, the major precursor of DHA.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.698-710
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• 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different degrees of maternal dietary energy restriction on lipid deposition in embryonic tissues during the medium laying period (37 to 39 weeks) in Arbor Acres (AA) broiler breeders. Methods: A single factor design was adopted, and 400 AA broiler breeders (20 weeks of age) with a similar weight were randomly allocated into four groups. The birds in the control group were fed a corn-soybean meal based diet, and those in trial groups were fed diets with 80%, 70%, and 50% energy levels of the basal diet. Incubated eggs from the medium laying period were collected. Samples of developing embryos at various stages were prepared for composition analysis. Results: The embryo weight in the 80% energy group was higher than those of the other groups on embryonic day (E) 13, but at 21 E, they were significantly decreased with decreasing energy intake of the broiler breeders (p<0.05). Additionally, the levels of crude fat in tissues in the restriction groups were significantly decreased (p<0.05). The long axis and area of adipocytes in breast muscle, thigh muscle and the liver were significantly decreased (p<0.05) at 21 E in the 80%, 70%, and 50% energy groups. Conclusion: The effects of the 80% maternal dietary energy restriction energy affects egg production performance, egg quality, and nutrient deposition in egg weights, which then directly impacts on the developmental process of embryos, especially on fat utilization and deposition.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.382-388
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• 1994

For the comparision of the differences in dry matter weight and the chemical composition of soybean seeds in relation to utilization styles and storage durations, the seed coats and cotyledons including embryo axis separated from the seeds of 3 recommended cultivars stored for 3 years and of 5 recommended cultivars and 2 local varieties with black seed coat and green cotyledons were observed in dry weight, germination percentage, protein, oil, soluble sugar, oilgosaccharide, and starch. In the seeds stored for 3 years, dry weight and germination rate were decreased distinctively. This decrease of seed dry matter resulted from the decrease of the cotyledon weight, and the ratio of seed coat to whole seed was increased. For the change of chemical compositions by the decrement of seed dry weight during the storage, protein, oil, and carbohydrate contents of the seed coat were decreased, and protein content of the cotyledon was markedly decreased in the seeds stored for 3 years. The ratio of seed coat to whole seed was higher in small seed than large seed cultivars. In the local varieties, protein and oil contents were 43.59% and 18.25% in the cotyledons, respectively, which were lower than those of recommended cultivars. But starch and sugar contents were 5.70% and 11.58%, respectively, which were higher than those of recommended cultivars. Sucrose, raffinose and stachyose contents were also higher in the cotyledon of the local varieties.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 1970

In an effort of determine the metabolism and bio-synthesis of nitrogen, was studied at variance of souble nitrogens, free amino acids and total alcohol soluble amino acids during the growth of younger soybean plants, and saybean divides into cotyledon and embryonic organ (shoot and root system) in this experiment. 1. In the soluble nitrogen of soybean, ratio of increase and decrease in the amino acids of them was displayed the near phenomena both cotyledon and embryonic organ of soybean. But, in the 17th days after seed germination, that is the developmeatal stage of adult leaf of soybeans, was appear the maximum value. It has been suggested that the stage of first half period of growth as boundary the stage of adult leaf development which indicated clear morphologically, at the younger soybean plants, is the step that nitrogen assimilation. 2. It was investigated the amino acids of seventeen kinds in the seed state, but at the third days after seed germination, was investigated the amino acids of nineteen kinds. Ultimately, it appears the translocation from cotyledon to embryonic organ in the distribution of amino acid, the nineth day which differentiation begining day of embryonic organ, then after, it happen the variation of number of inspected amino acid in the cotyledon and embryonic organ but only the variance changes in the distribution and quantitative aspects. Especially, the most conspicuous fact was indicated the accumulation of Asparagine, that is the phenomena of Asparagine-accumulation was constitute, not with standing no fertilization from outside. It may be concluded from the results of this investigation that the difference of special phenomena of soybean from the embryo of other plans. 3. In the initial stage of differentiation at embryonic organ number of inspected amino acid was very few, and then, it was slightly appeared the increase-phenomena in the number of them. It was that the amino acid inspecting the initial stage was translocated from the cotyledon. It is suggested that the intermediate-metabolism of amino acid was constituted on the basis of above the result. 4. The phenomena of increase and decrease of total alcohol soluble amino acid were essentially identical to the water soluble amino acid of soybean, but it was appeared the severe difference of amounts in both of them.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.26 no.2 s.71
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• pp.71-81
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• 1987

This study was conducted to study the effects of temperature on the oviposition, feeding and emergence of the azuki bean weevil(ABW) (Callesobruchus chinensis L.) in the stored beans. And ovipositional preference, hatching and emergence on the preference and non-preference hosts were also investigated. ABW has four generations a year and overwinters as larva stage in the bean grains. Optimum oviposition temperature of the ABW ranges from $25^{\circ}C\;to\;30^{\circ}C$. Oviposition preference in different hosts was in the order of azuki bean, mung bean, soy bean, kidney bean, black-soybean, pea. At $25^{\circ}C$, optimum development temperature emergence of period the ABW averaged 29 days on azuki bean, 31 days on mung bean, 49 days on soy bean, 46 days on black-soybean, 34 days on Pea. Percent hatch in different hosts was in the order of azuki bean, mung bean, soy bean, pea, black-soybean, kidney bean. But percent emergence was in the order of azuki bean, mung bean, pea, black-soybean, kidney bean. Especially, in azuki bean and mung bean, percentage of hatching and emergence was very high. And in soy bean and black-soybean, percentage of hatching was high but emergence was low. The kidney bean was hatching but not emergence at all. The longevity at the different temperatures appeared to be $4{\sim}5$ days at $35^{\circ}C,\;5{\sim}7$ days at $25^{\circ}C{\sim}30^{\circ}C$, $10{\sim}15$ days at $20^{\circ}C\;and\;19{\sim}24$ days at $15^{\circ}C$. Kidney bean of feeding non-preference host oviposited at Seed coat and Endosperm, but no larva developed. And cotyledon and embryo parts were not oviposited at all. The percentage of germination of egg laid bean grain and damaged bean grains was low. Especially, the percentage of germination of damaged bean grains was 0% on azuki bean, 5% on black-soy bean, 7% on Pea.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.135-138
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• 2002

Cotyledonary explants from immature zygotic embryos of each 85 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were cultured on medium containing MS salts, B5 vitamins, 40 mg$^{-1}$ 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 30 g$^{-1}$ sucrose. Frequency of somatic embryo formation on cotyledonary explants showed in thirty-six lines(＜10%), in thirty-seven lines (11~49%), in nine lines (50~89%), and in three lines(>90%), respectively, The highest frequency (up to 90%) and number (6.36 per cotyledon) of somatic embryos were obtained from lines of KM1010, KM1032 and KM1064. Primary somatic embryos produced from three lines produced numerous secondary somatic embryos on the surfaces, which were subcultured for over one year. Upon transfer to maturation and conversion medium (Komatsuda, 1992), somatic embryos converted to plantlets at a frequency of approximately 25%.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.331-338
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• 1994

The experiment was conducted to determine if seed size and seed coat color of soybean might be effective in water uptake and cotyledon damage after imbibition, and hypocotyl elongation. Eight soybean cultivars were separated into two classes of large and small seed based on seed weight, and each class included two cultivars with yellow and black seed color, respectively. Small seed size group was superior in water uptake by seed for 24 hour in imbibition at $25^{\circ}C$ , but its differences decreased as soaking time increased. Small seed cultivars germinated faster and had better germination rate than large ones. However, cultivars with black seed coat showed more slow water uptake at initial time and faster germination than yellow seed, but in 24 hour after imbibition, cultivars with black seed coat had higher water uptake rate than yellow seeds. Small seed cultivar group showed no cotyledon damage in imbibition for 24 hour while large seed cultivars were damaged 78% of cotyledon, and black seed showed low cotyledon damage compared to yellow seed. Hypocotyl length was shorter in large seed rather than in small seed, but hypocotyl thickness in large seed was more thick than in small seed. In correlation coefficients, seed coat rate, embryo rate exhibited significantly negative association with seed weight, and the correlation of seed weight with water uptake in 3 hour after soaking was significantly negative, but in 24 hour showed positive correlation.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.281-291
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• 2003

In this review, we described the catalogues of the rice proteome which were constructed in our program, and functional characterization of some of these proteins was discussed. Mass-spectrometry is the most prevalent technique to rapidly identify a large number of proteome analysis. However, the conventional Western blotting/sequencing technique has been used in many laboratories. As a first step to efficiently construct protein cata-file in proteome analysis of major cereals, we have analyzed the N-terminal sequences of 100 rice embryo proteins and 70 wheat spike proteins separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Edman degradation revealed the N-terminal peptide sequences of only 31 rice proteins and 47 wheat proteins, suggesting that the rest of separated protein sports are N-terminally blocked. To efficiently determine the internal sequence of blocked proteins, we have developed a modified Cleveland peptide mapping method. Using this above method, the internal sequences of all blocked rice proteins(i, e., 69 proteins) were determined. Among these 100 rice proteins, thirty were proteins for which homologous sequence in the rice genome database could be identified. However, the rest of the proteins lacked homologous proteins. This appears to be consistent with the fact that about 45% of total rice cDNA have been deposited in the EMBL database. Also, the major proteins involved in the growth and development of rice can be identified using the proteome approach. Some of these proteins, including a calcium-binding protein that tuned out to be calreticulin, gibberellin-binding protein, which is ribulose-1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygense active in rice, and leginsulin-binding protein in soybean have functions in the signal transduction pathway. Proteomics is well suited not only to determine interaction between pairs of proteins, but also to identify multisubunit complexes. Currently, a protein-protein interaction database for plant proteins(http://genome.c.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/Y2H)could be a very useful tool for the plant research community. Also, the information thus obtained from the plant proteome would be helpful in predicting the function of the unknown proteins and would be useful be in the plant molecular breeding.